Cosmopolitan Place Making in Australia

Cosmopolitan Place Making in Australia Jock Collins · Branka Krivokapic-Skoko · Kirrily Jordan · Hurriyet Babacan · Narayan Gopalkrishnan Cosmopolitan Place Making in Australia

Immigrant Minorities and the Built Environment in Cities, Regional and Rural Areas Jock Collins Branka Krivokapic-Skoko University of Technology Sydney Charles Sturt University Broadway, NSW, Australia Bathurst, NSW, Australia

Kirrily Jordan Hurriyet Babacan Australian National University James Cook University Galston, NSW, Australia Townsville, QLD, Australia

Narayan Gopalkrishnan Social Work and Human Services James Cook University Cairns, QLD, Australia

ISBN 978-981-15-8040-6 ISBN 978-981-15-8041-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8041-3

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This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface

This book investigates cosmopolitan place making, the historical and contemporary impact of minority ethnic communities on the built and social environment in Australian cities, rural and regional areas. Australia is one of the great countries of settler immigration, with more immigrants than most other nations: indeed, only Switzerland and Luxem- bourg have a higher immigrant share of the population among Western nations. Most research about immigration looks at the impact of immigrants on the economy (jobs, growth, productivity) and society (crime, conﬂict, social cohesion). This book presents another take on immigration by looking at how immigrants from minority backgrounds have transformed the built environment of the suburbs, towns and neighbourhoods where they settle, changing the way that Australian cities, suburbs and towns look and feel while at the same time changing the social landscape of Australian society. Immigrants are transformed by the experience of settling in a new society and, in turn, transform the places that become their new homes, particularly evident in the places and spaces created by immigrant communities for private or community use. The overall objec- tive of this book is to record the impact of ethnic minorities on the built environment in Australian cities and rural and regional areas, and to investigate the (changing) social uses of this ethnic heritage. Here, the focus is on minority immigrant communities. By this, we mean those immigrants who do not come from English-speaking Western societies, particularly

v vi PREFACE the British and Irish colonial immigrants—Anglo-Celtic immigrants— who have dominated Australian immigration intakes, until recent decades, for over two centuries, and still arrive in Australia in large numbers. While the concept of minority immigrant communities is not without prob- lems—many immigrants born in the United Kingdom, for example, may have Asian or West Indian or other ethnic and cultural heritage, and be Muslim, Hindu or from other non-Christian religious backgrounds—this approach permits the gaze of our study to focus on a relatively overlooked and increasingly important domain of immigrant place making. But at the same time the society into which new immigrants settle is a post- colonial society, with a long history of Indigenous settlement prior to subsequent waves of immigration. The cosmopolitan perspective adopted for this book means that we situate the minority migrant presence within the Indigenous and Anglo-Celtic immigrant communities of all Australian places and spaces. In the cities, we investigate what we call ethnic precincts such as Chinatown as a clustered suburban form of Australia’s minority immigrant community heritage. While most immigrants settle in Australia’s large cities, we also wanted to look at the places and spaces they create in Australia’s rural and regional areas. However, place making is more than constructing or converting buildings for private or community use by new immigrant communities. It is much more than architecture or heritage. It is also about the social interactions that occur within these places. In both the Australian cities and the ‘bush’ (an Australian colloquial term for non-metropolitan dwellers), we wanted to investigate how the places built or developed by minority ethnic communities become an integral part of the lives of peoples of diverse Indigenous and ethnic backgrounds of Australian cities, and rural and regional areas. Because Australian immigration is perhaps Australia’s most contentious area of public policy, the immigrant presence in Australian metropolitan and regional cities and rural towns is also often contentious. This is probably most evident in the protests to proposals by Australia’s Islamic communities—many of them new immigrants from a minority background—to build new Mosques in suburbs and regional towns. Indeed, most opposition to the place making of immigrant minorities PREFACE vii relates to buildings used for religious purposes. The focus on the impact of minority ethnic communities on the built environment is partly because it is contested but also because non-Anglo-Celtic immigration is more visibly different to that of British and Irish immigration. Australia has a long history of formal and informal racism that shapes both immigration policy and the reception of immigrant minority communities. This racism is similar but different to ways that the initial waves of British and Irish immigrants reacted to the Indigenous communities who were living here. Often the community and private buildings constructed by new immigrants provide a safe place where immigrant communities can live and socialise, but over time often become places and spaces for social interaction of people in the neighbourhood from very diverse cultural backgrounds. In order to study the impact of minority ethnic communities on the built environment, we focus our attention on three Australia states—New South Wales, Western Australia and Queensland—and take as case studies suburban, regional and rural sites in each state. We then investigate how the (changing) immigrant presence led to changes in the built environment in the form of new buildings or the repurposing of existing buildings. There are a number of questions to investigate here: How and why were each of the sites developed? What changes have there been in the social uses of these buildings, spaces and places over time? What was the resulting interaction with local and national regulatory regimes and the responses by other communities in the neighbourhood? The case studies offer numerous examples in which places built and used by non-Anglo- Celtic immigrants and their descendants have become sites of informalised inter-ethnic exchange and interaction. In reﬂecting on each site’s history, social use and role in intercultural exchange, we show the extent to which non-Anglo-Celtic immigrant minorities have literally changed the face of Australian neighbourhoods—both physically and socially. As such, the places and spaces built by or transformed by these immigrants challenge narratives of ‘Australianness’ that represent multicultural place making as a foreign incursion into an otherwise Anglo-Celtic landscape. They are physical embodiments of the complex, embedded and sometimes long- standing and contradictory relationships of immigrant minorities within viii PREFACE their local communities, in neighbourhoods that were also transformed by the immigrant arrivals that displaced Indigenous peoples living there centuries earlier. We hope to better understand the historical and contemporary aspects of cosmopolitan place making in Australia’s rural and urban social landscape.

Broadway, Australia Jock Collins Bathurst, Australia Branka Krivokapic-Skoko Galston, Australia Kirrily Jordan Townsville, Australia Hurriyet Babacan Smithﬁeld, Australia Narayan Gopalkrishnan Acknowledgements

The research for this book was financed by a four-year Australian Research Council Linkage Grant. We also had funding and support from the National Trust of Australia (WA), the Community Relations Commission for Multicultural Australia, the National Trust of Australia (NSW) and the Department of the Premier and Cabinet, Qld. There are numerous individuals who gave their time, energy and knowledge to assist with the research over the years; we are very grateful for their support. In partic- ular, we would like to acknowledge the support of: Mr. Enzo Sirna, of the National Trust of Australia (WA), whose enthusiasm and tireless support for the project were critical to its successful completion; Mr. Tom Perrigo, also of the National Trust of Australia (WA), who was the first person to recognise the importance of this research and to pledge funding and support for it; and Mr. Warren MacMillan—formerly of the Department of the Premier and Cabinet, Queensland, for invaluable support with the Queensland fieldwork. Katherine Watson provided her excellent editing skills to this manuscript, though we take responsibility for whatever faults and errors remain. Jan Rath provided invaluable networking opportu- nities for discussion of theoretical and policy insights into the relationships between immigrant communities and public and private space in the metropolises of the world.

ix Contents

1 Place Making, Migration and the Built Environment: An Introduction 1 1.1 Australia’s Changing Patterns of Immigrant Settlement 8 1.2 Racialisation of Australian Immigration Policy and Australian Immigrants 10 1.3 Immigrant Entrepreneurship in Australia 14 1.4 Multiculturalism vs Cosmopolitanism 17 1.5 Methodology 19 References 23

2 Immigrant Minorities and the Built Environment in New South Wales 33 2.1 Minority Immigrants and the Built Environment in Sydney’s Chinatown 35 2.1.1 Immigration and Sydney’s Chinatown 35 2.1.2 Chinatown as an Ethnic Precinct 46 2.1.3 Visitors’ Voices 56 2.1.4 Regulating Chinatown 63 2.1.5 Cosmopolitan Monuments in Chinatown 75 2.2 Minority Immigrants and the Built Environment in Port Kembla 88 2.2.1 Port Kembla’s Immigration History 89

xi xii CONTENTS

2.2.2 Cosmopolitan Monuments in Port Kembla 100 2.3 Minority Immigrants and the Built Environment in Griffith 108 2.3.1 Griffith’s Immigration History 110 2.3.2 Cosmopolitan Monuments in Griffith 115 References 155

3 Immigrant Minorities and the Built Environment in Queensland 163 3.1 Indigenous History of Queensland 164 3.2 Immigrant History of Queensland 166 3.3 Multiculturalism in Contemporary Queensland 168 3.4 Minority Immigrants and the Built Environment in Fortitude Valley 170 3.4.1 Indigenous History 170 3.4.2 Immigrant History 172 3.4.3 Cosmopolitanism in Fortitude Valley 174 3.4.4 Ethnic Minorities and the Built Environment in Fortitude Valley 175 3.4.5 Cosmopolitan Monuments in Fortitude Valley 181 3.5 Minority Immigrants and the Built Environment in Cairns 183 3.5.1 Indigenous History 183 3.5.2 Immigrant History 184 3.5.3 Cosmopolitanism in Cairns 188 3.5.4 Ethnicity and the Built Environment in Cairns 189 3.5.5 Cosmopolitan Monuments in Cairns 190 3.6 Minority Immigrants and the Built Environment in Caboolture 193 3.6.1 Indigenous History 193 3.6.2 Migrant History 193 3.6.3 Cosmopolitanism in Caboolture 194 3.6.4 Cosmopolitan Monuments in Caboolture 195 3.7 Stocktake of Immigrant Minorities Contributions to Queensland’s Built Environment 199 3.7.1 Religious Institutions 199 3.7.2 Memorials 210 3.7.3 Clubs and Other Community Organisations 214 References 215 CONTENTS xiii

4 Immigrant Minorities and the Built Environment in Western Australia 219 4.1 Immigrant Minorities and the Built Environment in Northbridge 220 4.1.1 Northbridge’s Immigrant History 221 4.1.2 Northbridge as an Ethnic Precinct 230 4.1.3 Visitors’ Voices 232 4.1.4 Regulating Northbridge 234 4.1.5 Cosmopolitan Monuments in Northbridge 248 4.2 Minority Immigrants and the Built Environment in Fremantle 299 4.2.1 Fremantle’s Immigration History 299 4.2.2 Cosmopolitan Monuments in Fremantle 310 4.3 Minority Immigrants and the Built Environment in Kalgoorlie 326 4.3.1 Kalgoorlie’s Immigration History 326 4.3.2 Cosmopolitan Monuments in Kalgoorlie 337 4.4 Minority Immigrants and the Built Environment in Katanning 348 4.4.1 Katanning’s Immigration History 349 4.4.2 Cosmopolitan Monuments in Katanning 356 References 375

5 Minority Immigrants and the Australian Built Environment 385 5.1 Cosmopolitan Heritage 390 5.2 Theoretical and Conceptual Implications 392 5.3 Chinatowns 395 5.4 Cosmopolitan Place Making 397 References 402

Index 407 Abbreviations

ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics ANM Australian National Movement ASIO Australian Security Intelligence Organisation BCC Brisbane City Council BHP Hill Propriety Company Ltd BigN Business Improvement Group of Northbridge BME Bacchus Marsh Express CALD Culturally and Linguistically Diverse CARM Caboolture and Redcliffe Multicultural CBD Central Business District CCA Cathay Community Association CCTV Closed-Circuit Television CCQ Chinese Club of Queensland CNN Cable News Network CSC Caboolture Shire Council CWA Chung Wah Association CYL Chinese Youth League DIA Department of Indigenous Affairs DIEA Department of Immigration and Ethnic Affairs DPC Department of Premier and Cabinet EPRA East Perth Redevelopment Authority FECCA Federation of Ethnic Community Councils of Australia FFMT Fremantle Fishermen’s Memorial Trust FYROM Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia HCWA Heritage Council of Western Australia ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites

xv xvi ABBREVIATIONS

IMRO Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization KMT Kuomintang LAP Local Action Plan MAQ Multicultural Affairs Queensland MWA of NSW Macedonian Welfare Association of New South Wales NBHP Northbridge History Project NSW New South Wales NSW DECC New South Wales Department of Environment and Climate Change NZ New Zealand OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Qld Queensland RSL Returned and Services League SHFA Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority TAB Totalisator Agency Board TAFE Technical and Further Education TNSW Tourism New South Wales UK United Kingdom WA Western Australia WAMMCO WA Meat Marketing Co-operative Limited WAPC Western Australian Planning Commission WUFC Wollongong United Football Club List of Figures

Fig. 2.1 Chinese arches, Dixon Street, Chinatown (Source Kirrily Jordan) 41 Fig. 2.2 The Golden Water Mouth Fountain, corner Sussex and Hay Streets (Source Kirrily Jordan) 42 Fig. 2.3 Guardian lion under paifang, southern end of Dixon Street (Source Kirrily Jordan) 49 Fig. 2.4 Port Kembla steelworks, view from Cringila (formerly ‘Steeltown’) (Source Kirrily Jordan) 93 Fig. 2.5 Detail from the Star Café window showing support for a free Macedonia (Source Kirrily Jordan) 96 Fig. 2.6 Macedonia Park, home of Wollongong United FC (Source Kirrily Jordan) 97 Fig. 2.7 Griffith, a ‘tidy town’ (Source Kirrily Jordan) 108 Fig. 2.8 Italian homes in Kookora Street, Griffith (Source Kirrily Jordan) 116 Fig. 2.9 The Coro Club, 20–26 Harward Rd, Griffith (Source Kirrily Jordan) 118 Fig. 2.10 The Yoogali Club, 647 Mackay Avenue, Yoogali (Source Kirrily Jordan) 121 Fig. 2.11 The Catholic Club Yoogali, 2 Hebden Street, Yoogali (Source Kirrily Jordan) 123 Fig. 2.12 Hanwood Sports Club, 21–27 Yarran Street, Hanwood (Source Kirrily Jordan) 124 Fig. 2.13 The Griffith Italian Museum and Cultural Centre, Pioneer Park (Source Kirrily Jordan) 128

xvii xviii LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 2.14 Permanent display, Grifﬁth Italian Museum & Cultural Centre (Source Kirrily Jordan) 130 Fig. 2.15 The Gurdwara Singh Saba, 11 Edon Street, Yoogali (Source Kirrily Jordan) 138 Fig. 2.16 Riaz Mosque, 58 Benerembah Street, Grifﬁth (Source Kirrily Jordan) 142 Fig. 3.1 Fortitude Valley precinct (Source H. Babacan and N. Gopalkrishnan) 171 Fig. 3.2 Brunswick Street Mall (Source H. Babacan and N. Gopalkrishnan) 175 Fig. 3.3 Duncan Street, Brisbane Chinatown Mall entrance. Among an array of Chinese restaurants, people enter Duncan Street Mall between two lions (Source H. Babacan and N. Gopalkrishnan) 177 Fig. 3.4 T.C. Bernie building, Brunswick Street Mall (Source H. Babacan and N. Gopalkrishnan) 179 Fig. 3.5 Duncan Street, Brisbane Chinatown Mall, Fortitude Valley (Source H. Babacan and N. Gopalkrishnan) 180 Fig. 3.6 Maota Fono (Source H. Babacan and N. Gopalkrishnan) 197 Fig. 3.7 St John the Baptist Church, Cairns (Source H. Babacan and N. Gopalkrishnan) 200 Fig. 3.8 Greek Orthodox Church, Innisfail (Source H. Babacan and N. Gopalkrishnan) 201 Fig. 3.9 Good Counsel Parish of Innisfail Church (Source H. Babacan and N. Gopalkrishnan) 202 Fig. 3.10 Guru Nanak Sikh Temple, Cairns (Source H. Babacan and N. Gopalkrishnan) 203 Fig. 3.11 Guru Gobind Singh Sikh Gurdwara Temple, Gordonvale (Source H. Babacan and N. Gopalkrishnan) 204 Fig. 3.12 Islamic Mosque, Cairns (Source H. Babacan and N. Gopalkrishnan) 205 Fig. 3.13 Chinese Temple: Innisfail (Source H. Babacan and N. Gopalkrishnan) 206 Fig. 3.14 Brisbane Synagogue (Source H. Babacan and N. Gopalkrishnan) 209 Fig. 3.15 Temple Shalom, Gold Coast (Source H. Babacan and N. Gopalkrishnan) 209 Fig. 3.16 Nepalese Pagoda, Brisbane (Source H. Babacan and N. Gopalkrishnan) 211 Fig. 3.17 Canecutters Memorial, Innisfail (Source H. Babacan and N. Gopalkrishnan) 212 LIST OF FIGURES xix

Fig. 3.18 Comino’s House, Cairns (Source H. Babacan and N. Gopalkrishnan) 213 Fig. 3.19 Greek Club and Convention Centre, South Brisbane (Source H. Babacan and N. Gopalkrishnan) 214 Fig. 4.1 Northbridge’s ‘Chinatown’ on Roe Street has no pedestrian thoroughfare (Source Kirrily Jordan) 238 Fig. 4.2 Plateia Hellas, Lake Street, Northbridge (Source Kirrily Jordan) 242 Fig. 4.3 The Perth Mosque, 427-429 William Street Perth, in 2005. The original prayer room is on the right (Source Kirrily Jordan) 254 Fig. 4.4 The Chung Wah Association, James Street, Northbridge (Source Kirrily Jordan) 271 Fig. 4.5 Church of Saints Constantine and Helene, view from Francis Street, Northbridge (Source Kirrily Jordan) 280 Fig. 4.6 The Hellenic Community Centre, Parker Street Northbridge (Source Kirrily Jordan) 283 Fig. 4.7 Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady (Evangelismos), Corner Charles and Carr Streets, West Perth (Source Kirrily Jordan) 286 Fig. 4.8 Extensive restorations at the Church of Saints Constantine and Helene, view from Parker Street (Source Kirrily Jordan) 289 Fig. 4.9 St Brigid’s Catholic Church, front view from Fitzgerald Street (Source Kirrily Jordan) 291 Fig. 4.10 St Brigid’s Convent School, Fitzgerald Street, North Perth (Source Kirrily Jordan) 293 Fig. 4.11 Piazza Nanni and St Brigid’s Catholic Church, view from Aberdeen Street, North Perth (Source Kirrily Jordan) 296 Fig. 4.12 Fremantle Festival parade (Source Kirrily Jordan) 300 Fig. 4.13 Monument to Vasco da Gama, The Esplanade, Fremantle, 2008. The inscription reads: ‘The Portuguese navigator, Vasco da Gama, whose voyages linked Europe with the Indian Ocean’ (Source Kirrily Jordan) 309 Fig. 4.14 Entry to the W.A. Portuguese Club, Hamilton Hill (Source Kirrily Jordan) 311 Fig. 4.15 The large dance hall that was added to the original building on the site, W.A. Portuguese Club (Source Kirrily Jordan) 312 Fig. 4.16 The Grupo Alegre outside the entrance of the W.A. Portuguese Club (Source Kirrily Jordan) 314 xx LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 4.17 Pool room and bar, W.A. Portuguese Club. The walls are adorned with trophies and photographs of the club’s many soccer teams over the years (Source Kirrily Jordan) 315 Fig. 4.18 Visitors reading inscriptions at the Fishermen’s Monument (Source Kirrily Jordan) 324 Fig. 4.19 Kalgoorlie skyline (Source Kirrily Jordan) 327 Fig. 4.20 Eastern Goldﬁelds Italian Club, Lane Street, Kalgoorlie (Source Kirrily Jordan) 339 Fig. 4.21 Site of the Westralian and East Extension mine and Varischetti’s rescue, Bonnievale (Source Kirrily Jordan) 346 Fig. 4.22 Makeshift sign at the rescue site, Bonnievale (Source Kirrily Jordan) 349 Fig. 4.23 Katanning Mosque (Source Kirrily Jordan) 360 Fig. 4.24 Katanning Madrasa (Source Kirrily Jordan) 360 List of Tables

Table 2.1 Country of birth of Haymarket residents, top ten countries, 2016 45 Table 2.2 Ancestry of Haymarket residents, selected groups, 2016 45 Table 2.3 Country of birth of Port Kembla residents, top ten countries, 2016 99 Table 2.4 Ancestry of Port Kembla residents, selected groups, 2016 99 Table 2.5 Country of birth of Grifﬁth residents, top ten countries, 2016 113 Table 2.6 Ancestry of Grifﬁth residents, selected groups, 2016 113 Table 4.1 Country of birth of Northbridge residents, top ten countries, 2016 228 Table 4.2 Ancestry of Northbridge residents, selected groups, 2016 229 Table 4.3 Country of birth of Fremantle residents, top ten countries, 2016 307 Table 4.4 Ancestry of Fremantle residents, selected groups, 2016 308 Table 4.5 Country of birth of Kalgoorlie/Boulder residents, top ten countries, 2016 335 Table 4.6 Ancestry of Kalgoorlie/Boulder residents, selected groups, 2016 336 Table 4.7 Country of birth of Katanning residents, top ten countries, 2016 352 Table 4.8 Ancestry of Katanning residents, selected groups, 2016 354

xxi