China Air 2017 Air Pollution Prevention and Control Progress in Chinese Cities

Summary 1 About Clean Air Asia

Clean Air Asia (CAA) is an international non-profit organization established in 2001 by the Asian Development Bank, World Bank, and United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Our mission is to reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions in Asia and contribute to a livable and healthy Asia for all people, both now and in the future. Clean Air Asia is a platform for change, working with partners around the world to reduce emissions through such key approaches as research, policies, information and capacity building.

Our headquarter is located in Manila, Philippines, and we have offices in Beijing, China, and New Delhi, India. Our Country Network includes Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippine, Sri Lanka and Vietnam.

Clean Air Asia has worked in China for more than a decade to improve air quality management and promote green transportation in Chinese cities. In collaboration with the Foreign Economic Cooperation Office (FECO) of the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), CAA established a City Air Quality Management Network in China in 2005. To date, Clean Air Asia has organized 12 annual workshops and 25 training activities on air quality management with an attendance of around 150 cities.

About the Report Team

Authors: Dr. FU Lu (China Director, CAA China Office) Dr. WAN Wei (China Program Manager, CAA China Office) ZHANG Weihao (Environmental Researcher, CAA China Office) CHENG Huihui (Environmental Researcher, CAA China Office) WANG Qiuxia (Communications Officer, CAA China Office)

Reviewers: Bjarne Pedersen (Executive Director, CAA)

Supporting Staff: GAO Yanqiu (Director Assistant, CAA China Office)

Report Designer: WANG Yiqiang (Design Director, China Times)

Acknowledgement

CAA would like to express sincere gratitude to the Dalian Environmental Protection Bureau and the Nanjing Vehicle Emission Regulatory Center for their close collaboration in completing the case studies of this report.

We would also like to thank Professor HE Kebin from Tsinghua University and Professor ZHANG Shiqiu from Peking University for their kind advice on the structure of the report series and their review of the content.

2 SummaryWe are grateful to the Rockefeller Brothers Fund and the Oak Foundation for their financial support to the report series (2015-2018). Foreword

Dear readers:

China Air is the bilingual (Chinese and English) annual report released by CAA, which has objectively recorded and tracked the progress of the implementation of air pollution prevention and control policies, air quality status, and case studies of best practices from cities since the release of Action Plan for Air Pollution Prevention and Control in 2013. We hope that these reports will facilitate the whole society to support and supervise the policy implementation, encourage cities to learn from each other’s experiences, and help other countries better understand China’s approach towards improving air quality.

China Air 2017 is the third report in this series. It is a continuation of the first two reports in terms of content and framework, covering policies and measures as well as air quality status at the national, regional and city levels. The 338 cities that comprise the national air quality monitoring network are all included in this report. Among the two case studies shared, one focuses on vehicle emissions control in Nanjing while the other introduces the regulation of coal-fired boilers in Dalian.

Following the release of the previous report, we were pleased to see that the 13th Five-Year Plan on Eco-Environmental Protection released by the State Council explicitly requested that non-attainment cities declare the timeline and roadmap for air quality attainment. We were also delighted to observe an increase in the number of cities engaging in science-based policymaking. They are establishing or seeking to establish the system for pre-evaluation, tracking, and post-implementation evaluation in order to implement more effective control measures based on local situation. These progresses demonstrate that our work and efforts are meaningful and valuable.

All the original data and policy references from the report can be found in our “Knowledge Hub” (www.allaboutair.cn.). Created in November 2015 by CAA, this Chinese online information platform shares city best practices, tailored international experiences, and themed training materials. In August 2016, we launched an online help-desk section on Knowledge Hub which provides a platform for domestic and foreign experts to respond to questions from users.

CAA’s vision is Asia without air pollution. We will continue increasing our efforts in China through capacity building, policy research and public education, and strive to achieve clean air in Chinese cities!

Fu Lu China Director Clean Air Asia

Summary 3 Contents

Abstract Comparison of Actual Concentrations with Target Concentrations in 2016 27 Comparison of Annual Mean Concentrations between 2015 and 2016 28

Comparison of Target Concentrations for 2017 with Actual Concentrations in 2016 29

Content and Scope 7 Comparison of 2020 Target Concentrations with Actual Concentrations in 2016 30

Development Methodology 7 Capacity Building 31

Main Conclusions 7 Development of Air Quality Monitoring System 31

Recommendations 11 Pollution Alerting and Emergency Response 31

Source Apportionment and Emission Inventory 31 Air Quality Status Emission Reduction Measures 32 Emission Reduction through Structural Adjustments 32

Total Coal Consumption Control 32 Air Quality Status 15 Vehicle Pollution Prevention and Control 38

Optimization of Industrial Structure and Layout 42 Policy Implementation and Progress Emission Reduction in Industrial Process 43

Cleaner Production 43

Major Events of Air Pollution Prevention and Control 20 Upgrading Fuel Quality 43

Policy Framework of Air Pollution Prevention and Control 22 Clean Coal Combustion 44

Air Quality Improvement Targets 23 Increasing Green Space in Urban Areas 45

Targets for 2016 23 Area Source Management 46

4 Summary Emission Reduction in End Use 46 Case Study

Desulfurization, Denitration and Dedusting 46

Converting to Ultra-Low Emission Units 47 Study on Prevention, Control and Supervision of Vehicle Pollution - Nanjing 62 Upgrading Vehicle Emission Standards 48 I. Background 63

Applying Special Emission Limits 48 II. Policy Development 63

Comprehensive Measures 49 III. Key Policy Measures and Regulatory Methods 65

VOCs Emission Control 49 IV. Participating Departments and their Responsibilities 69

Reducing Emissions from Non-Road Mobile Machinery and Vessels 52 V. Policy Effects 71 Regional Collaboration 56 VI. Experiences 71 Supporting Measures 56 Study on Improving and Regulating Coal-Fired Boilers - Dalian 73 Economic Measures 56 I. Background 74

Discharge Fee 56 II. Policy Development 74

Project Subsidies and Special Funds 56 III. Key Policy and Regulatory Measures 74

Environmental Protection Tax Law 58 IV. Corresponding Support 77

Administrative Measures 58 V. Participating Departments and their Responsibilities 78

Environmental Protection Inspection and Special Inspection 58 VI. Policy Effects 79

Vertical Management System Reform 59 VII. Experiences and Challenges 80

Centralization of Air Quality Monitoring Authority 59

Legislative Measures 59 Conclusions and Recommendations Implementation of the Law on Prevention and Control of Air Pollution 60

City Air Quality Attainment Plans 60 Air Quality 82 Explanation on Issues Relating to the Applicable Laws for Handling Policy Measures 83 Criminal Cases on Environmental Pollution 60 Recommendations 86 Training on Enforcement of Environmental Protection Law 60

Environmental Protection Police 60

Summary 5

Figures and Tables

Figure I: Annual Mean Concentrations for 6 Pollutants in 2015 and 2016 7 Figure 36: Target and Progress of Eliminating and Retrofitting Coal-Fired Boilers for Figure II: Percentage of Attainment Cities for 6 Pollutants in 2015 and 2016 7 Some Cities in 2016 36

Figure III: Progress towards Achieving 2017 PM2.5 Reduction Targets for Cities 8 Figure 37: Progress of Controlling Household Use of Loose Coal in BTH and

Figure IV: Cities that not only Failed to Achieve PM2.5 Reduction Targets but also Experienced Surrounding Areas 37

Increase in PM2.5 Annual Mean Concentration in 2016 8 Figure 38: Targets and Progress on the Elimination of Yellow-Label and Outdated Figure V: Percentage of NOx Emissions by Sources in 2015 12 Vehicles for Provinces, Regions and Municipalities in 2016 38 Figure VI: Percentage of PM Emissions by Sources in 2015 12 Figure 39: Targets and Progress of Yellow-Label and Outdated Vehicles Figure 1: Annual Mean Concentrations for 6 Pollutants in 2015 and 2016 17 Elimination of Some Cities in 2016 39 Figure 2: Percentage of Attainment Cities for 6 Pollutants in 2015 and 2016 17 Figure 40: Promotion of New Energy Vehicles in Key Regions in 2016 40

Figure 3: Cities that not only Failed to Achieve PM2.5 Reduction Targets but also Experienced Figure 41: Promotion of New Energy Vehicles in Some Cities in 2016 41

Increase in PM2.5 Annual Mean Concentration in 2016 18 Figure 42: Progress of Outdated Capacity Elimination in Key Regions in 2016 42

Figure 4: Variation of PM2.5 Monthly Concentrations in 2016 18 Figure 43: Progress of Outdated Capacity Elimination in Some Cities in 2016 42

Figure 5: Annual Mean Concentration of PM2.5 in 338 Cities and Key Regions S2-3 Figure 44: Provinces and Cities that Provided China V Gasoline and Diesel ahead of

Figure 6: Annual Mean Concentration of PM10 in 338 Cities and Key Regions S4-5 Schedule 43

Figure 7: Annual Mean Concentration of SO2 in 338 Cities and Key Regions S6-7 Figure 45: 2016 Targets of Raw Coal Selection Rate of Cities 44

Figure 8: Annual Mean Concentration of NO2 in 338 Cities and Key Regions S8-9 Figure 46: Forest Coverage of Some Cities in 2016 45 Figure 9: 24-Hour Mean Concentration of CO in 338 Cities and Key Regions S10-11 Figure 47: Green Space Coverage of Built-up Areas of Some Cities in 2016 45

Figure 10: Daily Maximum 8-Hour Mean Concentration of O3 in 338 Cities and Key Regions S12-13 Figure 48: Timeline for Suspending Cement Production in 2015-2020 46 Figure 11: Annual Mean Concentration of 6 Criteria Pollutants by Province in 2016 S14 Figure 49: Targets and Progress of Ultra-Low Emission Conversion of Provinces Figure 12: Distribution Map of Total Number of Attainment Days for 338 Cities in 2016 S15 in 2016 (Unit: 10MW) 47 Figure 13: Number of Days with Different Primary Pollutants in Key Regions and Cities in 2016 S15 Figure 50: Provinces and Municipalities that Set Total VOCs Emission Control Targets Figure 14: Distribution of AQI for 338 Cities in 2016 S16 by 2020 49 Figure 15: Major Events of Air Pollution Prevention and Control 21 Figure 51: VOCs Pollution Charges Standard in Pilot Provinces 50 Figure 16: Policy Framework of Air Pollution Prevention and Control 22 Figure 52: Number of Enterprises that Conducted VOCs Emission Control in Some

Figure 17: 2016 City Air Quality Improvement Targets (measured by PM2.5 target concentration) 23 Cities in 2016 50

Figure 18: 2016 City Air Quality Improvement Targets (measured by PM2.5 reduction percentages Figure 53: Regional Collaboration on Air Pollution Prevention and Control 55 compared with the benchmark year) 24 Figure 54: Standard of Deductions and Rewards for Special Fund of Air Pollution

Figure 19: 2016 City Air Quality Improvement Targets (measured by PM10 target concentration） 25 Prevention and Control 56

Figure 20: 2016 City Air Quality Improvement Targets (measured by PM10 reduction percentages Figure 55: Special Funds for Air Pollution Prevention and Control Invested by Some compared with the benchmark year) 26 Cities in 2016 57

Figure 21: Cities that Failed to Achieve 2016 PM2.5 Concentration Reduction Targets 27 Figure 56: Provinces and Policies that Required the Development of Attainment

Figure 22: Cities that Failed to Achieve 2016 PM10 Concentration Reduction Targets 27 Plans 60

Figure 23 Cities that Achieved Significant PM2.5 Concentration Reduction in 2016 28 Figure 57: Changes in Motor Vehicle and Automobile Population in Nanjing 63

Figure 24: Cities that Achieved Significant PM10 Concentration Reduction in 2016 28 Figure 58: Diagram of Districts Where High-polluting Vehicles Were Banned in

Figure 25: Cities’ Progress towards Achieving 2017 Targets of PM2.5 Concentration Reduction 29 Nanjing from 1st to 6th Stage 65

Figure 26: Cities’ Progress Towards Achieving 2020 Target of PM2.5 concentration reduction 30 Figure 59: Green-Label Application Requirements for Yellow-Label Diesel Vehicles 66 Figure 27: Source Apportionment Results of Some cities in 2016 31 Figure 60: Timeline for Upgrading Fuel Quality in Nanjing 67 Figure 28: Progress and Targets for Energy Structure Adjustment from 2013 to 2020 32 Figure 61: Map of High-Pollution Fuel Restrictive Zones in Dalian 74 Figure 29: Total Coal Consumption in BTH region and YRD Region 33 Figure 30: Provinces (outside of 3 key regions) that Have Continuous Decrease of Total Coal Table 1: VOCs Pollution Charge Rules 49 Consumption 34 Table 2: Progress of Oil Vapor Recovery in Some Cities in 2016 51 Figure 31: Provinces (outside of 3 key regions) that Have Continuous Increase of Total Coal Table 3: Coverage Area of Vessel Emission Control Areas in YRD 52 Consumption 34 Table 4: Information Disclosure of the 2016 Central Environmental Protection Inspection 58 Figure 32: Total Coal Consumption Control Targets of Some cities for 2016 (10,000 ton) 34 Table 5: Rewards for Automobiles based on Price Tier 66 Figure 33: Targets of Coal Consumption Reduction of Some cities for 2016 (10,000 ton) 35 Table 6: Enterprise Rewards for Trucks based on Price Tier 66 Figure 34: National Targets and Progress of Eliminating Outdated Coal-Fired Generating Units Table 7: Key Traffic Data between 2015 and 2007 69 in 2016 (Unit: 10MW) 35 Table 8: Improvements in Coal-Fired Boilers in Dalian 75 Figure 35: Key Regions’ Progress in Eliminating Coal-Fired Boilers in 2016 36 6 Summary

Summary

for six criteria pollutants, representing an increase of 11 cities compared Content and Scope with 2015. In addition, among the 74 key cities, some managed to meet their targets for air quality improvement set in the Action Plan ahead of schedule. China Air 2017, the third report in the series China Air - Air Pollution Prevention However, despite these improvements, non-attainment of PM2.5 concentration and Control Progress in Chinese Cities provides data and analysis of air quality is still prevalent. At the same time, average O3 concentrations in 338 cities, information collected from 338 Chinese cities at and above the prefecture though complying with standards, continued to rise and the number of non- level in 2016, tracks and analyzes policies issued and corresponding attainment cities increased. implementation progress in the country, 3 key regions ((Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Pearl River Delta (PRD)), and 338 2015 annual mean concentration 2016 annual mean concentration National standard cities. This report also summarizes two case studies on Dalian’s experience 2015 annual mean concentration 2016 annual mean concentration National standard in regulating coal-fired boilers and Nanjing’s experience in managing vehicle mg/m 3 160 4 pollution. The 338 cities covered in this report are all cities that have been 3 required by the central government to monitor and disclose air quality data μg/m 140 since 2015. 120 3

100

Development Methodology 80 2

60 With the goal of providing an objective perspective, this report systematically incorporates air quality data and policy information to ensure accuracy and 40 1 comprehensiveness. The data and information in this report have all been 20 collected from official sources, including: 1) Air Quality Data: Air quality bulletins 0 0 and official news released by the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NO2 O3 CO provincial environmental protection departments, and municipal environmental Figure I: Annual Mean Concentrations for 6 Pollutants protection bureaus; 2) Policy Information: Government documents, speeches in 2015 and 2016 by officials, meeting reports and media reports that cite official sources.

Furthermore, based on the feedback from municipal environmental protection 0.3% 100% 0.3% authorities on the previous two reports in this series, in this report Clean Air 1.7% 1.5% Asia (CAA) shares the experiences of specific cities (Dalian and Nanjing were 80% selected as examples) in regulating coal-fired boilers and managing vehicle pollution. 60%

7.1% 40% Main Conclusions 5.6%

20%

Air Quality 0%

PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NO2 CO O3 The end of 2016 marked four years in the implementation of the Action Plan Percentage of attainment cities in 2015 Percentage of attainment cities in 2016 for Air Pollution Prevention and Control (the “Action Plan”). With under a Variation and percentage year to go before the scheduled deadline, all cities and provinces spared no efforts to strengthen air pollution prevention and control and achieved overall improvement in air quality. Among the 338 cities covered in this Figure II: Percentage of Attainment Cities for 6 Pollutants in 2015 and 2016 report, as many as 84 cities complied with the national air quality standards

Summary 7 Overall air quality improved but PM concentrations generally Zhuhai failed to comply with standards Huizhou Lishui Dongguan The overall air quality of Chinese cities improved in 2016 compared with the Guangzhou Taizhou previous year. In terms of annual average concentrations of pollutants in the Foshan Wenzhou 338 cities, SO2 and CO concentrations decreased further after complying with Ningbo Quzhou standards; NO2 concentrations remained the same as the previous year, while Jiaxing O3 concentrations increased slightly. Although PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations Jinhua and the number of non-attainment cities continued decreasing, the annual Nantong Hangzhou average concentrations remained higher than standards and 71.9% and Chongqing Shenyang 58.3% of cities failed to attain standards for PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. Wuhan Moreover, the annual mean concentration of PM2.5 in non-attainment cities Chengdu ranged from 36 to 158μg/m3, exceeding the national standard by 3.5 times at Beijing 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 its highest concentrations. μg/m3 2016 PM2.5 annual mean concentration 2017 PM2.5 target annual mean concentration Figure III: Annual Mean Concentrations for 6 Pollutants in O pollution was not effectively controlled and number of 3 2015 and 2016 non-attainment cities increased

Most of these cities are in Zhejiang and Guangdong Province. In addition, Of the six criteria pollutants in the 338 cities, only O concentrations rose in 3 Quzhou city in Zhejiang Province came very close to the target (99%), while 2016 compared with 2015. The non-attainment concentration range was 161- Beijing faces challenges in achieving the target by 2017. 200μg/m3, staying at the unhealthy-for-sensitive-groups level. The number of non-attainment cities increased from 54 to 59, while the percentage of non- PM concentrations varied across regions with pollution levels attainment days went up from 4.6% to 5.2%. worsening in some cities in central and western China

Among the three key regions, both YRD and PRD managed to comply with While some cities in Eastern and Southern China managed to reach the 2017 the standard for O concentration in 2016. However, compared with 2015, 3 targets of PM concentration reduction ahead of schedule, performance in only YRD improved as their O concentration dropped from 163μg/m3 to 3 other regions remained less satisfactory. Of 338 cities, over 50 failed to reach 3 159μg/m (by 2.5%). Both BTH and PRD recorded higher O3 concentrations, increasing from 162μg/m3 to 172μg/m3 (by 6.2%) and from 145μg/m3 to Baoji 151μg/m3 (by 4.1%), respectively. Furthermore, the number of days with O 3 Mianyang being the primary pollutant accounted for 26.3%, 39.8% and 70.3% of the Deyang number of non-attainment days in BTH, YRD and PRD, respectively, ranking Lanzhou

O3 second, second and first among all the pollutants in the three regions. Luzhou Moreover, regions outside BTH, YRD and PRD, including Liaoning Province, Taiyuan Sichuan Province, Jiangxi Province, Guizhou Province, Shaanxi Province, Yinchuan Gansu Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Chongqing City, Anhui Changde Province and Jilin Province showed a similar upward trend. Xi’an Linfen 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 μg/m3 17 cities reached 2017 targets of PM2.5 concentration 2015 PM annual mean concentration 2016 PM annual mean concentration 2016 PM target annual mean concentration reduction ahead of schedule 2.5 2.5 2.5 Figure IV: Percentage of Attainment Cities for 6 Pollutants in Based on available data, 17 out of 74 key cities reached the 2017 target 2015 and 2016 for PM2.5 concentration reduction set in the Action Plan ahead of schedule.

8 Summary the 2016 targets for PM2.5 or PM10 concentration reduction. Most of these by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) for 2017. In cities are in Henan, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Hubei, Gansu and other provinces addition, 22 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) had decrease in central and western China. Among these cities, Linfen and Xi’an’s PM2.5 of total coal consumption in 2015, compared with 2012. However, Shandong concentrations increased by 20% compared with 2015. Province, Shaanxi Province, Jiangxi Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Hainan Province saw In terms of the extent of improvement in PM concentrations, cities in the an increase in total coal consumption. In extreme cases, some of these provinces were even found to have built illegal coal-fired chemical projects Northeast China performed increasingly well. PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations both decreased by over 25% in Harbin, Jilin and Changchun, exceeding and coal-fired heating boiler projects, or to have reported fraudulent results on the 5% improvement in 2015 and satisfying the 2020 target set in the 13th the elimination of small coal-fired boilers.

Five-Year Plan. In addition, PM2.5 concentrations decreased by over 20% in other northeastern cities such as Yichun, Mudanjiang, Heihe, Hegang, With the air pollution prevention and control entering a critical stage, pollution Shuangyashan, and Shenyang. control for loose coal emissions from household use has become a challenge that must be overcome in the region. In 2016, BTH pressed ahead with loose BTH and its surrounding areas continued suffering the highest levels of PM coal pollution control by replacing coal with electricity, natural gas, or other concentration, with a notable deterioration in air quality during the winter. The clean energy sources. However, BTH was only able to replace an equivalent of 5% of 40 million tons of loose coal consumed in the region, showing that extent of improvement in PM2.5 concentrations in BTH and its surrounding areas was smaller in 2016 compared with the previous two years. this will be an extremely arduous task.

Policy Measures Policy framework for VOCs control was established

China’s air pollution prevention and control entered a critical stage in As major precursors of PM2.5 and O3, VOCs must be controlled in order to 2016. With an improvement in top-level design at the national and regional achieve coordinated management of PM2.5 and O3. China was relatively late levels, cities put more emphasis on the implementation and enforcement of to initiate VOCs control, and established the relevant policy framework in specific pollution control measures. Consequently, there were progresses 2016 to cover specific policies and measures including total VOCs emissions in coal combustion control, elimination of yellow-label vehicles, promoting control, management of key industries and VOCs pollution charges. new energy vehicles and elimination of outdated capacity. Moreover, breakthroughs were made in previously neglected areas related to loose VOCs were included in total emission control indicators for the first time in coal and non-road mobile machinery. Efforts were also stepped up to control 2016. During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, it is specified that total VOCs VOCs pollution and refined management of fugitive dust. Meanwhile, BTH emission control should be carried out in key regions and industries, while continued to increase the scope and depth of regional collaboration. total VOCs emissions should be lowered by over 10% compared with 2015 by 2020. Meanwhile in key industries, the central government requires a minimum reduction of 3.3 million tons in VOCs emissions by 2018 Progress was made in coal combustion control; however compared with 2015 levels. Specific measures for 11 key industries have coal consumption increased in some provinces also been set. China is gradually adopting a more comprehensive approach characterized by “reduction at the source with process control as the core From 2014 to 2016, the total amount of coal consumption declined for three strategy and end-of-pipe control as a supporting strategy.” consecutive years by 2.9%, 3.7% and 4.7% year-on-year, respectively. At the same time, the proportion of coal consumption in the total energy With improvements in top-level design under way, some cities also took the consumption dropped from 65.6% to 62%, while the proportion of non-fossil lead in carrying out pilot projects on VOCs control to implement relevant fuels rose from 11.1% to 13.3%. policies. For example, financial policies were adopted in VOCs control, with some cities following a differentiated charging principle whereby fees Based on available data, BTH managed to decrease total coal consumption are doubled for higher emissions while preferential fee rates are offered to in 2016 compared with 2012. Within the BTH region, Beijing and Tianjin were companies with lower emissions. ahead of schedule in reaching the coal consumption reduction targets set

Summary 9 With the elimination of yellow-label vehicles near completion, Multiple measures for fugitive dust control were implemented outdated and diesel vehicles are becoming the new focuses and refined management was adopted of vehicle pollution control In addition to existing measures such as installing enclosures required by Action Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Qingdao, Zhejiang Province and Jiangsu Plan, more cities started levying fees for fugitive dust emissions. Some cities Province completed the elimination of all yellow-label vehicles in 2016. also installed fugitive dust continuous monitoring systems to improve regulation. The next priority of vehicle pollution prevention and control is to eliminate high-pollution and outdated vehicles while vigorously promoting new Currently, Beijing, Tianjin, Suzhou, Taizhou (Jiangsu Province), Xinxiang, energy vehicles. Hundreds of thousands of new energy vehicles have been Jiangmen and Chongqing have begun levying pollution charges for fugitive purchased and used in Tier-1 cities, including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou dust emissions. Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangdong Province and Sichuan and Shenzhen. Around 200 cities have started using such vehicles in the Province have also stepped up efforts and installed fugitive dust continuous sectors of public transport, taxis, sanitation, and government organizations. monitoring systems so that supervisors can obtain real-time data from construction sites. Pollution from heavy-duty diesel vehicles also drew wider attention. To tackle this issue, Beijing, Wuhan, Nantong and Zhengzhou designated areas Regional collaboration progressed in BTH while YRD was where such vehicles are banned. Moreover, Beijing, Shanghai, Zhengzhou, relatively lagged behind Shenzhen, Xi’an and Yichang required heavy-duty diesel vehicles to install diesel particulate filters (DPF) and other pollution control devices. For In 2016, BTH continued deepening and broadening efforts in regional example, in Beijing, DPFs were installed in eight types of heavy-duty diesel collaboration. To broaden efforts geographically, some prevention and control vehicles, totaling over 5,500 vehicles, including buses, sanitation trucks, measures were expanded to Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei Province, Shanxi Province, tourist buses, mail trucks, dump trucks, shuttle buses, school buses, and Inner Mongolia, Shandong Province, and Henan Province. In 2016, the seven airport buses. provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) managed to establish an information-sharing platform for air pollution control. In addition, the region In 2016, NOx and PM emissions from vehicles decreased by 8.29% and unified standards for heavy pollution alerting and set up a consultation platform 13.51% respectively compared with 2012. for alerting, which effectively reduced the level of heavy pollution in the winter of 2016. Concerning the depth, BTH preliminarily unified the regional planning, Non-road mobile machinery was brought under regulation measures and standards for regional heavy pollution monitoring and alerting. Coordinated enforcement was carried out and mechanism of twining-city The number of non-road mobile machinery and their emissions are on the rise cooperation on pollution prevention and control was strengthened. in China, while management in this area has been very weak. As required by the Action Plan, non-road mobile machinery is subject to regulation starting However, the progress made in YRD, one of the three key regions, still fell short from 2016. of requirements outlined in the Law on Prevention and Control of Air Pollution. In the region, no substantive progress was achieved in unifying standards, In 2016, China began implementing the China III emission standards prevention and control measures or coordinated enforcement mechanisms. for non-road mobile machinery and tightened environmental protection requirements. China established preliminary regulatory requirements for Furthermore, an increasing number of cities and regions started valuing and non-road mobile machinery, including disclosing environmental protection implementing regional collaboration. In this respect, the Urumqi-Changji-Shihezi information, declaring and registering machinery, and designating low- city cluster in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the Guanzhong city cluster in emission zones. By requiring registration or inspecting emissions, Beijing, Shaanxi Province, the Changchun-Jilin-Siping city cluster in Jilin Province, the Shanghai, Shenzhen and Jiangsu Province gathered preliminary emissions Jinan metropolitan cluster in Shandong Province, the Hefei metropolitan area data on non-road mobile machinery, thereby solving the longstanding problem of Anhui Province, and the Southern city cluster in Sichuan have all put in place of data paucity. Zhengzhou is the first city in the country to designate areas coordinated prevention and control mechanisms in 2016 to solve air pollution where high-emission non-road mobile machinery are banned. issues.

10 Summary Information disclosure improved, though some cities are still the government to encourage public participation. Except for Hebei Province, unwilling to publicize annual air pollution data which was singled out as the pilot province for the inspection starting at the end of 2015, the central environmental inspection team inspected 15 provinces Since 2013, notable progress has been made on disclosing air quality and cities in two phases in 2016 and reviewed over 33,000 reports submitted data, policy measures and effect of air pollution control. For example, in by the public. addition to releasing annual reports on local air quality conditions, some cities (Hohhot, Wuxi, Beihai, Sanya, Shizuishan, Putian, Baiyin, Jixi, Shiyan, However, the provinces and cities required by the inspection team to carry out Qinzhou, Alxa League, Yulin, Baise, Hechi, Pingliang, Qingyang, Haidong, rectification efforts have not released the results of implementation in a timely and Guoluo Prefecture) also disclosed the measures they adopted along with manner, creating challenges for effective public supervision. The central the problems they faced in the previous year in their annual action plans environmental inspection team publicized its results on the MEP website for air pollution prevention and control. As a result, the public could better after inspecting 15 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions). understand the air quality conditions of their cities and the efforts made by Following the disclosure, eight provinces (municipalities and autonomous their local governments and participate in the pollution control process. regions) that were inspected in the first phase have released their rectification plans. However, as of the publication of this report, only Hebei Province had

However, some cities are still unwilling to publicize their annual pollution disclosed the implementation status of the key measures in its rectification data. By the end of August 2017, nearly a quarter of the 338 cities failed plan. Other provinces (municipalities or districts) have not revealed their to release their 2016 annual environmental status bulletins or excluded implementation results, slowing the information disclosure process. pollution data from the bulletins. Some of these cities are provincial capitals such as Shijiazhuang and Zhengzhou that already established air quality Structural reform of monitoring and criminal accountability monitoring network in 2013 and suffered from poor air quality. Zhengzhou has were implemented in a parallel fashion to prevent fabrication not released its data on annual mean concentrations of air pollutants in its of monitoring data Zhengzhou Environmental Status Bulletin since 2013. In 2016, the environmental monitoring system was reformed based on the An environmental inspection mechanism was initiated, but principle that “whoever assesses the performance should also be in charge of progress from the rectification plan implementation is not monitoring.” This principle aims to prevent local fabrication of monitoring data. The operation authority of 1,436 state-owned ambient air quality monitoring disclosed sites across the country was all centralized in the national government.

Meanwhile, a reform pilot to establish the vertical management system for The central government initiated an environmental inspection mechanism and environmental protection institutions at the provincial level was launched in fully launched it in 2016. The environmental inspection teams were dispatched Hebei Province. The operation authority over all county-controlled air quality on behalf of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and monitoring sites across the province would be centralized in the provincial the State Council to inspect provincial-level and selected city-level governments government. and to hold them accountable for environmental protection. Afterwards, some provinces also established their own environmental inspection mechanisms in The Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate 2016, enabling further inspections of city-level government. As a result, a two-tier issued the Interpretation on Several Issues Concerning the Application of (central and provincial) inspection mechanism was formed. As air pollution was Law in the Handling of Criminal Cases of Environmental Pollution in 2016, an important part of the environmental inspection, the inspection team initiated explicitly stating that the fabrication of monitoring data would be equivalent an “accountability initiative” which provided strong support for the Action Plan to crimes of destroying computer information systems and subjected to a implementation at local level. heavy punishment. The first case to emerge involved environmental officials in Xi’an who were found to have fabricated air quality monitoring data. This Inspection work was conducted through collecting information at meetings, incident alarmed officials by revealing the consequences of data fabrication. reviewing public reports and other relevant information, on-site spot-checks, one-on-one talks with poorly performing local government officials, and site visits. Collecting reports from the public has become an important channel for

Summary 11 Domestic sources Recommendations 2.72% sources. accounted for 81.47% of that from mobile NOx emissions from diesel engines Diesel vehicles Since the Action Plan has been promulgated and implemented, China has 32.38% persistently improved its policy framework of air pollution prevention and control, resulting in significant reductions of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations across the country. In 2016, the Action Plan entered its fourth year of Industrial implementation and the 13th Five Year Plan had just reached its first year Non-road sources Mobile mobile of execution. The 13th Five Year Plan requires the country to sustain “green 49.31% sources sources 47.97% development” while maintaining medium-to-high speed economic growth. This 49.09% requirement has brought new opportunities and challenges for air pollution control. With non-attainment of PM concentrations, China is also experiencing a rise in O3 levels. As an independent third party, Clean Air Asia has the following recommendations regarding control of PM2.5 and O3 and achieving Others 18.53% the long-term goal of clean air. Figure V: Percentage of NOx Emissions by Sources in 2015 Develop a clean diesel action plan to comprehensively control pollution from diesel engine exhaust sources. accounted for 97.68% of that from mobile PM emissions from diesel engines

According to 2015 statistics, diesel engines emitted 9.359 million tons of NOx Diesel Domestic and 1.008 million tons of PM, which accounted for 38.74% and 6.36% of the vehicles sources total emissions nationwide, respectively. Controlling emissions from diesel 51.94% 15.75% engines is an effective way to lower PM and O3 concentrations simultaneously. Given the wide variety of diesel engines and their extensive application in Industrial Mobile sources 6.54% sources vehicles, vessels, non-road mobile machinery, it is necessary to start with top- 77.74% level design. Non-road mobile sources This report recommends expediting the official launch of the “National Clean 45.74% Diesel Action Plan”. In addition to enforcing stricter emission standards, integrating standards for regular diesel and automobile diesel, and designating vessel emission control areas in key regions, the government Others 2.32% should also design detailed control measures for in-use diesel engines and Figure VI: Percentage of PM Emissions by Sources in 2015 strengthen day-to-day enforcement to reduce emissions from diesel engines. With regards to enforcement, the government must increase the frequency High-emission and outdated diesel vehicles, vessels, and machineries that of regular inspections and spot-checks, expand the application of remote have high retrofit costs should be eliminated and scrapped. Moreover, the sensing and other new regulatory approaches, and encourage reporting and government should designate no-go, low-emission and restricted areas for supervision by the public. This way, the government will have a variety of high-pollution diesel engines with a phased approach throughout China, strategies to help in-use diesel engines comply with relevant standards. thus accelerating the elimination process. As for in-use diesel engines in good working conditions, retrofitting and improving maintenance should be Explore the potentials for reducing emissions from scattered, encouraged, such as installing DPFs or other mature and effective emission unregulated, and high-pollution enterprises reduction devices on diesel vehicles and non-road mobile machinery and converting in-use vessels to use low-sulfur diesel. Since the implementation of the Action Plan, significant emission reductions have been mostly attributed to macro-level measures, such as adjustments

12 Summary in the energy structure and industrial restructuring. During the 13th Five- means the design and implementation of control strategies must be based Year Plan period, it is necessary to enhance regulation and ensure the on comprehensive and scientific pre-evaluation, tracking progress, and enforcement of existing measures in order to achieve continuous air quality post-implementation evaluation of a suite of policies. Scientific and targeted improvement on one hand; on the other hand, it is also important for the policies must be created to ensure that O3 and PM concentrations both government to explore the potentials for reducing emissions from scattered, decrease. unregulated, and high-pollution enterprises by addressing previously neglected areas, such as loose coal burning for household use and non- It is also recommended to establish a photochemical monitoring network road mobile machinery. and apply localized models to understand O3 formation mechanisms and features; develop scientific and coordinated reduction strategies for NOx Pay attention to air quality changes in areas other than the and VOCs and increase efforts of VOCs emission reduction based on key regions and enhance air pollution control in cities in monitoring and modelling results; and adopt regional approach to address central and western China O3 pollution, and develop regional control strategies.

BTH, YRD and PRD are the key regions for implementing the Action Plan Enhance and refine enforcement and fully utilize public and have noticeably improved their air quality in the past few years. However, participation and supervision data shows that air quality is not improved as much in non-key regions, especially in central and western China (including Sichuan, Henan and Although the central government has been focusing on policy implementation, Shaanxi provinces), which are experiencing either short-term improvements supervision and enforcement capacity is still insufficient in many cities. or worsening conditions overall. Therefore, in addition to building strong inspection teams at local level, funds should be allocated from central and local budgets to develop and In the post-Action Plan period, the central government should devote more adopt a variety of enforcement technologies and approaches. This should attention to non-key regions and take measures such as facilitating them to include expanding the coverage of continuous emission monitoring, develop attainment plans, increasing capital investment, promoting learning equipping enforcement personnel with advanced handheld mobile devices, experience of cities in the key regions, collaborating with scientific research and applying advanced technologies such as drones, lidars, and remote institutes, third-party technology suppliers, international and multilateral sensing, thus enabling more standardized, timely, and precise enforcement. agencies; and seeking more opportunities of scientific research support, technical assistance, and capacity building. By strictly implementing relevant It is also important to emphasize the role of public participation. It is national policies for air pollution, the local governments of these regions recommended that government disclose inspection and rectification information, should initiate more stringent industry access policies and prevent polluting encourage the public to report environmental violations, and increase media industries and enterprises from relocating to the central and western regions. exposure of violations, mobilizing whole society to support air pollution prevention and control.

Develop national action plan of O3 pollution control, and conduct coordinated emission reduction of both PM and O3 Create a template for environmental status bulletins and and regional cooperation based on photochemical monitoring standardize the disclosure of air pollution information

The Action Plan uses PM concentrations as the key indicators of emission Although most cities have started disclosing air quality information through a reduction and the level of PM pollution has improved since its implementation. variety of channels, it is still necessary to standardize publications on overall

However, O3 pollution levels increased. Therefore, more attention should be pollution conditions, control measures, and effect. paid to this particular issue in the future, and it is recommended to develop a national action plan for O3 pollution control. This report recommends that the MEP create detailed rules on how to publish relevant information on air pollution prevention and control. It is necessary

The O3 formation mechanism and the impacts of regional transportation are to specify the data and statistics that cities must disclose, as well as the very complicated, varying from place to place and from time to time. This frequency and form of disclosure. Moreover, for the environmental status

Summary 13 bulletins that have been widely used in China, this report recommends that the government issue a specific template with detailed instructions, listing key information as “must disclose” items including annual mean concentrations of criteria air pollutants, specific pollution control measures, and effect. This way, the public, the media, researchers, and other stakeholders concerned about air quality can learn about the condition of local air quality. They can understand whether air quality has improved or worsened, whether the annual mean concentrations of criteria pollutants in specific cities have complied with standards or reached targets, and whether the measures implemented are effective. This will allow all stakeholders to better support local air pollution prevention and control and supervise the progress.

14 Summary Air Quality Status in 2016

Summary 15 3 3 This chapter summarizes the current air quality status and changes in recent the 338 cities changed from 3-87μg/m to 3-88μg/m in 2016, while the average 3 3 years of the 338 cities at and above the prefecture level in China which are concentration value dropped from 25μg/m to 22μg/m , complying with the 3 required to monitor and disclose air quality information under the Ambient Air national standard of 60μg/m . Quality Standards. All the air quality information provided is collected from publicly available governmental sources. Most of the cities complied with the national standard. The percentage of

attainment cities increased from 96.7% to 97%. Hence, SO2 ranked first alongside CO as pollutants for which the number of attainment cities was the greatest. PM2.5

The annual mean concentrations of SO2 in the three key regions all conformed The annual mean concentration of PM2.5 continued to decline, but still severely exceeded the national standard. Compared with 2015, the annual mean to the standard and decreased further. Though BTH recorded the highest 3 3 annual mean concentration, SO2 concentration still decreased from 38μg/m to concentration range of PM2.5 in the 338 cities changed from 11-125μg/m to 12- 3 158μg/m3 in 2016, while the average concentration fell from 50μg/m3 to 47μg/m3, 31μg/m , or by 18.4%. Meanwhile, in YRD and PRD, the levels fell from 21μg/ 3 3 3 3 which were respectively 1.42 and 1.34 times of the national standard of 35μg/m3. m to 17μg/m (by 19%) and from 13μg/m to 11μg/m (by 15.4%), respectively.

The number of cities that complied with the national standard increased. The NO2 percentage of attainment cities increased from 22.5% to 28.1%.

The annual mean concentration of NO2 continued complying with the standard.

Among the three key regions, the annual mean concentration of PM2.5 declined Compared with 2015, the annual mean concentration range of NO2 in the most significantly in YRD, from 53μg/m3 to 46μg/m3, or by 13.2%. In BTH, the 338 cities changed from 8-63μg/m3 to 9-61μg/m3 in 2016, while the average value fell from 77μg/m3 to 71μg/m3, or by 7.8%. In PRD, the concentration level concentration was at 30μg/m3, the same level as the previous year and complied with the standard and continued declining from 34μg/m3 to 32μg/m3, or complying with the national standard of 40μg/m3. by 5.9%. The number of cities that complied with the national standard increased. The percentage of attainment cities rose from 81.7% to 83.1%. PM10

The annual mean concentration of PM10 continued declining, but still Among the three key regions, the annual mean concentration of NO2 in BTH 3 3 3 3 significantly exceeded the national standard. Compared with 2015, the annual and PRD increased from 46μg/m to 49μg/m and from 33μg/m to 35μg/m , 3 3 3 mean concentration range of PM10 in the 338 cities changed from 24-357μg/m respectively. Meanwhile, the value in YRD decreased from 37μg/m to 36μg/m , to 22-436μg/m3 in 2016, while the average concentration fell from 87μg/m3 to or by 2.7%. 82μg/m3, which were respectively 1.24 and 1.17 times of the national standard 3 of 70μg/m . O3

The number of cities that complied with the national standard increased. The Overall, O3 concentration levels were on the rise. In 2016, the maximum 90th percentage of attainment cities rose from 34.6% to 41.7%. percentile O3 concentration (8-hour mean value) attained the national standard of 160μg/m3, but the concentration range changed from 62-203μg/m3 to 73-200μg/ 3 3 3 Among the three key regions, the annual mean concentration of PM10 in BTH m while the average concentration increased from 134μg/m to 138μg/m . was the highest, but also decreased the most, from 132μg/m3 to 119μg/m3, 3 3 or by 9.8%. In YRD, the value declined from 83μg/m to 75μg/m , or by 9.6%, The number of cities that complied with the national standard continued declining. 3 while PRD complied with the standard and continued declining, from 53μg/m to The percentage of attainment cities decreased from 84% to 82.5%. 49μg/m3, or by 7.5%. Among the three key regions, only YRD achieved a slight improvement in 3 3 SO2 annual mean concentration, falling from 163μg/m to 159μg/m . Meanwhile, the respective values in BTH and PRD increased from 162μg/m3 to 172μg/m3 and 3 3 The annual mean concentration of SO2 complied with standards and continued from 145μg/m to 151μg/m . Variations in O3 concentrations in the three key decreasing. Compared with 2015, the annual mean concentration range of SO2 in regions were the same as that of its precursor, NO2.

16 Air Quality Status in 2016 CO 2015 annual mean concentration 2016 annual mean concentration National standard

2015 annual mean concentration 2016 annual mean concentration National standard

The annual mean concentration of CO was within the standard and continued mg/m 3 160 4

decreasing. Compared with 2015, the 95th percentile concentration range (daily 3

3 3 μg/m 140 mean value) of CO in the 338 cities changed from 0.4-6.6mg/m to 0.8-5.0mg/m in 2016, while the average concentration fell from 2.1mg/m3 to 1.9mg/m3, attaining 120 3 3 the national standard of 4mg/m . 100

80 2 Most of the cities conformed to the national standard as the percentage of 60 attainment cities increased from 96.7% to 97%. Hence, CO ranked first alongside 40 1 SO2 as pollutants for which the number of attainment cities was the highest. 20 The annual mean concentrations of CO in the three key regions all conformed 0 0 to the standard. In BTH and PRD, the value decreased from 3.7mg/m3 to 3.2 PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NO2 O3 CO mg/m3 (by 13.5%) and from 1.4mg/m3 to 1.3mg/m3 (by 7.1%), respectively. 3 Figure 1: Annual mean concentrations for 6 pollutants Meanwhile, the value in YRD stayed at 1.5mg/m , with no change compared in 2015 and 2016 with 2015.

0.3% In general, the air quality status of 338 cities in 2016 can be summarized as 100% 0.3% follows: 1.7% 1.5% 80% Overall air quality improved but PM concentrations generally 60% failed to comply with standards 7.1% 40% 5.6% The overall air quality of Chinese cities improved in 2016 compared with the previous year. In terms of annual mean concentrations of pollutants in the 20%

338 cities, SO2 and CO concentrations decreased further after complying with 0% standards; NO2 concentrations remained the same as the previous year, while PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NO2 CO O3 O3 concentrations increased slightly. Although PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations and the number of non-attainment cities continued to decrease, the annual Percentage of attainment cities in 2015 Percentage of attainment cities in 2016 mean concentrations remained higher than the national standards, and 71.9% Variation and percentage and 58.3% of cities failed to attain standards for PM2.5 and PM10, respectively.

Moreover, the annual mean concentration of PM2.5 in non-attainment cities Figure 2: Percentage of attainment cities for 6 pollutants ranged from 36 to 158μg/m3, exceeding the national standard by 3.5 times at its in 2015 and 2016 highest concentrations.

concentration range was 161-200μg/m3, staying at the unhealthy-for-sensitive- O3 pollution was not effectively controlled and the number of groups level. The number of non-attainment cities increased from 54 to 59, non-attainment cities increased while the percentage of non-attainment days went up from 4.6% to 5.2%.

Although PM concentrations severely exceeding the national standards remains Moreover, among the three key regions, YRD and PRD managed to comply the biggest challenge for air quality improvement in Chinese cities, the trend of with the standard for O3 concentration in 2016. However, compared with 2015, 3 3 overall increase in O3 concentrations along with an increase in the number of only YRD improved as its O3 concentration fell from 163μg/m to 159μg/m non-attainment cities cannot be ignored. Of the six pollutants in the 338 cities, (by 2.5%). Both BTH and PRD recorded higher O3 concentrations, increasing 3 3 3 3 only O3 concentrations rose in 2016 compared with 2015. The non-attainment from 162μg/m to 172μg/m (by 6.2%) and from 145μg/m to 151μg/m (by

Air Quality Status in 2016 17 4.1%), respectively. Furthermore, the number of days with O3 being the primary Meanwhile, BTH and its surrounding areas remained the region with pollutant accounted for 26.3%, 39.8% and 70.3% of the number of non- the highest PM concentrations nationwide where heavy pollution was

attainment days in BTH, YRD and PRD, respectively, ranking O3 second, second frequent during the winter season. The magnitude of the decrease in PM2.5 and first among all the pollutants in the three regions. Moreover, regions outside concentrations in BTH and its surrounding areas was smaller in 2016 than in BTH, YRD and PRD, including Liaoning Province, Sichuan Province, Jiangxi the previous two years. Province, Guizhou Province, Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Chongqing City, Anhui Province and Jilin Province showed Nationwide air quality was the best in summer months, a similar upward trend of O3 concentrations in 2016. while winter air quality in the BTH region remained an issue of concern PM concentrations varied across regions with pollution levels worsening in some cities in central and western China The monthly cities’ air quality status reports released by the Ministry

of Environmental Protection in 2016 showed that, in terms of PM2.5 While some cities in eastern and southern China managed to reach the 2017 concentration, air quality in Chinese cities gradually improved in the spring targets of PM concentration reduction ahead of schedule, performance in other and reached the best levels in June-August, when monthly concentrations regions was less satisfactory. Of the 338 cities, over 50 failed to reach the of 74 cities and 338 cities all complied with the standards. In autumn, air

2016 targets for PM2.5 or PM10 concentration reductions. Most of these cities quality began to worsen progressively, deteriorating to the worst levels are in Henan, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Hubei, Gansu and other provinces in central in winter. This was especially evident in the BTH region, where monthly and western China. Among these cities, Linfen and Xi’an instead saw a 20% concentrations in November and December exceeded the national standard

increase in PM2.5 concentrations compared with 2015 levels. by 3 times and over 4 times respectively. In December, over 20 cities in the region issued red alerts for heavy pollution. Baoji 338 cities 74 cities BTH Region YRD Region PRD Region Mianyang

Deyang 3 160

Lanzhou μg/m 140 Luzhou 120 Taiyuan Yinchuan 100 Changde 80 Xi’an 60 Linfen 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 40 μg/m3

2015 PM2.5 annual mean concentration 2016 PM2.5 annual mean concentration 2016 PM2.5 target annual mean concentration 20

0 Figure 3: Cities that not only Failed to Achieve PM2.5 Reduction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Targets but also Experienced Increase in PM2.5 Annual Mean Concentration in 2016 Figure 4: Variation of PM2.5 Monthly Concentrations in 2016

In terms of the extent of improvement in PM concentrations, cities in the

Northeast China performed increasingly well. The decrease in both PM2.5

and PM10 concentrations reached over 25% in Harbin, Jilin and Changchun, exceeding the decrease of 5% in 2015 and satisfying the 2020 target set in

the 13th Five-Year Plan. In addition, PM2.5 concentrations decreased by over 20% in other northeastern cities such as Yichun, Mudanjiang, Heihe, Hegang, Shuangyashan, and Shenyang.

18 Air Quality Status in 2016 Air Quality Status in 2013-2016 200

BTH Region YRD Region PRD Region North China East China South China

3 170

160 -μg/m 2.5 150 PM 150 140

130

120

110

100

100 90

80

70

60

50

50 40

30

20

10

0 Jiangmen Dongguan Guangzhou Zhaoqing Foshan Erdos Chifeng Hohhot Wuhai Baotou Ulanqab Xilin Gol Hulun Buir Tongliao Bayan Nur Hinggan League Alxa League Xinzhou Jincheng Jinzhong Taiyuan Linfen Datong Changzhi Yangquan Shuozhou Yuncheng Lvliang Xinyang Nanyang Sanmenxia Xuchang Zhouko Zhumadian Puyang Kaifeng Hebi Pingdingshan Luohe Shangqiu Zhengzhou Luoyang Xinxiang Jia Zhangjiakou Chengde Qinhuangdao Langfang Tianjin Cangzhou Beijing Tangshan Handan Hengshui Xingtai Baoding Shijiazhuang Zhuhai Shenzhen Huizhou Z Anyang Weihai Yantai Qingdao Rizhao Taian Binzhou Jinan Laiwu Zaozhuang Dengzhou Heze Liaocheng Jining Dongying Zibo Weifang Linyi Huangshan Luan Maanshan Tongling Xuancheng Wuhu Anqing Huainan Hefei Bozhou Chuzhou Bengbu Huaibei Fuyang Suzhou Chizhou Yengtan Fuzhou Shangrao Nanchang Xinyu Ganzhou Jiujiang Jingdezhen Pingxiang Jian Yichun Longyan Nanping Sanming Fuzhou Ningde Xiamen Quanzhou Putian Zhangzhou Xiaogan Xianning Enshizhou Huanggang Shiyan Shuizhou Wuhan Huangshi Jingmen Jingzhou Ezhou Yichang Xiangyang Chenzhou Huaihua Yiyang Xiangxizhou Yongzhou Loudi Zhangjiajie Yueyang Zhuzhou Xiangtan Hengyang Changsha Shaoyang Changde Fangchenggang Hechi Nanning Qinzhou Guigang Zhoushan Lishui Taizhou Wenzhou Ningbo Quzhou Yancheng Jiaxing Shanghai Shaoxing Jinhua Suzhou Nantong Lianyungang Huzhou Nanjing Changzhou Hangzhou Zhenjiang Yangzhou Taizhou Wuxi Huaian Suqian Xuzhou h z 0 ongshan ou

张家口承德秦皇岛廊坊 天津 沧州 北京 唐山 邯郸 衡水 邢台 保定石家庄 舟山 丽水 台州 温州 宁波 衢州 盐城 嘉兴 上海 绍兴 金华 苏州 南通连云港湖州 南京 常州 杭州 镇江 扬州 泰州 无锡 淮安 宿迁 徐州 珠海 深圳 惠州 中山 江门 东莞 广州 肇庆 佛山 鄂尔多斯赤峰呼和浩特乌海 包头乌兰察布锡林郭勒呼伦贝尔通辽巴彦淖尔兴安盟阿拉善盟忻州 晋城 晋中 太原 临汾 大同 长治 阳泉 朔州 运城 吕梁 信阳 南阳三门峡许昌 周口驻马店濮阳 开封 鹤壁平顶山漯河 商丘 郑州 洛阳 新乡 焦作 安阳 威海 烟台 青岛 日照 泰安 滨州 济南 莱芜 枣庄 德州 菏泽 聊城 济宁 东营 淄博 潍坊 临沂 黄山 六安马鞍山铜陵 宣城 芜湖 安庆 淮南 合肥 亳州 滁州 蚌埠 淮北 阜阳 宿州 池州 鹰潭 抚州 上饶 南昌 新余 赣州 九江景德镇萍乡 吉安 宜春 龙岩 南平 三明 福州 宁德 厦门 泉州 莆田 漳州 孝感 咸宁恩施州黄冈 十堰 随州 武汉 黄石 荆门 荆州 鄂州 宜昌 襄阳 郴州 怀化 益阳湘西州永州 娄底张家界岳阳 株洲 湘潭 衡阳 长沙 邵阳 常德防城港河池 南宁 钦州 贵港 柳州 桂林 北海 梧州 玉林 百色 贺州 来宾 崇左 汕尾 湛江 梅州 汕头 河源 潮州 清远 揭阳 韶关 茂名 阳江 云浮 三亚 海口 伊春大兴安岭地区黑河 鸡西佳木斯绥化双鸭山齐齐哈尔牡丹江大庆 鹤岗七台河哈尔滨延边 松原 吉林 通化 长春 四平 辽源 白城 白山 大连 朝阳 盘锦 丹东 抚顺 营口 本溪葫芦岛辽阳 铁岭 沈阳 锦州 鞍山 阜新 金昌嘉峪关定西 张掖甘南州白银 武威 平凉 天水 兰州 酒泉 庆阳 陇南临夏州玉树州海西州海南州海北州果洛州黄南洲海东地区西宁石嘴山吴忠 银川 固原 中卫克拉玛依乌鲁木齐库尔勒吐鲁番地区昌吉州伊犁州哈密地区博尔塔拉州阿克苏地区克孜勒苏柯尔克孜州喀什地区和田地区塔城地区阿泰勒地区五家渠石河子商洛 铜川 宝鸡 西安 渭南 咸阳 延安 汉中 榆林 安康 广元攀枝花雅安 遂宁 广安 绵阳 资阳 内江 德阳 达州 成都 乐山 泸州 自贡 宜宾 南充 眉山 巴中阿坝州甘孜州凉山州重庆 铜仁 安顺黔东南州毕节 贵阳六盘水遵义黔西南州黔南州楚雄州昆明 临沧 曲靖 玉溪 昭通 丽江红河州迪庆州保山 普洱文山州西双版纳大理州德宏州怒江州拉萨昌都地区山南地区日喀则地区那曲地区阿里地区林芝地区

2013 Annual mean cncentration 2013 Annual mean cncentration of key region 2013 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities National Standard Figure 5: Annual Mean Concentration of PM2.5 in 338 Cities and Key Regions 2014 Annual mean cncentration 2014 Annual mean cncentration of key region 2014 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 2015 Annual mean cncentration 2015 Annual mean cncentration of key region 2015 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 2016 Annual mean cncentration 2016 Annual mean cncentration of key region 2016 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 200

Northeast China Northwest China Southwest China 3 170

160 -μg/m 2.5 150 PM 150 140

130

120

110

100

100 90

80

70

60

50

50 40

30

20

10

0 Liuzhou Guilin Beihai Wuzhou Yulin Baise Hezhou Laibin Congzuo Shanwei Zhanjiang Meizhou Shantou Heyuan Chaozhou Qingyuan Jieyang Shaoguan Maoming Yangjiang Yunfu Sanya Haikou Yichun Daxing'anling Heihe Jixi Jiamusi Suihua Shuangyashan Qiqihar Mudanjiang Daqing Hegang Qitaihe Harbin Yanbian Songyuan Jilin Tonghua Changchun Siping Liaoyuan Baicheng Baishan Dalian Zhaoyang Panjin Dandong Fushun Yingkou Benxi Huludao Liaoyang Tieling Shenyang Jinzhou Anshan Fuxin Jinchang Jiayuguan Dingxi Zhangye Gannanzhou Baiyin Wuwei Pingliang Tianshui Lanzhou Jiuquan Qingyang Longnan Linxiazhou Yushu Prefecture Haixi Prefecture Hainan Prefecture Haibei Prefecture Guoluo Prefecture Huangnan Prefecture Haidong Prefecture Xi'ning Shizuishan Wuzhong Yinchuan Guyuan Zhongwei Karamay Urumqi Korla Turpan area Changji Prefecture Yili Prefecture Hami Prefecture Bortala Prefecture Akesu Prefecture Kizilsu Kirghiz Prefecture Kashi Prefecture Hotan Prefecture Tacheng Prefecture Altay Prefecture Wujiaqu Shihezi Shangluo Tongchuan Baoji Xi'an Weinan Xianyang Yanan Hanzhong Yulin Ankang Guangyuan Panzhihua Ya'an Suining Guang'an Mianyang Ziyang Neijiang Deyang Dazhou Chengdu Leshan Luzhou Zigong Yibin Nanchong Meishan Bazhong Aba Prefecture Ganzi Prefecture` Liangshan Prefecture Chongqing Tongren Anshun Qiandongnan Prefecture Bijie Guiyang Liupanshui Zunyi Qianxi'nan Prefecture Qiannan Prefecture Chuxiong Prefecture Kunming Lincang Qujing Yuxi Zhaotong Lijiang Honghe Prefecture Diqing Prefecture Baoshan Pu'er Wenshan Prefecture Xishuangbanna Dehong Prefecture Dali Prefecture Nujiang Prefecture Lhasa Chamdo Prefecture Shannan Prefecture Shigatse Prefecture Nagqu Prefecture Ngari Prefecture Nyingchi Prefecture 0

张家口承德秦皇岛廊坊 天津 沧州 北京 唐山 邯郸 衡水 邢台 保定石家庄 舟山 丽水 台州 温州 宁波 衢州 盐城 嘉兴 上海 绍兴 金华 苏州 南通连云港湖州 南京 常州 杭州 镇江 扬州 泰州 无锡 淮安 宿迁 徐州 珠海 深圳 惠州 中山 江门 东莞 广州 肇庆 佛山 鄂尔多斯赤峰呼和浩特乌海 包头乌兰察布锡林郭勒呼伦贝尔通辽巴彦淖尔兴安盟阿拉善盟忻州 晋城 晋中 太原 临汾 大同 长治 阳泉 朔州 运城 吕梁 信阳 南阳三门峡许昌 周口驻马店濮阳 开封 鹤壁平顶山漯河 商丘 郑州 洛阳 新乡 焦作 安阳 威海 烟台 青岛 日照 泰安 滨州 济南 莱芜 枣庄 德州 菏泽 聊城 济宁 东营 淄博 潍坊 临沂 黄山 六安马鞍山铜陵 宣城 芜湖 安庆 淮南 合肥 亳州 滁州 蚌埠 淮北 阜阳 宿州 池州 鹰潭 抚州 上饶 南昌 新余 赣州 九江景德镇萍乡 吉安 宜春 龙岩 南平 三明 福州 宁德 厦门 泉州 莆田 漳州 孝感 咸宁恩施州黄冈 十堰 随州 武汉 黄石 荆门 荆州 鄂州 宜昌 襄阳 郴州 怀化 益阳湘西州永州 娄底张家界岳阳 株洲 湘潭 衡阳 长沙 邵阳 常德防城港河池 南宁 钦州 贵港 柳州 桂林 北海 梧州 玉林 百色 贺州 来宾 崇左 汕尾 湛江 梅州 汕头 河源 潮州 清远 揭阳 韶关 茂名 阳江 云浮 三亚 海口 伊春大兴安岭地区黑河 鸡西佳木斯绥化双鸭山齐齐哈尔牡丹江大庆 鹤岗七台河哈尔滨延边 松原 吉林 通化 长春 四平 辽源 白城 白山 大连 朝阳 盘锦 丹东 抚顺 营口 本溪葫芦岛辽阳 铁岭 沈阳 锦州 鞍山 阜新 金昌嘉峪关定西 张掖甘南州白银 武威 平凉 天水 兰州 酒泉 庆阳 陇南临夏州玉树州海西州海南州海北州果洛州黄南洲海东地区西宁石嘴山吴忠 银川 固原 中卫克拉玛依乌鲁木齐库尔勒吐鲁番地区昌吉州伊犁州哈密地区博尔塔拉州阿克苏地区克孜勒苏柯尔克孜州喀什地区和田地区塔城地区阿泰勒地区五家渠石河子商洛 铜川 宝鸡 西安 渭南 咸阳 延安 汉中 榆林 安康 广元攀枝花雅安 遂宁 广安 绵阳 资阳 内江 德阳 达州 成都 乐山 泸州 自贡 宜宾 南充 眉山 巴中阿坝州甘孜州凉山州重庆 铜仁 安顺黔东南州毕节 贵阳六盘水遵义黔西南州黔南州楚雄州昆明 临沧 曲靖 玉溪 昭通 丽江红河州迪庆州保山 普洱文山州西双版纳大理州德宏州怒江州拉萨昌都地区山南地区日喀则地区那曲地区阿里地区林芝地区

◆ The annual mean concentration of PM2.5 continued to decline, but still severely ◆ Among the three key regions, the annual mean concentration of PM2.5 declined most 2013 Annual mean cncentration 2013 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities National Standard exceeded the national standard. Compared with 2015, the annual mean concentration significantly in YRD, from 53μg/m3 to 46μg/m3, or by 13.2%. In BTH, the value fell from 2014 Annual mean cncentration 2014 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 3 3 3 3 range of PM2.5 in the 338 cities changed from 11-125μg/m to 12-158μg/m in 2016, 77μg/m to 71μg/m , or by 7.8%. In PRD, the concentration level complied with the 2015 Annual mean cncentration 2015 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities while the average concentration fell from 50μg/m3 to 47μg/m3, which were respectively standard and continued declining from 34μg/m3 to 32μg/m3, or by 5.9%. 2016 Annual mean cncentration 2016 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 1.42 and 1.34 times of the national standard of 35μg/m3. ◆ The number of cities that complied with the national standard increased. The percentage of attainment cities increased from 22.5% to 28.1%. 林芝地区 阿里地区 那曲地区 日喀则地区 山南地区 昌都地区 拉萨 怒江州 德宏州 大理州 西双版纳 文山州 普洱 保山 迪庆州 红河州 丽江 昭通 玉溪 曲靖 昆明 临沧 楚雄州 黔南州 黔西南州 遵义 六盘水 贵阳 铜仁 黔东南州 毕节 安顺 重庆 凉山州 甘孜州 阿坝州 巴中 眉山 南充 宜宾 成都 自贡 资阳 乐山 德阳 泸州 达州 广安 绵阳 内江 广元 雅安 遂宁 攀枝花 安康 榆林 汉中 延安 咸阳 渭南 西安 宝鸡 铜川 商洛 中卫 固原 银川 石嘴山 吴忠 海东地区 西宁 黄南洲 海北州 果洛州 海南州 海西州 玉树州 临夏州 陇南 庆阳 酒泉 兰州 金昌 嘉峪关 武威 白银 张掖 平凉 天水 定西 甘南州 石河子市 五家渠市 阿泰勒地区 塔城地区 和田地区 喀什地区 克孜勒苏柯尔克孜州 阿克苏地区 博尔塔拉州 哈密地区 伊犁州 昌吉州 吐鲁番地区 库尔勒 乌鲁木齐 克拉玛依 鞍山 沈阳 葫芦岛 铁岭 辽阳 阜新 锦州 抚顺 本溪 营口 丹东 朝阳 盘锦 大连 白山 长春 四平 通化 白城 松原 吉林 辽源 延边 七台河 哈尔滨 牡丹江 鹤岗 齐齐哈尔 大庆 绥化 双鸭山 鸡西 佳木斯 大兴安岭地区 黑河 伊春 海口 三亚 揭阳 清远 潮州 云浮 韶关 汕头 茂名 河源 梅州 阳江 湛江 汕尾 崇左 来宾 贺州 百色 玉林 钦州 梧州 北海 柳州 Guilin 桂林 Nanning 南宁 Hechi 河池 Guigang 贵港 Fangchenggang 防城港 Xiangtan 湘潭 Zhuzhou 株洲 Yiyang 益阳

Changde 常德 Huaihua 怀化 Xiangxizhou 湘西州 Shaoyang 邵阳 Hengyang 衡阳 Changsha 长沙 Zhangjiajie 张家界 Yueyang 岳阳 Loudi 娄底 Yongzhou 永州 Chenzhou 郴州 Ezhou 鄂州 Jingzhou 荆州 Jingmen 荆门 Yichang 宜昌 Xiangyang 襄阳 Wuhan 武汉 Huangshi 黄石

Shuizhou 随州

Shiyan 十堰 Xiaogan 孝感 Xianning 咸宁 Huanggang 黄冈

South China Enshizhou 恩施州

Zhangzhou漳州 Fuzhou 福州 Quanzhou 泉州 Xiamen 厦门 Ningde 宁德 Sanming 三明 Longyan 龙岩 Putian 莆田 Nanping 南平 Yichun 宜春 Jian 吉安 Pingxiang 萍乡 Jingdezhen 景德镇 Nanchang 南昌 Xinyu 新余 Jiujiang 九江 Shangrao 上饶 Ganzhou 赣州 Fuzhou 抚州 Yengtan 鹰潭

Suzhou 宿州 Fuyang 阜阳 Bengbu 蚌埠 Huaibei 淮北 Huainan 淮南 Bozhou 亳州 Hefei 合肥 Tongling 铜陵 Chuzhou 滁州 Maanshan 马鞍山 Wuhu 芜湖 Luan 六安 Anqing 安庆 Xuancheng 宣城 Chizhou 池州 Huangshan 黄山

Linyi 临沂

Weifang 潍坊

Zibo 淄博 Dongying 东营

Jining 济宁

Liaocheng聊城

Heze 菏泽 Dezhou 德州

Zaozhuang枣庄

Jinan 济南 Laiwu 莱芜

Binzhou 滨州

Taian 泰安

Rizhao 日照

Qingdao 青岛

Yantai 烟台

Weihai 威海 East China

Anyang 安阳 Xinxiang 新乡

Zhengzhou National Standard 郑州 Jiazou 焦作

Puyang 濮阳 Luohe 漯河

Luoyang 洛阳

Hebi 鹤壁

Shangqiu 商丘 Sanmenxia 三门峡 Pingdingshan 平顶山 Xuchang 许昌 Kaifeng 开封 Zhumadian 驻马店 Nanyang 南阳 Zhouko 周口 Xinyang 信阳 2013 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 2013 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 2014 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 2015 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 2016

Lvliang 吕梁

Yuncheng运城 Shuozhou 朔州 Yangquan 阳泉

Changzhi长治 Datong 大同 Linfen 临汾 Taiyuan 太原 Jincheng 晋城 Jinzhong 晋中 Xinzhou 忻州 Alxa League 阿拉善盟 Hinggan League 兴安盟 Bayan Nur 巴彦淖尔 Tongliao 通辽 2013 Annual mean cncentration of key region 2013 Annual mean cncentration of key region 2014 Annual mean cncentration of key region 2015 Annual mean cncentration of key region 2016 Halunbeier Xilinguolie呼伦贝尔 锡林郭勒 Ulanqab 乌兰察布 Hohhot 呼和浩特 Wuhai 乌海 baotou 包头 Chifeng 赤峰

North China Eeduosi 鄂尔多斯

Guangzhou 广州 Zhaoqing 肇庆 2013 Annual mean cncentration 2013 Annual mean cncentration 2014 Annual mean cncentration 2015 Annual mean cncentration 2016 Jiangmen 江门 Foshan 佛山 Dongguan 东莞 Huizhou 惠州 Zhongshan 中山

Shenzhen 深圳 Zhuhai 珠海 PRD Region

Quzhou 衢州 Zhoushan 舟山 Jinhua 金华 Suqian 宿迁 Wenzhou 温州 Lishui 丽水

Jiaxing 嘉兴

Hangzhou杭州 Yancheng 盐城 Huzhou 湖州 Taizhou 台州 Xuzhou 徐州

Huaian 淮安 Lianyungang 连云港

Taizhou in 338 Cities and Key Regions 泰州

Yangzhou 10 扬州 Nanjing 南京

Wuxi 无锡

Changzhou常州 Zhenjiang 镇江

Suzhou 苏州 Nantong 南通

Shaoxing 绍兴

Ningbo 宁波 Shanghai 上海 YRD Region

Zhangjiakou 张家口 Xingtai 邢台 Cangzhou 沧州 Handan 邯郸 Shijiazhuang 石家庄

Baoding 保定 Hengshui 衡水 Tangshan 唐山

Langfang廊坊

Tianjin 天津 Beijing 北京 Qinhuangdao 秦皇岛 Chengde 承德 BTH Region Figure 6: Annual Mean Concentration of PM Figure 6: 0 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

310 300 290 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100

10 -μg/m PM 3 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 350

Northeast China Northwest China Southwest China 3 310 300 300 290 -μg/m

10 280 270 PM 260 250 250 240 230 220 210 200 200 190 180 170 160 150

150 140 130 120 110 100

100 90 80 70 60 50

50 40 30 20 10 0 Panzhihua Suining Yaan Guangyuan Neijiang Mianyang Guangan Dazhou Luzhou Deyang Leshan Ziyang Zigong Chengdu Yibin Nanchong Meishan Bazhong Aba Prefecture Ganzi Prefecture Liangshan Prefecture Chongqing Anshun Bijie Qiandongnanzhou Tongren Guiyang Liupanshui Zunyi Qianxinanzhou Qiannanzhou Chuxiong Prefecture Lincang Kunming Qujing Yuxi Zhaotong Lijiang Honghe Prefecture Diqing Prefecture Baoshan Pu'er Wenshan Prefecture Xishuangbanna Dali Prefecture Dehong prefecture Nujiang Prefecture Lhasa Chamdo Prefecture Shannan Prefecture Shigatse Prefecture Nagqu Prefecture Ngari Prefecture Nyingchi Prefecture Liuzhou Beihai Wuzhou Qinzhou Yulin Baise Hezhou Laibin Congzuo Shanwei Zhanjiang Yangjiang Meizhou Heyuan Maoming Shantou Shaoguan Yunfu Chaozhou Qingyuan Jieyang Sanya Haikou Karamay Urumqi Korla Turpan area Changji Prefecture Yili Prefecture Hami Prefecture Bortala Prefecture Akesu Prefecture Hotan Prefecture Kashi Prefecture Kizilsu Kirghiz Prefecture Tacheng Prefecture Altay Prefecture Wujiaqushi Shihezishi Gannanzhou Dingxi Tianshui Pingliang Zhangye Baiyin Wuwei Jiayuguan Jinchang Lanzhou Jiuquan Qingyang Longnan Linxiazhou Yushu Prefecture Haixi Prefecture Hainan Prefecture Guoluo Prefecture Haibei Prefecture Huangnan Prefecture Xi’ning Haidong Prefecture Wuzhong Shizuishan Yinchuan Guyuan Zhongwei Shangluo Tongchuan Baoji Xian Weinan Xianyang Yanan Hanzhong Yulin Ankang Yichun Heihe Baxinganlingdiqu Jiamusi Jixi Shuangyashan Suihua Daqing Qiqihar Hegang Mudanjiang Harbin Qitaihe Yanbian Liaoyuan Jilin Songyuan Baicheng Tonghua Siping Changchun Baishan Dalian Panjin Zhaoyang Dandong Yingkou Benxi Fushun Jinzhou Fuxin Liaoyang Tieling Huludao Shenyang Anshan 0

承德秦皇岛北京 天津 廊坊 唐山 衡水 保定石家庄邯郸 沧州 邢台张家口 上海 宁波 绍兴 南通 苏州 镇江 常州 无锡 南京 扬州 泰州连云港淮安 徐州 台州 湖州 盐城 杭州 嘉兴 丽水 温州 宿迁 金华 舟山 衢州 珠海 深圳 中山 惠州 东莞 佛山 江门 肇庆 广州 鄂尔多斯赤峰 包头 乌海呼和浩特乌兰察布锡林郭勒呼伦贝尔通辽巴彦淖尔兴安盟阿拉善盟忻州 晋中 晋城 太原 临汾 大同 长治 阳泉 朔州 运城 吕梁 信阳 周口 南阳驻马店开封 许昌平顶山三门峡商丘 鹤壁 洛阳 漯河 濮阳 焦作 郑州 新乡 安阳 威海 烟台 青岛 日照 泰安 滨州 莱芜 济南 枣庄 德州 菏泽 聊城 济宁 东营 淄博 潍坊 临沂 黄山 池州 宣城 安庆 六安 芜湖马鞍山滁州 铜陵 合肥 亳州 淮南 淮北 蚌埠 阜阳 宿州 鹰潭 抚州 赣州 上饶 九江 新余 南昌景德镇萍乡 吉安 宜春 南平 莆田 龙岩 三明 宁德 厦门 泉州 福州 漳州 恩施州黄冈 咸宁 孝感 十堰 随州 黄石 武汉 襄阳 宜昌 荆门 荆州 鄂州 郴州 永州 娄底 岳阳张家界长沙 衡阳 邵阳湘西州怀化 常德 益阳 株洲 湘潭防城港贵港 河池 南宁 桂林 柳州 北海 梧州 钦州 玉林 百色 贺州 来宾 崇左 汕尾 湛江 阳江 梅州 河源 茂名 汕头 韶关 云浮 潮州 清远 揭阳 三亚 海口 伊春 黑河大兴安岭地区佳木斯鸡西双鸭山绥化 大庆齐齐哈尔鹤岗牡丹江哈尔滨七台河延边 辽源 吉林 松原 白城 通化 四平 长春 白山 大连 盘锦 朝阳 丹东 营口 本溪 抚顺 锦州 阜新 辽阳 铁岭葫芦岛沈阳 鞍山 克拉玛依乌鲁木齐库尔勒吐鲁番地区昌吉州伊犁州哈密地区博尔塔拉州阿克苏地区克孜勒苏柯尔克孜州喀什地区和田地区塔城地区阿泰勒地区五家渠市石河子市甘南州定西 天水 平凉 张掖 白银 武威嘉峪关金昌 兰州 酒泉 庆阳 陇南临夏州玉树州海西州海南州果洛州海北州黄南洲西宁海东地区吴忠石嘴山银川 固原 中卫 商洛 铜川 宝鸡 西安 渭南 咸阳 延安 汉中 榆林 安康 攀枝花遂宁 雅安 广元 内江 绵阳 广安 达州 泸州 德阳 乐山 资阳 自贡 成都 宜宾 南充 眉山 巴中阿坝州甘孜州凉山州重庆 安顺 毕节黔东南州铜仁 贵阳六盘水遵义黔西南州黔南州楚雄州临沧 昆明 曲靖 玉溪 昭通 丽江红河州迪庆州保山 普洱文山州西双版纳大理州德宏州怒江州拉萨昌都地区山南地区日喀则地区那曲地区阿里地区林芝地区

◆ The annual mean concentration of PM10 continued declining, but still significantly ◆ Among the three key regions, the annual mean concentration of PM10 in BTH was the 2013 Annual mean cncentration 2013 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities exceeded the national standard. Compared with 2015, the annual mean concentration highest, but also decreased the most, from 132μg/m3 to 119μg/m3, or by 9.8%. In YRD, National Standard 3 3 3 3 2014 Annual mean cncentration 2014 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities range of PM10 in the 338 cities changed from 24-357μg/m to 22-436μg/m in 2016, the value declined from 83μg/m to 75μg/m , or by 9.6%, while PRD complied with the 2015 Annual mean cncentration 2015 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities while the average concentration fell from 87μg/m3 to 82μg/m3, which were respectively standard and continued declining, from 53μg/m3 to 49μg/m3, or by 7.5%. 2016 Annual mean cncentration 2016 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 1.24 and 1.17 times of the national standard of 70μg/m3 . ◆ The number of cities that complied with the national standard increased. The percentage of attainment cities rose from 34.6% to 41.7%. 怒江州 德宏州 大理州 西双版纳 文山州 普洱 保山 迪庆州 红河州 丽江 昭通 玉溪 曲靖 楚雄州 昆明 临沧 黔南州 黔西南州 安顺 毕节 六盘水 黔东南州 贵阳 铜仁 遵义 重庆 凉山州 甘孜州 阿坝州 巴中 眉山 南充 宜宾 攀枝花 乐山 广元 广安 内江 泸州 资阳 雅安 德阳 自贡 成都 遂宁 达州 绵阳 林芝地区 阿里地区 那曲地区 日喀则地区 山南地区 昌都地区 拉萨 安康 榆林 汉中 延安 渭南 铜川 商洛 咸阳 西安 宝鸡 中卫 固原 石嘴山 银川 吴忠 西宁 果洛州 海东地区 海西州 海北州 黄南洲 玉树州 海南州 临夏州 陇南 庆阳 酒泉 白银 金昌 天水 定西 张掖 武威 嘉峪关 甘南州 平凉 兰州 石河子市 五家渠市 阿泰勒地区 塔城地区 和田地区 喀什地区 克孜勒苏柯尔克孜州 阿克苏地区 博尔塔拉州 哈密地区 伊犁州 昌吉州 吐鲁番地区 库尔勒 克拉玛依 乌鲁木齐 葫芦岛 盘锦 丹东 鞍山 锦州 沈阳 阜新 本溪 朝阳 铁岭 辽阳 抚顺 大连 营口 白山 通化 长春 辽源 吉林 四平 松原 延边 白城 大兴安岭地区 绥化 黑河 七台河 佳木斯 伊春 鹤岗 大庆 哈尔滨 齐齐哈尔 鸡西 双鸭山 牡丹江 三亚 海口 云浮 潮州 阳江 汕尾 茂名 韶关 揭阳 清远 汕头 湛江 河源 梅州 崇左 来宾 贺州 百色 玉林 贵港 钦州 梧州 北海 Liuzhou 柳州 Guilin 桂林 Hechi 河池 Nanning 南宁 Fangchenggang 防城港 Shaoyang 邵阳 Yiyang 益阳 Xiangtan 湘潭 Zhuzhou 株洲 Loudi 娄底 Yueyang 岳阳 Huaihua 怀化 Yongzhou 永州 Changde 常德 Chenzhou 郴州 Hengyang 衡阳 Changsha 长沙 Xiangxizhou 湘西州 Zhangjiajie 张家界 Ezhou 鄂州 Jingzhou 荆州 Jingmen 荆门 Huangshi 黄石 Shiyan 十堰 Xiangyang 襄阳 Yichang 宜昌 Xiaogan 孝感 Wuhan 武汉 Enshizhou 恩施州 Shuizhou 随州 Huanggang 黄冈

South China Xianning 咸宁

Zhangzhou漳州

Sanming三明 Nanping 南平 Quanzhou 泉州 Xiamen 厦门

Longyan龙岩

Putian 莆田

Ningde 宁德

Fuzhou 福州 Shangrao 上饶 Fuzhou 抚州 Yichun 宜春 Jian 吉安 Xinyu 新余 Pingxiang 萍乡

Jingdezhen 景德镇

Yengtan鹰潭

Ganzhou赣州 Jiujiang 九江 Nanchang 南昌 Chizhou 池州 Suzhou 宿州 Fuyang 阜阳

Huaibei淮北 Bengbu 蚌埠 Tongling 铜陵 Bozhou 亳州 Xuancheng 宣城 Wuhu 芜湖 Maanshan 马鞍山 Anqing 安庆 Huainan 淮南 Chuzhou 滁州 Huangshan 黄山 Hefei 合肥 Luan 六安 Linyi 临沂

Laiwu 莱芜

Dongying东营

Jining 济宁

Weifang潍坊

Zibo 淄博

Binzhou滨州

Zaozhuang枣庄 Jinan 济南 Taian 泰安

Heze 菏泽 Dezhou 德州 Liaocheng 聊城

Rizhao 日照 Yantai 烟台

Qingdao青岛

East China Weihai 威海

Anyang 安阳 Hebi 鹤壁 National Standard

Xinxiang新乡 Jiazou 焦作 Luoyang 洛阳 Sanmenxia 三门峡 Zhumadian 驻马店 Pingdingshan 平顶山 Puyang 濮阳 Zhengzhou 郑州 Luohe 漯河 Xuchang 许昌 Kaifeng 开封 Nanyang 南阳 Shangqiu 商丘 Zhouko 周口 Xinyang 2013 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 2013 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 2014 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 2015 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 2016 信阳 Lvliang 吕梁 Yuncheng 运城 Shuozhou 朔州 Yangquan 阳泉 Linfen 临汾 Changzhi 长治 Datong 大同 Jinzhong 晋中 Jincheng 晋城 Taiyuan 太原 Xinzhou 忻州 Wuhai 乌海 Chifeng 赤峰 baotou 包头 Bayan Nur 2013 Annual mean cncentration of key region 2013 Annual mean cncentration of key region 2014 Annual mean cncentration of key region 2015 Annual mean cncentration of key region 2016 巴彦淖尔 Hohhot 呼和浩特 Ulanqab 乌兰察布 Xilinguolie 锡林郭勒 Eeduosi 鄂尔多斯

Tongliao通辽 Alxa League 阿拉善盟 Hinggan League 兴安盟

North China Hulun Buir 呼伦贝尔

Huizhou 惠州 Guangzhou 广州 2013 Annual mean cncentration 2013 Annual mean cncentration 2014 Annual mean cncentration 2015 Annual mean cncentration 2016 Zhaoqing 肇庆 Foshan 佛山 Jiangmen 江门 Zhongshan 中山 Dongguan 东莞 Zhuhai 珠海 Shenzhen 深圳 PRD Region

Huzhou湖州

Hangzhou杭州 Suqian 宿迁 Yancheng 盐城 Taizhou 泰州

Lishui 丽水 Taizhou 台州

Quzhou衢州 Jinhua 金华 Wenzhou 温州 Zhoushan 舟山 Jiaxing 嘉兴 Xuzhou 徐州 Lianyungang 连云港

Nantong南通 in 338 Cities and Key Regions

Zhenjiang 2 镇江

Yangzhou扬州 Changzhou 常州

Nanjing南京 Huaian 淮安

Wuxi 无锡 Suzhou 苏州 Shanghai 上海 Ningbo 宁波 Shaoxing 绍兴 YRD Region

Shijiazhuang 张家口

Xingtai 邢台 Hengshui 衡水 Cangzhou 沧州

Handan 邯郸 Zhangjiakou 石家庄 Tangshan 唐山 Baoding 保定 Qinhuangdao 秦皇岛 Tianjin 天津 Langfang 廊坊 Chengde 承德 Beijing 北京 BTH Region Figure 7: Annual Mean Concentration of SO Figure 7: 0

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 90 80

120 110 100

2 -μg/m SO 3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Nujiang Prefecture 怒江州 Dehong prefecture 德宏州 Dali Prefecture 大理州 Xishuangbanna 西双版纳 Wenshan Prefecture 文山州

Pu'er 普洱 Baoshan 保山 Diqing Prefecture 迪庆州 Honghe Prefecture 红河州 Lijiang 丽江 Zhaotong 昭通 Yuxi 玉溪 Qujing 曲靖 Chuxiong Prefecture 楚雄州 Kunming 昆明 Lincang 临沧 Qiannanzhou 黔南州 Qianxinanzhou Anshun 黔西南州 安顺 Bijie 毕节 Liupanshui 六盘水 Qiandongnanzhou

Guiyang黔东南州 贵阳 Tongren 铜仁 Zunyi 遵义 Chongqing 重庆 Liangshan Prefecture 凉山州 Ganzi Prefecture 甘孜州 Aba Prefecture 阿坝州 Bazhong 巴中 Meishan 眉山 Nanchong 南充 Yibin 宜宾 Panzhihua 攀枝花 Leshan 乐山 Guangyuan 广元 Guangan 广安 Neijiang 内江 Luzhou 泸州 Ziyang 资阳 Yaan 雅安 Deyang 德阳 Zigong 自贡 Chengdu 成都 Suining 遂宁 Dazhou 达州 Mianyang 绵阳 Nyingchi Prefecture Ngari Prefecture林芝地区

Nagqu Prefecture阿里地区 Shigatse那曲地区 Prefecture

Shannan日喀则地区 Prefecture

Chamdo山南地区 Prefecture 昌都地区

Southwest China Lhasa 拉萨

Ankang 安康 Yulin 榆林 Hanzhong 汉中 Yanan 延安 Weinan 渭南 Tongchuan 铜川 Shangluo 商洛 Xianyang 咸阳 Xian 西安 Baoji 宝鸡 Zhongwei 中卫 Guyuan 固原 Shizuishan 石嘴山 Yinchuan 银川 Wuzhong 吴忠 Xi’ning 西宁 Guoluo Prefecture 果洛州 Haidong Prefecture

Haixi Prefecture海东地区 海西州 Haibei Prefecture 海北州 Huangnan Prefecture 黄南洲 Yushu Prefecture 玉树州 Hainan Prefecture 海南州 Linxiazhou 临夏州 Longnan 陇南 Qingyang 庆阳 Jiuquan 酒泉 Baiyin 白银 Jinchang 金昌 Tianshui 天水 Dingxi 定西 Zhangye 张掖 Wuwei 武威 Jiayuguan 嘉峪关 Gannanzhou 甘南州 Pingliang 平凉 Lanzhou 兰州 National Standard Shihezishi 石河子市 Wujiaqushi 五家渠市 Altay Prefecture

Kizilsu 阿泰勒地区 Kirghiz Prefecture 塔城地区 Hotan Prefecture 和田地区 Kashi Prefecture 喀什地区 Tacheng Prefecture Akesu Prefecture 克孜勒苏柯尔克孜州 Bortala Prefecture阿克苏地区

Hami Prefecture博尔塔拉州 哈密地区 Yili Prefecture 伊犁州 Changji Prefecture 昌吉州 Turpan area

Korla 吐鲁番地区 库尔勒 Karamay 克拉玛依

Northwest China Urumqi 乌鲁木齐 2013 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 2013 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 2014 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 2015 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 2016

Huludao 葫芦岛 Panjin 盘锦 Dandong 丹东

Anshan 鞍山

Jinzhou 锦州 Shenyang 沈阳

Fuxin 阜新 Benxi 本溪 Zhaoyang 朝阳 Tieling 铁岭 Liaoyang 辽阳 Fushun Annual mean cncentration 2013 Annual mean cncentration 2014 Annual mean cncentration 2015 Annual mean cncentration 2016 抚顺

Dalian 大连 Yingkou 营口 Baishan 白山

Tonghua通化

Changchun长春 (by 19%) Liaoyuan 3 辽源 , or by 3 Jilin 吉林 Siping 四平 to 17μg/m Songyuan 3 to 31μg/m 松原 3 Yanbian 延边 Baicheng 白城 Baxinganlingdiqu

Suihua 大兴安岭地区 绥化 Heihe 黑河 in the three key regions all complied with Qitaihe 2 七台河 Jiamusi 佳木斯

Yichun (by 15.4%), respectively. 3 伊春 Hegang 鹤岗

Daqing 大庆 concentration still decreased from 38μg/m 2 to 11μg/m Harbin 3 哈尔滨 Qiqihar Jixi 齐齐哈尔 鸡西 Shuangyashan 双鸭山 Mudanjiang The annual mean concentrations of SO and from 13μg/m 18.4%. Meanwhile, in YRD and PRD, the levels fell from 21μg/m 18.4%. Meanwhile, in the standard and decreased further. Though BTH recorded the highest annual mean Though BTH recorded the highest annual the standard and decreased further. concentration, SO Northeast China 牡丹江 ◆ Sanya 三亚 Haikou 海口 Yunfu 云浮 in 2

Chaozhou潮州 Yangjiang 阳江 Shanwei 汕尾 Maoming 茂名 Shaoguan 韶关 Jieyang 揭阳 , complying with the national 3 in 2016, while the average

Qingyuan清远 3

Shantou ranked first alongside CO as 汕头 2 Zhanjiang 湛江 to 22μg/m Heyuan 3 河源 complied with standards and continued to 3-88μg/m 2 3

Meizhou梅州 Congzuo 崇左 Laibin 来宾 Hezhou 贺州 .

Baise 3 百色 Yulin 玉林

Guigang贵港 Qinzhou 钦州 Wuzhou 梧州 The annual mean concentration of SO concentration value dropped from 25μg/m pollutants for which the number of attainment cities was the greatest. the 338 cities changed from 3-87μg/m Most of the cities complied with the national standard. The percentage of attainment Most of the cities complied with the national standard. cities increased from 96.7% to 97%. Hence, SO standard of 60μg/m Beihai decreasing. Compared with 2015, the annual mean concentration range of SO 北海 ◆ ◆ 0 柳州

50 40 30 20 10 90 80 70 60

100 120 110

2 -μg/m

SO 桂林 3 河池 南宁 防城港 邵阳 益阳 湘潭 株洲 娄底 岳阳 怀化

永州 常德

郴州 衡阳 长沙 湘西州 张家界 鄂州 荆州 荆门 黄石 十堰 襄阳 宜昌 孝感 武汉 恩施州 随州 黄冈 咸宁 漳州 三明 南平 泉州 厦门 龙岩 莆田 宁德 福州 上饶 抚州 宜春 吉安 新余 萍乡 景德镇 鹰潭 赣州 九江 南昌 池州 宿州 阜阳 淮北 蚌埠 铜陵 亳州 宣城 芜湖 马鞍山 安庆 淮南 滁州 黄山 合肥 六安 临沂 莱芜 东营 济宁 潍坊 淄博 滨州 枣庄 济南 泰安 菏泽 德州 聊城 日照 烟台 青岛 威海 安阳 鹤壁 新乡 焦作 洛阳 三门峡 驻马店 平顶山 濮阳 郑州 漯河 许昌 开封 南阳 商丘 周口 信阳 吕梁 运城 朔州 阳泉 临汾 长治 大同 晋中 晋城 太原 忻州 乌海 赤峰 包头 巴彦淖尔 呼和浩特 乌兰察布 锡林郭勒 鄂尔多斯 通辽 阿拉善盟 兴安盟 呼伦贝尔 惠州 广州 肇庆 佛山 江门 中山 东莞 珠海 深圳 湖州 杭州 宿迁 盐城 泰州 丽水 台州 衢州 金华 温州 舟山 嘉兴 徐州 连云港 南通 镇江 扬州 常州 南京 淮安 无锡 苏州 上海 宁波 绍兴 张家口 邢台 衡水 沧州 邯郸 石家庄 唐山 保定 秦皇岛 天津 廊坊 承德 北京 0 80 60 40 20 120 100 怒江州 德宏州 大理州 西双版纳 文山州 普洱 保山 迪庆州 红河州 丽江 昭通 玉溪 曲靖 昆明 楚雄州 临沧 黔南州 黔西南州 遵义 贵阳 六盘水 毕节 铜仁 安顺 黔东南州 重庆 凉山州 甘孜州 阿坝州 巴中 眉山 南充 宜宾 成都 达州 绵阳 广元 攀枝花 自贡 泸州 内江 雅安 德阳 乐山 广安 遂宁 资阳 林芝地区 阿里地区 那曲地区 日喀则地区 山南地区 昌都地区 拉萨 安康 榆林 汉中 延安 西安 咸阳 渭南 宝鸡 铜川 商洛 中卫 固原 石嘴山 银川 吴忠 西宁 海东地区 果洛州 海南州 海西州 玉树州 海北州 黄南洲 临夏州 陇南 庆阳 酒泉 兰州 平凉 天水 定西 武威 白银 嘉峪关 甘南州 张掖 金昌 石河子市 五家渠市 阿泰勒地区 塔城地区 和田地区 喀什地区 克孜勒苏柯尔克孜州 阿克苏地区 博尔塔拉州 哈密地区 伊犁州 昌吉州 吐鲁番地区 库尔勒 克拉玛依 乌鲁木齐 盘锦 丹东 锦州 鞍山 葫芦岛 沈阳 本溪 抚顺 大连 辽阳 营口 阜新 铁岭 朝阳 长春 四平 通化 吉林 辽源 白山 延边 松原 白城 大兴安岭地区 绥化 黑河 七台河 佳木斯 伊春 鹤岗 大庆 哈尔滨 牡丹江 齐齐哈尔 双鸭山 鸡西 三亚 海口 云浮 潮州 阳江 汕尾 茂名 韶关 清远 揭阳 梅州 汕头 河源 湛江 崇左 来宾 贺州 百色 玉林 贵港 钦州 梧州 北海 Nanning 南宁 Hechi 河池 Guilin 桂林 Liuzhou 柳州 Fangchenggang 防城港 Changsha 长沙 Xiangtan 湘潭 Zhuzhou 株洲 Hengyang 衡阳 Yiyang 益阳 Chenzhou 郴州 Yueyang 岳阳 Yongzhou 永州

Loudi 娄底 Changde 常德 Shaoyang 邵阳 Zhangjiajie 张家界 Xiangxizhou 湘西州 Huaihua 怀化 Wuhan 武汉 Jingmen 荆门 Yichang 宜昌 Ezhou 鄂州 Jingzhou 荆州 Xiangyang 襄阳

Huangshi黄石 Shiyan 十堰 Shuizhou 随州

Huanggang黄冈 Xiaogan 孝感 Enshizhou 恩施州 South China

Xianning咸宁

Zhangzhou 漳州 Xiamen 厦门 Fuzhou 福州 Sanming 三明 Quanzhou 泉州 Ningde 宁德 Longyan 龙岩 Nanping 南平 Putian 莆田 Shangrao 上饶 Fuzhou 抚州 Yichun 宜春 Jian 吉安 Xinyu 新余 Pingxiang 萍乡 Jingdezhen 景德镇 Nanchang 南昌 Jiujiang 九江 Ganzhou 赣州 Yengtan 鹰潭 Chizhou 池州 Suzhou 宿州 Fuyang 阜阳 Huaibei 淮北 Bengbu 蚌埠 Wuhu 芜湖 Hefei 合肥 Tongling 铜陵 Chuzhou 滁州 Anqing 安庆 Xuancheng 宣城 Bozhou 亳州 Luan 六安 Huainan 淮南 Maanshan 马鞍山 Huangshan 黄山 Linyi 临沂

Laiwu 莱芜 Dongying 东营 Jining 济宁 Weifang 潍坊 Zibo 淄博 Jinan 济南 Liaocheng 聊城 Taian 泰安 Dezhou 德州 Binzhou 滨州 Heze 菏泽 Rizhao 日照 Yantai 烟台 Qingdao 青岛 Zaozhuang 枣庄 Weihai 威海 East China

Zhengzhou 郑州

Hebi 鹤壁 National Standard Anyang 安阳 Xinxiang 新乡 Jiazou 焦作 Xuchang 许昌 Luoyang 洛阳 Pingdingshan 平顶山

Puyang濮阳 Kaifeng 开封 Luohe 漯河 Sanmenxia 三门峡 Zhumadian 驻马店 Shangqiu 商丘 Zhouko 周口 Nanyang 南阳

Xinyang Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 2013 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 2014 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 2015 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 2016 信阳 Lvliang 吕梁 Yuncheng 运城 Shuozhou 朔州 Yangquan 阳泉 Linfen 临汾 Changzhi 长治 Datong 大同

Taiyuan太原 Jincheng 晋城 Xinzhou 忻州 Jinzhong 晋中 Hohhot baotou 呼和浩特 包头 Ulanqab 乌兰察布 Wuhai Annual mean cncentration of key region 2013 Annual mean cncentration of key region 2014 Annual mean cncentration of key region 2015 Annual mean cncentration of key region 2016

Bayan Nur巴彦淖尔 乌海 Eeduosi

Tongliao鄂尔多斯 通辽 Hinggan League Hulun Buir兴安盟

Chifeng呼伦贝尔 赤峰 Xilinguolie

Alxa League锡林郭勒 North China 阿拉善盟

Huizhou 惠州

Guangzhou Annual mean cncentration 2013 Annual mean cncentration 2014 Annual mean cncentration 2015 Annual mean cncentration 2016 广州 Foshan 佛山 Zhongshan 中山 Dongguan 东莞 Jiangmen 江门 Zhaoqing 肇庆 Shenzhen 深圳 Zhuhai PRD Region 珠海

Huzhou湖州

Hangzhou杭州

Suqian 宿迁

Yancheng盐城 Taizhou 泰州 Yangzhou 扬州

Lishui 丽水 Taizhou 台州 Quzhou 衢州 Jinhua 金华 Wenzhou 温州 Zhoushan 舟山 Jiaxing 嘉兴 Suzhou 苏州 Wuxi in 338 Cities and Key Regions 无锡 2 Nanjing 南京 Shanghai 上海 Xuzhou 徐州 Ningbo 宁波 Zhenjiang 镇江 Changzhou 常州 Nantong 南通 Shaoxing 绍兴 Lianyungang 连云港

YRD Region Huaian 淮安

Zhangjiakou 张家口 Xingtai 邢台 Hengshui 衡水 Cangzhou 沧州 Handan 邯郸 Shijiazhuang 石家庄 Baoding 保定 Tangshan 唐山 Langfang 廊坊 Qinhuangdao 秦皇岛 Tianjin 天津 Beijing 北京 Chengde Figure 8: Annual Mean Concentration of NO Figure 8: BTH Region 承德 0

50 40 30 20 10 80 70 60

2 -μg/m NO 3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Northeast China Northwest China Southwest China

3 80 80 -μg/m 2 70

70 NO

60 60

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20

10

10

0 Tacheng Prefecture Beihai Wuzhou Qinzhou Guigang Yulin Baise Hezhou Laibin Congzuo Zhanjiang Heyuan Shantou Meizhou Jieyang Qingyuan Shaoguan Maoming Shanwei Yangjiang Chaozhou Yunfu Haikou Sanya Jixi Shuangyashan Qiqihar Mudanjiang Harbin Daqing Hegang Yichun Jiamusi Qitaihe Heihe Suihua Baxinganlingdiqu Baicheng Songyuan Yanbian Baishan Liaoyuan Jilin Tonghua Siping Changchun Zhaoyang Tieling Fuxin Yingkou Liaoyang Dalian Fushun Benxi Shenyang Huludao Anshan Jinzhou Dandong Panjin Urumqi Karamay Korla Turpan area Changji Prefecture Yili Prefecture Hami Prefecture Bortala Prefecture Akesu Prefecture Kashi Prefecture Hotan Prefecture Kizilsu Kirghiz Prefecture Altay Prefecture Wujiaqushi Shihezishi Jinchang Zhangye Gannanzhou Jiayuguan Baiyin Wuwei Dingxi Tianshui Pingliang Lanzhou Jiuquan Qingyang Longnan Linxiazhou Huangnan Prefecture Haibei Prefecture Yushu Prefecture Haixi Prefecture Hainan Prefecture Guoluo Prefecture Haidong Prefecture Xi’ning Wuzhong Yinchuan Shizuishan Guyuan Zhongwei Shangluo Tongchuan Baoji Weinan Xianyang Xian Yanan Hanzhong Yulin Ankang Lhasa Chamdo Prefecture Shannan Prefecture Shigatse Prefecture Nagqu Prefecture Ngari Prefecture Nyingchi Prefecture Ziyang Suining Guangan Leshan Deyang Yaan Neijiang Luzhou Zigong Panzhihua Guangyuan Mianyang Dazhou Chengdu Yibin Nanchong Meishan Bazhong Aba Prefecture Ganzi Prefecture Liangshan Prefecture Chongqing Qiandongnanzhou Anshun Tongren Bijie Liupanshui Guiyang Zunyi Qianxinanzhou Qiannanzhou Lincang Chuxiong Prefecture Kunming Qujing Yuxi Zhaotong Lijiang Honghe Prefecture Diqing Prefecture Baoshan Pu'er Wenshan Prefecture Xishuangbanna Dali Prefecture Dehong prefecture Nujiang Prefecture 0

承德 北京 天津秦皇岛廊坊 唐山 保定石家庄邯郸 沧州 衡水 邢台张家口 淮安连云港绍兴 南通 常州 镇江 宁波 徐州 上海 南京 无锡 苏州 嘉兴 舟山 温州 金华 衢州 台州 丽水 扬州 泰州 盐城 宿迁 杭州 湖州 珠海 深圳 肇庆 江门 东莞 中山 佛山 广州 惠州 阿拉善盟锡林郭勒赤峰呼伦贝尔兴安盟通辽鄂尔多斯乌海巴彦淖尔乌兰察布包头呼和浩特晋中 忻州 晋城 太原 大同 长治 临汾 阳泉 朔州 运城 吕梁 信阳 南阳 周口 商丘驻马店三门峡漯河 开封 濮阳平顶山洛阳 许昌 焦作 新乡 安阳 鹤壁 郑州 威海 枣庄 青岛 烟台 日照 菏泽 滨州 德州 泰安 聊城 济南 淄博 潍坊 济宁 东营 莱芜 临沂 黄山马鞍山淮南 六安 亳州 宣城 安庆 滁州 铜陵 合肥 芜湖 蚌埠 淮北 阜阳 宿州 池州 鹰潭 赣州 九江 南昌景德镇萍乡 新余 吉安 宜春 抚州 上饶 莆田 南平 龙岩 宁德 泉州 三明 福州 厦门 漳州 咸宁恩施州孝感 黄冈 随州 十堰 黄石 襄阳 荆州 鄂州 宜昌 荆门 武汉 怀化湘西州张家界邵阳 常德 娄底 永州 岳阳 郴州 益阳 衡阳 株洲 湘潭 长沙防城港柳州 桂林 河池 南宁 北海 梧州 钦州 贵港 玉林 百色 贺州 来宾 崇左 湛江 河源 汕头 梅州 揭阳 清远 韶关 茂名 汕尾 阳江 潮州 云浮 海口 三亚 鸡西双鸭山齐齐哈尔牡丹江哈尔滨大庆 鹤岗 伊春佳木斯七台河黑河 绥化大兴安岭地区白城 松原 延边 白山 辽源 吉林 通化 四平 长春 朝阳 铁岭 阜新 营口 辽阳 大连 抚顺 本溪 沈阳葫芦岛鞍山 锦州 丹东 盘锦 乌鲁木齐克拉玛依库尔勒吐鲁番地区昌吉州伊犁州哈密地区博尔塔拉州阿克苏地区克孜勒苏柯尔克孜州喀什地区和田地区塔城地区阿泰勒地区五家渠市石河子市金昌 张掖甘南州嘉峪关白银 武威 定西 天水 平凉 兰州 酒泉 庆阳 陇南临夏州黄南洲海北州玉树州海西州海南州果洛州海东地区西宁 吴忠 银川石嘴山固原 中卫 商洛 铜川 宝鸡 渭南 咸阳 西安 延安 汉中 榆林 安康 拉萨昌都地区山南地区日喀则地区那曲地区阿里地区林芝地区资阳 遂宁 广安 乐山 德阳 雅安 内江 泸州 自贡攀枝花广元 绵阳 达州 成都 宜宾 南充 眉山 巴中阿坝州甘孜州凉山州重庆黔东南州安顺 铜仁 毕节六盘水贵阳 遵义黔西南州黔南州临沧楚雄州昆明 曲靖 玉溪 昭通 丽江红河州迪庆州保山 普洱文山州西双版纳大理州德宏州怒江州

2013 Annual mean cncentration 2013 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities National Standard ◆ ◆ The annual mean concentration of NO2 continued compling with the standard. Among the three key regions, the annual mean concentration of NO2 in BTH and 2014 Annual mean cncentration 2014 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 3 3 3 3 Compared with 2015, the annual mean concentration range of NO2 in the 338 cities PRD increased from 46μg/m to 49μg/m and from 33μg/m to 35μg/m , respectively. 2015 Annual mean cncentration 2015 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 3 3 3 3 changed from 8-63μg/m to 9-61μg/m in 2016, while the average concentration was at Meanwhile, the value in YRD decreased from 37μg/m to 36μg/m , or by 2.7%. 2016 Annual mean cncentration 2016 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 30μg/m3, the same level as the previous year and compling with the national standard of 40μg/m3. ◆ The number of cities that complied with the national standard increased. The percentage of attainment cities rose from 81.7% to 83.1%. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

CO-mg/m3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

BTH Region 唐山 Figure 9:24-Hour MeanConcentrationofCO in338CitiesandKeyRegions Tangshan

承德 Chengde

天津 Tianjin

秦皇岛 Qinhuangdao

北京 Beijing

廊坊 Langfang

保定 Baoding

石家庄 Shijiazhuang

邯郸 Handan

沧州 Cangzhou

衡水 Hengshui

邢台 Xingtai

张家口 Zhangjiakou

YRD Region 上海 Shanghai

绍兴 Shaoxing

镇江 Zhenjiang

南京 Nanjing

淮安 Huaian

无锡 Wuxi

宁波 Ningbo

苏州 Suzhou

连云港 Lianyungang

嘉兴 Jiaxing

舟山 Zhoushan

温州 Wenzhou

金华 Jinhua 衢州 Quzhou

台州 Taizhou

丽水 Lishui

常州 Changzhou

扬州 Yangzhou

南通 Nantong

泰州 Taizhou

徐州 Xuzhou

盐城 Yancheng

宿迁 Suqian

杭州 Hangzhou

湖州 Huzhou

PRD Region

深圳 Shenzhen

珠海 Zhuhai

广州 Guangzhou

佛山 Foshan 江门 Jiangmen

东莞 Dongguan

中山

ongshan Z h

肇庆 Zhaoqing

2016 Annual meancncentration 2015 Annual meancncentration 2014 Annual meancncentration 2013 Annual meancncentration

惠州 Huizhou

鄂尔多斯

Eeduosi North China 乌海 Wuhai

呼和浩特

Hohhot Hohhot 赤峰 Chifeng

包头 baotou

乌兰察布 Ulanqab Ulanqab

锡林郭勒 Xilinguolie

呼伦贝尔 Hulun Buir Hulun

通辽 Tongliao 巴彦淖尔

2016 Annual meancncentrationofkeyregion 2015 Annual meancncentrationofkeyregion 2014 Annual meancncentrationofkeyregion 2013 Annual meancncentrationofkeyregion Bayan Nur Bayan

兴安盟 Hinggan League Hinggan

阿拉善盟 Alxa League Alxa

太原 Taiyuan

忻州 Xinzhou

晋城 Jincheng

晋中 Jinzhong

大同 Datong

长治 Changzhi

临汾 Linfen

阳泉 Yangquan

朔州 Shuozhou

运城 Yuncheng

吕梁 Lvliang

新乡 Xinxiang

2016 Annual meancncentrationof338cities 2015 Annual meancncentrationof338cities 2014 Annual meancncentrationof338cities 2013 Annual meancncentrationof338cities 信阳 Xinyang

商丘 Shangqiu

驻马店 Zhumadian

焦作 ou Jia z

平顶山 Pingdingshan

南阳 Nanyang

漯河 Luohe 开封 Kaifeng

周口 Zhouko

郑州 Zhengzhou 许昌 Xuchang

濮阳 Puyang

三门峡 Sanmenxia

洛阳 Luoyang

鹤壁 National Standard Hebi

安阳 Anyang

烟台 Yantai East China

威海 Weihai

济南 Jinan

青岛 Qingdao

淄博 Zibo

枣庄 Zaozhuang

潍坊 Weifang

济宁 Jining

泰安 Taian 日照 Rizhao

东营 Dongying

聊城 Liaocheng

滨州 Binzhou 菏泽 Heze

莱芜 Laiwu

临沂 Linyi 德州 Dezhou

黄山 Huangshan

滁州 Chuzhou 合肥 Hefei

淮南 Huainan

亳州 Bozhou

宣城 Xuancheng

安庆 Anqing

六安 Luan

铜陵 Tongling

马鞍山 Maanshan

芜湖 Wuhu

蚌埠 Bengbu

淮北 Huaibei

阜阳 Fuyang

宿州 Suzhou

池州 Chizhou

鹰潭 Yengtan

南昌 Nanchang

赣州 Ganzhou

九江 Jiujiang

景德镇 Jingdezhen

萍乡 Pingxiang

新余 Xinyu

吉安 Jian

宜春 Yichun

抚州 Fuzhou

上饶 Shangrao

厦门 Xiamen

莆田 Putian

泉州 Quanzhou

福州 Fuzhou

漳州 Zhangzhou

龙岩 Longyan

南平 Nanping

宁德 Ningde

三明 Sanming

咸宁 Xianning

South China

恩施州 Enshizhou

荆门 Jingmen

武汉 Wuhan

宜昌 Yichang

黄冈 Huanggang

荆州 Jingzhou

鄂州 Ezhou

十堰 Shiyan

襄阳 Xiangyang

随州 Shuizhou

黄石 Huangshi

孝感 Xiaogan

湘西州 Xiangxizhou

永州 Yongzhou

长沙 Changsha

岳阳 Yueyang

株洲 Zhuzhou

湘潭 Xiangtan

邵阳 Shaoyang

怀化 Huaihua

益阳 Yiyang

常德 Changde

衡阳 Hengyang

郴州 Chenzhou

张家界 Zhangjiajie

娄底 Loudi

南宁 Nanning

柳州 Liuzhou

河池 Hechi

桂林 Guilin

北海 Beihai 梧州 防城港 钦州 贵港 玉林 百色 贺州 来宾 崇左 汕头 湛江 河源 梅州 揭阳 清远 韶关 茂名 汕尾 阳江 潮州 云浮 海口 三亚 双鸭山 齐齐哈尔 哈尔滨 大庆 牡丹江 鸡西 鹤岗 伊春 佳木斯 七台河 黑河 绥化 大兴安岭地区 白城 松原 延边 吉林 四平 长春 辽源 白山 通化 阜新 铁岭 沈阳 抚顺 本溪 大连 鞍山 锦州 丹东 营口 盘锦 葫芦岛 辽阳 朝阳 乌鲁木齐 克拉玛依 库尔勒 吐鲁番地区 昌吉州 伊犁州 哈密地区 博尔塔拉州 阿克苏地区 克孜勒苏柯尔克孜州 喀什地区 和田地区 塔城地区 阿泰勒地区 五家渠市 石河子市 嘉峪关 白银 金昌 天水 甘南州 武威 兰州 张掖 平凉 酒泉 庆阳 定西 陇南 临夏州 海南州 海北州 果洛州 玉树州 海西州 黄南洲 海东地区 西宁 吴忠 银川 石嘴山 固原 中卫 商洛 铜川 宝鸡 西安 咸阳 延安 渭南 汉中 榆林 安康 拉萨 昌都地区 山南地区 日喀则地区 那曲地区 阿里地区 林芝地区 广元 泸州 乐山 资阳 德阳 遂宁 内江 广安 自贡 绵阳 雅安 成都 达州 攀枝花 宜宾 南充 眉山 巴中 阿坝州 甘孜州 凉山州 重庆 贵阳 安顺 遵义 铜仁 六盘水 黔东南州 毕节 黔西南州 黔南州 楚雄州 临沧 昆明 曲靖 玉溪 昭通 丽江 红河州 迪庆州 保山 普洱 文山州 西双版纳 大理州 德宏州 怒江州 Northeast China Northwest China Southwest China

3 8

7 CO-mg/m

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 Wuzhou Fangchenggang Qinzhou Guigang Yulin Baise Hezhou Laibin Congzuo Shantou Zhanjiang Heyuan Meizhou Jieyang Qingyuan Shaoguan Maoming Shanwei Yangjiang Chaozhou Yunfu Haikou Sanya Shuangyashan Qiqihar Harbin Daqing Mudanjiang Jixi Hegang Yichun Jiamusi Qitaihe Heihe Suihua Baxinganlingdiqu Baicheng Songyuan Yanbian Jilin Siping Changchun Liaoyuan Baishan Tonghua Fuxin Tieling Shenyang Fushun Benxi Dalian Anshan Jinzhou Dandong Yingkou Panjin Huludao Liaoyang Zhaoyang Urumqi Karamay Korla Turpan area Changji Prefecture Yili Prefecture Hami Prefecture Bortala Prefecture Akesu Prefecture Kashi Prefecture Tacheng Prefecture Altay Prefecture Wujiaqushi Shihezishi Jiayuguan Baiyin Jinchang Tianshui Gannanzhou Wuwei Lanzhou Zhangye Pingliang Jiuquan Qingyang Dingxi Longnan Linxiazhou Hainan Prefecture Haibei Prefecture Guoluo Prefecture Yushu Prefecture Haixi Prefecture Huangnan Prefecture Haidong Prefecture Xi’ning Wuzhong Yinchuan Shizuishan Guyuan Zhongwei Shangluo Tongchuan Baoji Xian Xianyang Yanan Weinan Hanzhong Yulin Ankang Lhasa Chamdo Prefecture Shannan Prefecture Shigatse Prefecture Nagqu Prefecture Ngari Prefecture Nyingchi Prefecture Guangyuan Luzhou Leshan Ziyang Deyang Suining Neijiang Guangan Zigong Mianyang Yaan Chengdu Dazhou Panzhihua Yibin Nanchong Meishan Bazhong Aba Prefecture Ganzi Prefecture Liangshan Prefecture Chongqing Guiyang Anshun Zunyi Tongren Liupanshui Qiandongnanzhou Bijie Qianxinanzhou Qiannanzhou Chuxiong Prefecture Lincang Kunming Qujing Yuxi Zhaotong Lijiang Honghe Prefecture Diqing Prefecture Baoshan Pu'er Wenshan Prefecture Xishuangbanna Dali Prefecture Dehong prefecture Nujiang Prefecture Hotan Prefecture Kizilsu Kirghiz Prefecture 0

唐山 承德 天津秦皇岛北京 廊坊 保定石家庄邯郸 沧州 衡水 邢台张家口 上海 绍兴 镇江 南京 淮安 无锡 宁波 苏州连云港嘉兴 舟山 温州 金华 衢州 台州 丽水 常州 扬州 南通 泰州 徐州 盐城 宿迁 杭州 湖州 深圳 珠海 广州 佛山 江门 东莞 中山 肇庆 惠州 鄂尔多斯乌海呼和浩特赤峰 包头乌兰察布锡林郭勒呼伦贝尔通辽巴彦淖尔兴安盟阿拉善盟太原 忻州 晋城 晋中 大同 长治 临汾 阳泉 朔州 运城 吕梁 新乡 信阳 商丘驻马店焦作平顶山南阳 漯河 开封 周口 郑州 许昌 濮阳三门峡洛阳 鹤壁 安阳 烟台 威海 济南 青岛 淄博 枣庄 潍坊 济宁 泰安 日照 东营 聊城 滨州 菏泽 莱芜 临沂 德州 黄山 滁州 合肥 淮南 亳州 宣城 安庆 六安 铜陵马鞍山芜湖 蚌埠 淮北 阜阳 宿州 池州 鹰潭 南昌 赣州 九江景德镇萍乡 新余 吉安 宜春 抚州 上饶 厦门 莆田 泉州 福州 漳州 龙岩 南平 宁德 三明 咸宁恩施州荆门 武汉 宜昌 黄冈 荆州 鄂州 十堰 襄阳 随州 黄石 孝感湘西州永州 长沙 岳阳 株洲 湘潭 邵阳 怀化 益阳 常德 衡阳 郴州张家界娄底 南宁 柳州 河池 桂林 北海 梧州防城港钦州 贵港 玉林 百色 贺州 来宾 崇左 汕头 湛江 河源 梅州 揭阳 清远 韶关 茂名 汕尾 阳江 潮州 云浮 海口 三亚 双鸭山齐齐哈尔哈尔滨大庆牡丹江鸡西 鹤岗 伊春佳木斯七台河黑河 绥化大兴安岭地区白城 松原 延边 吉林 四平 长春 辽源 白山 通化 阜新 铁岭 沈阳 抚顺 本溪 大连 鞍山 锦州 丹东 营口 盘锦葫芦岛辽阳 朝阳 乌鲁木齐克拉玛依库尔勒吐鲁番地区昌吉州伊犁州哈密地区博尔塔拉州阿克苏地区克孜勒苏柯尔克孜州喀什地区和田地区塔城地区阿泰勒地区五家渠市石河子市嘉峪关白银 金昌 天水甘南州武威 兰州 张掖 平凉 酒泉 庆阳 定西 陇南临夏州海南州海北州果洛州玉树州海西州黄南洲海东地区西宁 吴忠 银川石嘴山固原 中卫 商洛 铜川 宝鸡 西安 咸阳 延安 渭南 汉中 榆林 安康 拉萨昌都地区山南地区日喀则地区那曲地区阿里地区林芝地区广元 泸州 乐山 资阳 德阳 遂宁 内江 广安 自贡 绵阳 雅安 成都 达州攀枝花宜宾 南充 眉山 巴中阿坝州甘孜州凉山州重庆 贵阳 安顺 遵义 铜仁六盘水黔东南州毕节黔西南州黔南州楚雄州临沧 昆明 曲靖 玉溪 昭通 丽江红河州迪庆州保山 普洱文山州西双版纳大理州德宏州怒江州

◆ ◆ The annual mean concentration of CO was within the standard and continued The annual mean concentrations of CO in the three key regions all complied with 2013 Annual mean cncentration 2013 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities National Standard 3 decreasing. Compared with 2015, the 95th percentile concentration range (daily mean the standard. In BTH and PRD, the value decreased from 3.7mg/m3 to 3.2mg/m (by 2014 Annual mean cncentration 2014 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 3 3 3 3 value) of CO in the 338 cities changed from 0.4-6.6mg/m to 0.8-5.0mg/m in 2016, 13.5%) and from 1.4mg/m to 1.3mg/m (by 7.1%), respectively. Meanwhile, the value 2015 Annual mean cncentration 2015 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 3 3 3 while the average concentration fell from 2.1mg/m to 1.9mg/m , attaining the national in YRD stayed at 1.5mg/m , with no change compared with 2015. 2016 Annual mean cncentration 2016 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities standard of 4mg/m3. ◆ Most of the cities complied with the national standard and the percentage of attainment

cities increased from 96.7% to 97%. Hence, CO ranked first alongside SO2 as pollutants for which the number of attainment cities was the highest. 100 150 200 250 50 0

3 O3-μg/m 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 20 40 60 80 0 Figure 10:Daily Maximum8-HourMeanConcentration ofO

唐山 Tangshan BTH Region

秦皇岛 Qinhuangdao

天津 Tianjin 北京 Beijing

保定 Baoding

承德 Chengde

廊坊 Langfang

石家庄

Shijiazhuang

邯郸 Handan

沧州 Cangzhou

衡水 Hengshui 邢台 Xingtai

张家口 Zhangjiakou

绍兴 Shaoxing YRD Region

镇江 Zhenjiang

淮安 Huaian

无锡 Wuxi

连云港 Lianyungang

上海 Shanghai 苏州 Shuzhou

台州 Taizhou

湖州 Huzhou

杭州 Hangzhou

扬州 Yangzhou

嘉兴 Jiaxing

舟山 Zhoushan

温州 Wenzhou

金华 Jinhua

衢州 Quzhou

丽水 Lishui

南京 Nanjing

3

常州 in338Citiesand KeyRegions Changzhou

南通 Nantong

泰州 Taizhou

徐州 Xuzhou

盐城 Yancheng 宿迁 Suqian

宁波 Ningbo

深圳 Shenzhen PRD Region

珠海 Zhuhai

肇庆 Zhaoqing

中山 Zhongshan

广州 Guangzhou

佛山 Foshan 江门 Jiangmen

东莞 Dongguan

惠州 Huizhou

鄂尔多斯

Erdos Erdos North China 乌海 Wuhai

呼和浩特

Hohhot Hohhot 赤峰 Chifeng 2016 Annual meancncentration 2015 Annual meancncentration 2014 Annual meancncentration 2013 Annual meancncentration

包头 Baotou

乌兰察布 Ulanqab Ulanqab

锡林郭勒 Xilin Gol Xilin

呼伦贝尔 Hulun Buir Hulun

通辽 Tongliao

巴彦淖尔 Bayan Nur Bayan

兴安盟 Hinggan League Hinggan

阿拉善盟 Alxa League Alxa

晋城 Jincheng

忻州 Xinzhou

太原 Taiyuan

2016 Annual meancncentrationofkeyregion 2015 Annual meancncentrationofkeyregion 2014 Annual meancncentrationofkeyregion 2013 Annual meancncentrationofkeyregion 晋中 Jinzhong

大同 Datong

长治 Changzhi

临汾 Linfen

阳泉 Yangquan

朔州 Shuozhou

运城 Yuncheng

吕梁 Lvliang

新乡 Xinxiang

信阳 Xinyang

开封 Kaifeng

安阳 Anyang 鹤壁 Hebi

许昌 Xuchang

周口 Zhoukou

2016 Annual meancncentrationof338cities 2015 Annual meancncentrationof338cities 2014 Annual meancncentrationof338cities 2013 Annual meancncentrationof338cities 商丘 Shangqiu

驻马店 Zhumadian

漯河 Luohe

三门峡 Sanmenxia

平顶山

Pingdingshan 焦作 Jiaozuo

南阳 Nanyang

濮阳 Puyang

郑州 Zhengzhou

洛阳 Luoyang

威海 East China Weihai

烟台 Yantai

青岛 Qingdao

济南 National Standard Jinan

淄博 Zibo

枣庄 Zaozhuang

潍坊 Weifang

济宁 Jining

泰安 Taian

日照 Rizhao

东营 Dongying

聊城 Liaocheng

滨州 Binzhou

菏泽 Heze

莱芜 Laiwu

临沂 Linfen

德州 Dezhou

黄山 Huangshan

铜陵 Tongling

淮南 Huainan

合肥 Hefei

亳州 Bozhou

宣城 Xuancheng

安庆 Anqing

六安 Liuan

马鞍山 Maanshan

芜湖 Wuhu

蚌埠 Bengbu

淮北 Huaibei

滁州 Chuzhou

阜阳 Fuyang

宿州 Suzhou

池州 Chizhou

赣州 Ganzhou

南昌 Nanchang

鹰潭 Yingtan

九江 Jiujiang

景德镇 Jingdezhen

萍乡 Pingxiang 新余 Xinyu

吉安 Jian

宜春 Yichun

抚州 Fuzhou

上饶 Shangrao 厦门 Xiamen

三明 Sanming

泉州 Quanzhou

南平 Nanping

福州 Fuzhou

漳州 Zhangzhou

宁德 Ningde

龙岩 Longyan

莆田 Putian

恩施州 Shienzhou South China

十堰 Shiyan

宜昌 Yichang

荆门 Jingmen

襄阳 Xiangyang 随州 Shuizhou

荆州 Jingzhou

鄂州 Ezhou

黄石 Huangshi

咸宁 Xianning

武汉 Wuhan

孝感 Xiaogan

黄冈 Huanggang

湘西州 Xiangxizhou

怀化 Huaihua

张家界 Zhangjiajie

永州 Yongzhou

郴州 Chenzhou

衡阳 Hengyang

常德 Changde

邵阳 Shaoyang 娄底 Loudi

株洲 Zhuzhou

湘潭 Xiangtan

长沙 Changsha

益阳 Yiyang

岳阳 Yueyang

南宁 Nanning

河池 Hechi

柳州 Liuzhou

桂林 Guilin

北海 Beihai 梧州 防城港 钦州 贵港 玉林 百色 贺州 来宾 崇左 潮州 梅州 河源 揭阳 汕头 湛江 清远 韶关 茂名 汕尾 阳江 云浮 海口 三亚 双鸭山 齐齐哈尔 哈尔滨 大庆 牡丹江 鸡西 鹤岗 伊春 佳木斯 七台河 黑河 绥化 大兴安岭地区 延边 白城 通化 四平 白山 长春 吉林 松原 辽源 本溪 大连 铁岭 沈阳 抚顺 锦州 鞍山 丹东 营口 盘锦 葫芦岛 阜新 辽阳 朝阳 乌鲁木齐 克拉玛依 库尔勒 吐鲁番地区 昌吉州 伊犁州 哈密地区 博尔塔拉州 阿克苏地区 克孜勒苏柯尔克孜州 喀什地区 和田地区 塔城地区 阿泰勒地区 五家渠市 石河子市 白银 金昌 天水 嘉峪关 武威 兰州 甘南州 张掖 平凉 酒泉 庆阳 定西 陇南 临夏州 玉树州 海西州 西宁 海东地区 黄南洲 果洛州 海南州 海北州 吴忠 银川 石嘴山 固原 中卫 商洛 铜川 宝鸡 西安 咸阳 延安 渭南 汉中 榆林 安康 拉萨 昌都地区 山南地区 日喀则地区 那曲地区 阿里地区 林芝地区 乐山 广元 攀枝花 达州 自贡 雅安 绵阳 德阳 广安 遂宁 泸州 内江 资阳 成都 宜宾 南充 眉山 巴中 阿坝州 甘孜州 凉山州 重庆 铜仁 六盘水 黔东南州 遵义 毕节 安顺 贵阳 黔西南州 黔南州 临沧 楚雄州 昆明 曲靖 玉溪 昭通 丽江 红河州 迪庆州 保山 普洱 文山州 西双版纳 大理州 德宏州 怒江州 Northeast China 250 Northwest China Southwest China 3 240 -μg/m

3 220 O

200 200

180

160

150 140

120

100 100

80

60

50 40

20

0 Altay Prefecture Wuzhou Fangchenggang Qinzhou Guigang Yulin Baise Hezhou Laibin Chongzuo Chaozhou Meizhou Heyuan Jieyang Shantou Zhanjiang Qingyuan Shaoguan Maoming Shanwei Yangjiang Yunfu hH Sanya Shuangyashan Qiqihar Harbin Daqing Mudanjiang Jixi Hegang Yichun Jiamusi Qitaihe Heihe Suihua Daxing’anling Yanbian Baicheng Tonghua Siping Baishan Changchun Jilin Songyuan Liaoyuan Benxi Dalian Tieling Shenyang Fushun Jinzhou Anshan Dandong Yingkou Panjin Huludao Fuxin Liaoyang Zhaoyang Urumqi Karamay Korla Turpan area Changji Prefecture Yili Prefecture Hami Prefecture Bortala Prefecture Akesu Prefecture Kashi Prefecture Hotan Prefecture Tacheng Prefecture Kizilsu Kirghiz Prefecture Wujiaqushi Shihezishi Baiyin Jinchang Tianshui Jiayuguan Wuwei Lanzhou Gannanzhou Zhangye Pingliang Jiuquan Qingyang Dingxi Longnan Linxiazhou Yushu Prefecture Haixi Prefecture Xi’ning Haidong Prefecture Huangnan Prefecture Guolozhou Hainan Prefecture Haibei Prefecture Wuzhong Yinchuan Shizuishan Guyuan Zhongwei Shangluo Tongchuan Baoji Xian Xianyang Yanan Weinan Hanzhong Yulin Ankang Lhasa Chamdo Prefecture Shannan Prefecture Shigatse Prefecture Nagqu Prefecture Ngari Prefecture Nyingchi Prefecture Leshan Guangyuan Panzhihua Dazhou Zigong Yaan Mianyang Deyang Guangan Suining Luzhou Neijiang Ziyang Chengdu Yibin Nanchong Meishan Bazhong Aba Prefecture Ganzi Prefecture Liangshan Prefecture Chongqing Tongren Liupanshui Qiandongnanzhou Zunyi Bijie Anshun Guiyang Qianxinanzhou Qiannanzhou Lincang Chuxiong Prefecture Kunming Qujing Yuxi Zhaotong Lijiang Honghe Prefecture Diqing Prefecture Baoshan Pu'er Wenshan Prefecture Xishuangbanna Dehong prefecture Dali Prefecture Nujiang Prefecture 0

唐山秦皇岛天津 北京 保定 承德 廊坊石家庄邯郸 沧州 衡水 邢台张家口 绍兴 镇江 淮安 无锡连云港上海 苏州 台州 湖州 杭州 扬州 嘉兴 舟山 温州 金华 衢州 丽水 南京 常州 南通 泰州 徐州 盐城 宿迁 宁波 深圳 珠海 肇庆 中山 广州 佛山 江门 东莞 惠州 鄂尔多斯乌海呼和浩特赤峰 包头乌兰察布锡林郭勒呼伦贝尔通辽巴彦淖尔兴安盟阿拉善盟晋城 忻州 太原 晋中 大同 长治 临汾 阳泉 朔州 运城 吕梁 新乡 信阳 开封 安阳 鹤壁 许昌 周口 商丘驻马店漯河三门峡平顶山焦作 南阳 濮阳 郑州 洛阳 威海 烟台 青岛 济南 淄博 枣庄 潍坊 济宁 泰安 日照 东营 聊城 滨州 菏泽 莱芜 临沂 德州 黄山 铜陵 淮南 合肥 亳州 宣城 安庆 六安马鞍山芜湖 蚌埠 淮北 滁州 阜阳 宿州 池州 赣州 南昌 鹰潭 九江景德镇萍乡 新余 吉安 宜春 抚州 上饶 厦门 三明 泉州 南平 福州 漳州 宁德 龙岩 莆田 恩施州十堰 宜昌 荆门 襄阳 随州 荆州 鄂州 黄石 咸宁 武汉 孝感 黄冈湘西州怀化张家界永州 郴州 衡阳 常德 邵阳 娄底 株洲 湘潭 长沙 益阳 岳阳 南宁 河池 柳州 桂林 北海 梧州防城港钦州 贵港 玉林 百色 贺州 来宾 崇左 潮州 梅州 河源 揭阳 汕头 湛江 清远 韶关 茂名 汕尾 阳江 云浮 海口 三亚 双鸭山齐齐哈尔哈尔滨大庆牡丹江鸡西 鹤岗 伊春佳木斯七台河黑河 绥化大兴安岭地区延边 白城 通化 四平 白山 长春 吉林 松原 辽源 本溪 大连 铁岭 沈阳 抚顺 锦州 鞍山 丹东 营口 盘锦葫芦岛阜新 辽阳 朝阳 乌鲁木齐克拉玛依库尔勒吐鲁番地区昌吉州伊犁州哈密地区博尔塔拉州阿克苏地区克孜勒苏柯尔克孜州喀什地区和田地区塔城地区阿泰勒地区五家渠市石河子市白银 金昌 天水嘉峪关武威 兰州甘南州张掖 平凉 酒泉 庆阳 定西 陇南临夏州玉树州海西州西宁海东地区黄南洲果洛州海南州海北州吴忠 银川石嘴山固原 中卫 商洛 铜川 宝鸡 西安 咸阳 延安 渭南 汉中 榆林 安康 拉萨昌都地区山南地区日喀则地区那曲地区阿里地区林芝地区乐山 广元攀枝花达州 自贡 雅安 绵阳 德阳 广安 遂宁 泸州 内江 资阳 成都 宜宾 南充 眉山 巴中阿坝州甘孜州凉山州重庆 铜仁六盘水黔东南州遵义 毕节 安顺 贵阳黔西南州黔南州临沧楚雄州昆明 曲靖 玉溪 昭通 丽江红河州迪庆州保山 普洱文山州西双版纳大理州德宏州怒江州

◆ Overall, O3 concentration levels were on the rise. In 2016, the maximum 90th ◆ Among the three key regions, only YRD achieved a slight improvement in annual mean 3 3 2013 Annual mean cncentration 2013 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities National Standard percentile O3 concentration (8-hour mean value) attained the national standard of concentration, falling from 163μg/m to 159μg/m . Meanwhile, the respective values in BTH 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2014 Annual mean cncentration 2014 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities 160μg/m , but the concentration range changed from 62-203μg/m to 73-200μg/m and PRD increased from 162μg/m to 172μg/m and from 145μg/m to 151μg/m . 3 3 2015 Annual mean cncentration 2015 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities while the average concentration increased from 134μg/m to 138μg/m . ◆ Variations in O3 concentrations in the three key regions were the same as that of its precursor, 2016 Annual mean cncentration 2016 Annual mean cncentration of 338 cities ◆ The number of cities that complied with the national standard continued declining. The NO2. percentage of attainment cities decreased from 84% to 82.5%. Yunnan Tibet

Chongqing China

Sichuan Southwest Guizhou

Xinjiang

National standard Ningxia Shaanxi Gansu China Northwest Qinghai

Liaoning Jilin China

Heilongjiang Northeast

Hubei Guangdong

3 Hu'nan Guangxi O Hai'nan South China 2014 Annual mean concentration Annual 2014 mean concentration Annual 2016 Shandong Jiangshu Shanghai Anhui Jiangxi East China Zhejiang Fujian

He'nan Inner Mongolia Shanxi Hebei

Beijing North China Tianjin 2013 Annual mean concentration Annual 2013 mean concentration Annual 2015 0

80 60 40 20

200 180 160 140 120 100

μg/m 3

Yunnan Tibet Sichuan China

Chongqing Southwest Guizhou

Xinjiang National standard Ningxia Shaanxi

Gansu China Qinghai Northwest

Liaoning Jilin

Heilongjiang China Northeast

Hubei Hu'nan Guangxi Guangdong CO Hai'nan South China 2014 Annual mean concentration Annual 2014 mean concentration Annual 2016 Shandong Jiangshu Jiangxi Anhui Zhejiang

Fujian East China Shanghai

Inner Mongolia He'nan Shanxi Hebei Beijing North China

2013 Annual mean concentration Annual 2013 mean concentration Annual 2015 Tianjin

5 4 3 2 1 0

mg/m 4.5 3.5 2.5 1.5 0.5 3

Tibet Chongqing Sichuan China

Guizhou Southwest Yunnan

Ningxia National standard Shaanxi Gansu Xinjiang China Northwest Qinghai

Liaoning Jilin China

Heilongjiang Northeast

Guangdong

2 Hu'nan Hubei Guangxi South China NO Hai'nan 2014 Annual mean concentration Annual 2014 mean concentration Annual 2016 Shanghai Anhui Shandong Jiangshu Zhejiang Jiangxi East China Fujian

Inner Mongolia Shanxi Hebei Tianjin Beijing North China He'nan 2013 Annual mean concentration Annual 2013 mean concentration Annual 2015

0

60 50 40 30 20 10

μg/m 3

Tibet Sichuan Guizhou Yunnan China Southwest Chongqing

Ningxia National standard Gansu Shaanxi Qinghai China Northwest Xinjiang

Liaoning Jilin

Heilongjiang China Hu'nan Northeast

Guangxi 2 Hubei Guangdong SO

Hai'nan South China 2014 Annual mean concentration Annual 2014 mean concentration Annual 2016 Shandong Jiangxi Anhui Jiangshu

Shanghai of 6 Criteria Pollutants by Province in 2016 Annual Mean Concentration Figure 11: Fujian East China Zhejiang

Inner Mongolia Shanxi Hebei He'nan Tianjin North China Beijing 2013 Annual mean concentration Annual 2013 mean concentration Annual 2015

0

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

μg/m 3

Tibet Chongqing Sichuan China

Guizhou Southwest Yunnan

Xinjiang National standard Shaanxi Ningxia Gansu China Northwest Qinghai

Liaoning Jilin Heilongjiang China Northeast

Hubei Hu'nan 10 Guangxi Guangdong Hai'nan South China PM 2014 Annual mean concentration Annual 2014 mean concentration Annual 2016 Shandong Jiangshu Anhui Jiangxi Zhejiang Shanghai East China Fujian

He'nan Hebei Shanxi Tianjin Beijing North China Inner Mongolia 2013 Annual mean concentration Annual 2013 mean concentration Annual 2015 0

80 60 40 20

200 180 160 140 120 100

μg/m 3

Tibet Chongqing Sichuan China

Guizhou Southwest Yunnan

Shaanxi National standard Xinjiang Ningxia Gansu China Northwest Qinghai

Jilin Liaoning China

Heilongjiang Northeast

Hubei Hu'nan 2.5 Guangxi Guangdong South China Hai'nan PM 2014 Annual mean concentration Annual 2014 mean concentration Annual 2016 Shandong Anhui Jiangshu Jiangxi Shanghai Zhejiang East China Fujian

Shanxi Tianjin Hebei He'nan Beijing North China Inner Mongolia 2015 Annual mean concentration Annual 2015 2013 Annual mean concentration Annual 2013 0

80 60 40 20

120 100 μg/m 3 5.7% 2.2% 0.9% 7.7% 11.1% 20% 10.3% 23.2%

Shanghai 47.8% Chongqing Zhengzhou 46.9% 30.8% Shenyang 61.5% Mianyang

38.9% 84% 80% 29%

PM2.5 O3 PM10 PM2.5 O3 PM10 PM2.5 O3 NO2 Others PM2.5 O3 PM2.5 O3 PM10 Others The number of non-attainment days in Shanghai was 90 in 2016. The number of non-attainment days in Chongqing was 65 in 2016. The number of non-attainment days in Zhengzhou was 207 in 2016. The number of non-attainment days in Shenyang was 117 in 2016. The number of non-attainment days in Mianyang was 87 in 2016.

5.6% 4.5% 0.4% 3.4% 2.1% 10.4% Number of Attainment Days 10.8%

No data available

50~170

170~210 63.1% 39.8% 55.3% 19.6% Karamay Xuancheng 26.3% BTH Region YRD Region PRD Region

210~250

250~290

94.4% 95.5% 290~330 70%

330~350 PM PM O PM PM2.5 PM10 2.5 Others 2.5 3 10 Others PM2.5 O3 PM10 NO2 PM2.5 O3 NO2

>= 350 The number of non-attainment days in Karamay was 36 in 2016. The number of non-attainment days in Xuancheng was 67 in 2016. The number of non-attainment days in BTH Region was 158 in 2016. The number of non-attainment days in YRD Region was 87 in 2016. The number of non-attainment days in PRD Region was 38 in 2016.

Figure 12: Distribution Map of Total Number of Attainment Days for 338 Cities in 2016 Figure 13 Number of Days with Different Primary Pollutants in Key Regions and Cities in 2016 400 365 Days 350

300

250

200

150

100

50 D Kunming Haikou Meizhou Zhanjing Heyuan Shenzhen Guiyang Yulin Nanning Qinzhou Heze Zhuhai Zhoushan Fuzhou Wenzhou Jingdezhen Xinyu Zhaoqing Mudanjiang Chenzhou Zhongshan Huaihua Qingyuan Dongguan Nanchang Yongzhou Loudi Shienzhou Ningbo Guangzhou Shangluo Jiangmen Zhangjiajie Yaan Guilin Yiyang Ankang Suining Yulin Shiyan Jinhua Jiujiang Yanan Shaoxing Xiangtan Fushun Yueyang Zhuzhou Shaoyang Hengyang Mianyang Wuhe Xianning Shanghai Nanchong Wuhai Xiaogan Tongling Maanshan Jiaxing Hanzhong Changde Huangshi Changsha Dazhou Jingmen Nantong Yangzhou Neijiang Hengzhou Huanggang Suizhou Leshan Shenyang Anqing Deyang Yichang Jinzhou Nanjing Xiangyang Chuzhou Huzhou Baoji Wuhan Jingzhou Ezhou Luzhou Taiyuan Jinzhong Zigong Changzhi Chengdu Tongchuan Langfang Korla Tangshan Pingdingshan Beijing Xian Shijiazhuang Weinan Xianyang Luoyang Xinxiang Liaocheng ali Prefecture 0

大理州 昆明 海口 梅州 湛江 河源 深圳 贵阳 玉林 南宁 钦州 河池 珠海 舟山 抚州 温州 景德镇 新余 肇庆 牡丹江 郴州 中山 怀化 清远 东莞 南昌 永州 娄底 恩施州 宁波 广州 商洛 江门 张家界 雅安 桂林 益阳 安康 遂宁 榆林 十堰 金华 九江 延安 绍兴 湘潭 抚顺 岳阳 株洲 邵阳 衡阳 绵阳 芜湖 咸宁 上海 南充 乌海 孝感 铜陵 马鞍山 嘉兴 汉中 常德 黄石 长沙 达州 荆门 南通 扬州 内江 杭州 黄冈 随州 乐山 沈阳 安庆 德阳 宜昌 锦州 南京 襄阳 滁州 湖州 宝鸡 武汉 荆州 鄂州 泸州 太原 晋中 自贡 长治 成都 铜川 廊坊 库尔勒 唐山 平顶山 北京 西安 石家庄 渭南 咸阳 洛阳 新乡 聊城

Figure 14: Distribution of AQI for 338 Cities in 2016 1-50 Good 51-100 Moderate 101-150 Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups 151-200 Unhealthy 201-300 Very Unhealthy >300 Hazardous Policy Implementation and Progress

Policy Implementation and Progress 19 Major Events of Air Pollution Prevention and Control

China’s air pollution prevention and control entered a Furthermore, VOCs were included in total emissions control critical stage in 2016 as it was a decisive year for meeting indicators for the first time in 2016. The 13th Five-Year Plan the targets set out by the Action Plan. Notable progress specifies that VOCs emissions should be controlled in key was made in terms of controlling pollution from coal regions as well as in key industries, and that total VOCs combustion, eliminating yellow-label vehicles, promoting emissions should decrease by over 10% nationwide. As part new-energy vehicles and eliminating outdated capacity. In of a comprehensive strategy to reduce VOCs emissions in addition, there were breakthroughs in previously neglected key industries, the central government set a target to reduce areas such as emissions from loose coal and non-road VOCs emissions in industrial sectors by over 3.3 million mobile machinery. Efforts were also stepped up to control tons in 2018 compared to 2015 levels. The government has VOCs pollution and refine management of fugitive dust. also set specific measures for 11 key industries of which Meanwhile, BTH continued to increase the scope and depth VOCs emissions account for over 80% of total industrial of regional collaboration. emissions.

In 2016, the country made progress on coal combustion Meanwhile, continuous monitoring systems have been control through three major measures of “clean coal installed as a new measure to control fugitive dust pollution utilization, total coal consumption control and replacement on construction sites and roads. Fugitive dust pollution of fossil fuels with clean energy”. BTH tackled the control has been gradually enforced across the country longstanding challenge of loose coal pollution through a through various measures including the implementation series of measures including designating “no-coal zones” of a special action plan for fugitive dust control, initiation and replacing coal with natural gas or electricity. of fugitive dust control programs and the establishment of zones dedicated to fugitive dust control.

With regards to vehicle emission control, China exceeded its target to eliminate yellow-label vehicles while the The BTH region has continued to advance the scope number of new-energy vehicles nationwide increased by and depth of its regional collaboration efforts. The region 73.87%. Moreover, methods were put in place to regulate completed a preliminary unification of regional planning, non-road mobile machinery, such as mandatory disclosure heavy pollution monitoring and alerting, and pollution of environmental protection information, requirements prevention and control measures and standards, while to register machinery, and designation of low-emission also initiating joint enforcement and enhancing city-to-city zones. In addition, through requiring registrations and cooperation mechanisms. Beijing and Tianjin spent RMB inspections, Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Jiangsu 502 million and RMB 400 million, respectively, to support Province collected preliminary emissions data on non-road partner cities in Hebei Province in the implementation of air mobile machinery, marking the start of China’s regulatory pollution control measures. work for non-road mobile pollution sources.

20 Policy Implementation and Progress The Environmental Protection Tax Law of the The MEP released the Notice on Carrying out the Management of The amended Law on Prevention and Control of People's Republic of China was released. It is Discharge Permits for Elevated Pollution Sources in the Coal-Fired Air Pollution came into force. scheduled to take effect on January 1, 2018. Power Generation and Papermaking Industries and Pilot Cities in the The law will substitute a “taxation system” Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, requiring the region to complete the The Announcement on Implementing the China III for “discharge fee collection”, but the targets, application, review, and issuance of discharge permits to enterprises Emission Standards for Diesel Engine Exhausts scope and calculation basis of taxation will not in the two industries before June 30, 2017. of Non-Road Mobile Machinery was released. change substantially from the current discharge It requires that, starting on April 1, 2016, all the fee system. The charging standard it sets will manufactured, imported and sold non-road mobile become the lower limit for the environmental machinery should meet the China III emission protection tax. standards. The MEP released the Interim Regulation on Discharge Permits. As the first document of its The Announcement on Implementing the China

kind in the country, the Regulation stipulates the 12.28 V Vehicle Emission Standards was released. It 1.01 procedures for the application, review, issuance, 1.15 requires that, starting on April 1, 2016, the China and management of discharge permits. 12.25 1.15 V vehicle emission standards should be imposed on light-duty gasoline and diesel passenger The operation authority of 1,436 state-controlled 2.24 vehicles, and heavy-duty diesel vehicles (for public ambient air quality monitoring stations across 12.23 transport, environmental sanitation, and mail the country was centralized in national 3.20 service purposes only) in 11 provinces in the East government. China. 12.21 The Announcement on Fully Supplying 4.1 The Action Plan for Oil Vapor Recovery at Crude Automobile Petroleum Products Which Meet January Oil and Refined Oil Wharfs was issued. This kick- the China V Mandatory Standards was issued, February December started the second batch of oil and gas recovery requiring that automobile gasoline and diesel March nationwide must meet the China V standards, 12.20 April 5.16 pilot programs at wharfs in Bohai Rim, YRD, PRD, and along the Yangtze River. beginning January 1, 2017. May

The Supreme People’s Procuratorate issued 6.20 In early 2016, it was revealed that the Chang’an the Interpretation on Several Issues concerning 12.08 2016 June and Yanliang Substations in Xi’an had deliberately the Application of Law in the Handling of jammed their air monitoring devices with gauze Criminal Cases of Environmental Pollution, and deleted monitoring video records. The November explicitly prescribing that “emission of hazardous July 6.28 case was transferred to judicial authorities for 11.24 substances during heavy pollution alerting periods August investigation on March 20. shall be given a heavy punishment” and that October “independent inspection data of public security September 7.08 YRD took the lead in designating vessel emission authorities can be used as evidence”. The 11.10 control zones in the country, requiring vessels to Interpretation took effect on January 1, 2017. use low-sulfur oil with sulfur content of 0.5% when 7.11 docking. The 13th Five-Year Plan on Eco-Environmental 10.25 Protection was released. It establishes the 8.01 The Measures for Cleaner Production Review

8.22 percentage of air quality attainment days 8.29

9.22 8.25 came into effect on July 1, 2016. The measures and reduction in PM2.5 concentration as two new compulsory indicators for air quality, and clearly specify the scope and implementation implements control over total VOCs emissions process of cleaner production review. in both key regions and industries. The Enhanced Measures for Air Pollution The Implementation Plan for the Pollutants The Ministry of Finance and the MEP implemented the newly revised Prevention and Control in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Discharge Permit System was released. The Measures for Managing Funds Dedicated to Air Pollution Prevention Region (2016-2017) were issued. implementation of such a system can achieve and Control, which allocates rewards and punishments in relation to comprehensive and dynamic management the use of special funds for air pollution prevention and control to the The Targets and Tasks for Ultra-Low Emission and of pollution sources. It may also provide provinces. Energy-Saving Conversion of Coal-Fired Power uniform pollution source emission data for Plants in Provinces, Regions and Municipalities emissions inventories that support atmospheric in 2016 were issued, requiring coal-fired power environment management. The Limits on and Measurement Methods for Marine Engine Exhaust Emissions (China Phases I-II) were released, filling the gap plants in all provinces to complete the 254 GW ultra-low emission retrofit tasks in 2016. The Ministry of Industry and Information in China’s air pollution emission standards for vessels. Technology and the MEP issued the Notice on Further Regulating Cement Production The Announcement on Carrying out Work in Relation to the The Action Plan for Reducing Volatile Organic during the Winter Heating Period, which Disclosure of Environmental Protection Information about Vehicles Compounds in Key Industries was released, restricts cement clinker production within a set and Non-Road Mobile Machinery was issued, requiring that the requiring industrial sectors to reduce VOCs time frame in northern cities where heating is public environmental protection information platform of the MEP emissions by more than 3.3 million tons by 2018, provided in the winter. regarding vehicles and non-road mobile machinery be put on compared with 2015. It lays down specific measures trial operation on September 1, 2016, and that enterprises which for 11 key industries whose VOCs emissions The Guiding Opinions on Launching the Pilot manufacture and import vehicles and non-road mobile machinery account for over 80% of total industrial emissions. Reform of the Vertical Management System disclose information on their pollution control technologies and for Monitoring, Supervision and Enforcement emission inspections to the public. by Environmental Protection Institutions under The Notice on Properly Carrying out Work in the Provincial Level were issued. The reform The MEP released a notice announcing a nationwide environmental Relation to the Reduction of and Substitution for signals that provincial-level environmental Coal Consumption in 2016 was released, revealing protection departments would uniformly perform enforcement drill from September to November. that some key regions built a large number of and manage the environmental inspection and new high-coal-consuming projects, delaying the monitoring functions of cities and counties. This is expected to effectively prevent local Figure 15: Major Events of Air Pollution progress in attaining coal consumption reduction protectionism, data fabrication, and ineffective Prevention and Control targets. Hence, the pressure to comprehensively inspection practices. reduce coal consumption remains significant.

Policy Implementation and Progress 21 Policy Framework Since the release of the Action Plan, the policy the environmental protection system, such as changes of Air Pollution framework shown in Figure 16 has been adopted for to the vertical management system, the replacement of Prevention and China’s air pollution prevention and control. A number of environmental protection charges with relevant taxes, supporting policies have also been issued successively, and the implementation of the discharge permit system. Control yielding positive results. In addition to the existing policy framework there have been other advances in reforming

Targets and Tasks for Ultra-Low Limits on and Measurement Methods for Marine Engine Rules for Cleaner Production Audit Emission and Energy-Saving Exhaust Emissions (China Phase I-II) Notice on Further Promoting Quality Improvement of Refined Oil and Retrofit of Coal-Fired Power Announcement on Implementing the China III Emission Stronger Market Management Plants in Provinces, Regions and Standards for Diesel Engine Exhausts of Non-Road Announcement on the Comprehensive National Supply of Automobile Municipalities in 2016 Mobile Machinery Petroleum Products that Meet the China V Mandatory Standard Announcement on Carrying out Work Related to the Announcement on Implementing Disclosure of Environmental Protection Information of the China V Vehicle Emission Reduction of excessive Vehicles and Non-Road Mobile Machinery production capacity Standards

Elimination of outdated Limits on and Measurement Action Plan production capacity Methods for Light Duty Vehicles for Reducing Guiding Opinions on Launching the Pilot (China Phase VI) Volatile Organic Reform of the Vertical Management Limitation of energy- Notice on Financial Support Policies for New Energy Compounds in Key System for Monitoring, Inspection intensive and and Enforcement by Environmental Vehicles Promotion and Usage in 2016-2020 Industries high-pollution production Protection Institutions under the Sub- Catalogue of Promotion of new Provincial Level National Advanced energy vehicles Interpretation of Several Issues Guidance for Energy Work in 2016 Technology for Special emission Concerning the Application of Law Elimination of yellow- Ban on agricultural VOCs Pollution limits Prevention and in the Handling of Criminal Cases of Notice on Further Advancing the Elimination of Outdated label vehicles waste-burning Control Environmental Pollution Production Capacity in the Coal Power Industry Promotion of public Fugitive dust Upgrading emission Action Plan for Oil Regulation for Funds Dedicated to Air transport management Notice on Carrying Out Work Related to the Reduction standards Vapor Recovery Pollution Prevention and Control and Substitution of Coal Consumption in 2016 at Crude Oil and Promotion of clean Environmental Protection Tax Law of Clean usage of Refined Oil Wharfs energy coal the People's Republic of China Ultra-low emission Notice on Targets and Tasks for the Elimination of Coverage expansion of Outdated Production Capacity in the Coal Power central heating Cleaner production VOCs control Industry in 2016 Desulfurization, Control of total coal Upgrading Denitration and Non-road mobile Emergency consumption fuel quality Dedusting machinery control response Emission Emission Emission Comprehensive reduction reduction Environmental Air quality Alerting reduction in measures ranking through structural in industrial protection tax end use Fighting Source adjustment process Vertical Reporting apportionment environmental Special funds crimes management

Forecasting Training on law enforcement Project subsidy Special Inspection Emission inventory Enforce amended Law on Prevention Monitoring Emission Reduction Measures and Control of Air Pollution Pollution charges Central inspection

Legislative Economic Administrative Air quality Pollution sources measures measures measures

Capacity Building Supporting Measures Key measures

Figure 16: Policy Framework of Air Pollution Prevention and Control

22 Policy Implementation and Progress Targets for 2016 the primary pollutant for improvement. The plans Air Quality prescribe either specific target concentrations or rates of concentration decreases in comparison with Improvement Each city set out air quality improvement targets for 2016 the benchmark years (2013 or 2015). See Figure in their annual action plan for air pollution prevention Targets 17-20 below for detailed improvement targets. and control, which generally designate PM2.5 or PM10 as

2016 PM2.5 Target Annual Mean Concentration

3 60 μg/m 50

40 National Standard 3 30 35μg/m

20

10

0 Aba Prefecture Ganzi Prefecture Guangyuan Daxing’anling Region Haikou Liangshan Prefecture Heihe Jixi Beihai Yichun Fangchenggang Jiamusi Chizhou Yunfu Zhangjiakou Huangshan Qinzhou Wuzhou Jiayuguan Suihua Heyuan Kunming Guiyang Dongguan Bazhong Alashan League Yaan Qingyang Jinchang Yanbian Gannan Qiqihar Foshan Dingxi Wuwei Chongzuo Hezhou Longnan Zhangye Tianshui Yulin Baise Baiyin Huhhot Ziyang Laibin Guigang Shuangyashan Hechi Chaoyang Jiuquan Chenzhou Daqin Dandong Linxia Prefecture Pingliang Mianyang Songyuan Hegang Mudanjiang Guang’an Suining Shizuishan Wuzhong Yingkou Xuancheng Yiyang Liuzhou Dalian Guilin Tonghua Fuxin Fuyang Nanning

3 90 μg/m 80

70

60

50

40 National Standard 3 30 35μg/m

20

10

0 Lanzhou Changde Liaoyang Huainan Baishan Huludao Panjin Anqing Deyang Loudi Hengyang Fushun Qitaihe Leshan Liaoyuan Chongqing Lu’an Yibin Tongling Tieling Wuhu Jilin Benxi Huaibei Yancheng Baicheng Lianyungang Neijiang Jinzhou Nanchong Bozhou Ma’anshan Luzhou Changsha Chuzhou Siping Suzhou(Anhui) Yangzhou Suzhou(Jiangsu) Chengdu Bengbu Meishan Dazhou Nantong Zhenjiang Changzhou Hefei Suqian Wuxi Harbin Xuzhou Taizhou Hebi Luoyang Sanmenxia Nanjing Shenyang Huai’an Zigong Yichang Anshan Shangqiu Jiaozuo Xinxiang Luohe Jining Xuchang Puyang Xinyang Kaifeng Zhoukou Pingdingshan Zhengzhou Zhumadian Nanyang Anyang

Figure 17: 2016 City Air Quality Improvement Targets (measured by PM2.5 target concentration)

Policy Implementation and Progress 23 13% 16.9% 20% 15%

Benchmark Year Benchmark Year 2013 2014

PM2.5 Wenzhou Hangzhou Wuhan PM2.5 Jiaxing Reduction Reduction Percentage (%) Percentage (%)

2% 3% 3.5% 4%

Benchmark Year 2015

Changchun, Guangzhou, Zhaoqing, PM2.5 Guyuan, Turpan Region, Yinchuan, Chifeng, Taiyuan, Weihai Xi’an, Xi’ning, Datong, Changzhi, Changji Prefecture, Yili Baotou, Ordos, Reduction Linfen, Yangquan, Tongchuan, Baoji, Percentage (%) Prefecture Jincheng, Shuozhou, Jinzhong, Zhongwei, Wuhai, Yuncheng, Xinzhou, Lvliang, Shaoyang, Bayannur, Xingan, Yongzhou, Huaihua, Xiangxi Prefecture, League Ankang, Haidong, Haibei Prefecture, Huangnan Prefecture, Hainan Prefecture, Guoluo Prefecture, Haixi Prefecture

4.3% 5% 8% 9% 11%

Ulanqab Beijing, Taizhou, Qinhuangdao, Hengshui, Langfang Shijiazhuang Qingdao Xingtai

Figure 18: 2016 City Air Quality Improvement Targets (measured by PM2.5 reduction percentages compared with the benchmark year)

24 Policy Implementation and Progress 2016 PM10 Target Annual Mean Concentration

3 80

μg/m National Standard 70μg/m3

60

40

20

0 Altay Region Liangshan Prefecture Ganzi Prefecture Aba Prefecture Haikou Bijie Yunfu Heyuan Zhongshan Shenzhen Fangchenggang Yichun Heihe Beihai Huizhou Dongguan Jiangmen Liupanshui Jiamusi Chizhou Wuzhou Daxing’anling Region Chongzuo Putian Qinzhou Yulin Ningde Longyan Nanping Zhangzhou Sanming Zhaoqing Hezhou Foshan Suihua Laibin Fuzhou Guangzhou Bazhong Guangyuan Jixi Guigang Daqing Qiqihar Baise Hechi Jingdezhen Ya'an Ji’an Shuangyashan Guilin Nanning Longnan Panzhihua Liuzhou Ganzhou Enshi Prefecture Xianning Kunming Guiyang Mianyang Yichun Shangrao Mudanjiang Bozhou Hegang Dandong Gannan Prefecture Qingyang Tianshui Yingkou Yiyang Lu’an Panjin Changsha Dalian

3 180 μg/m

160

140

120

100

80 National Standard 70μg/m3 60

40

20

0 Chenzhou Baishan Dingxi Xinyu Leshan Ziyang Yibin Chaoyang Neijiang Qitaihe Changde Suining Guang’an Deyang Hefei Linxia Prefecture Luzhou Jiayuguan Benxi Pingliang Zhangye Baicheng Xiaogan Huangshi Nanchong Dazhou Huanggang Xinyang Tieling Liaoyang Shiyan Siping Wuwei Meishan Jinchang Huludao Jinzhou Fushun Suizhou Jingmen Xiangyang Ezhou Harbin Fuxin Wuzhong Baiyin Zigong Yichang Hebi Chengdu Jiuquan Zhumadian Shangqiu Nanchang Jingzhou Wuhan Shenyang Luoyang Nanyang Xuchang Luohe Puyang Shizuishan Anshan Lanzhou Jiaozuo Zhoukou Sanmenxia Kaifeng Urumqi Xinxiang Pingdingshan Jining Anyang Zhengzhou

Figure 19: 2016 City Air Quality Improvement Targets (measured by PM10 target concentration)

Policy Implementation and Progress 25 3% 8%

Benchmark Year 2012

PM10 Aksu Region Shaoyang, Yongzhou, Reduction Huaihua, Loudi Percentage (%) 3% 6% 8%

Benchmark Year 2013

PM10 Hetian Region Xiangxi Prefecture Hengyang Reduction Percentage (%)

2% 3% 4% 4.7% 6%

Benchmark Year 2015

Xining, Sanya, Chongqing, Chengde, Yantai Guyuan PM10 Yulin Songyuan, Haidong, Datong, Changzhi, Reduction Yueyang, Zhangjiajie, Linfen, Yangquan, Percentage (%) Zhuzhou, Xiangtan Jincheng, Shuozhou, Jinzhong, Yuncheng, Xinzhou, Lvliang

7.3% 7.8% 8% 10% 12%

Zhongwei Yinchuan Qingyuan Yan’an, Hanzhong, Xi’an, Xianyang, Ankang, Shangluo Tongchuan, Baoji, Weinan

Figure 20: 2016 City Air Quality Improvement Targets (measured by PM10 reduction percentages compared with the benchmark year)

26 Policy Implementation and Progress Comparison of Actual Concentrations with Target Concentrations in 2016

The cities that failed to attain the annual concentration improvement targets by 25.4%, 24.6%, 9.8%, 7.7%, 6.5%, 4.9%, 4.3%, 3.8%, 3.8% and 3.5% in 2016 were mostly located in Central and Western China. Some cities respectively, compared with 2015. Meanwhile, PM10 concentrations in Weinan, not only failed to achieve the targets, but also saw increases in local PM Lanzhou, Xi’an, Mianyang, Xi’ning and Baoji rose by 26.3%, 10%, 9.6%, 8.3%, concentrations. For instance, PM2.5 concentrations in Linfen, Xi’an, Yinchuan, 6.6% and 2.8% respectively, compared with 2015. Changde, Taiyuan, Luzhou, Mianyang, Lanzhou, Deyang and Baoji increased

3 90 2016 PM2.5 Annual Mean Concentration μg/m 80 2016 PM2.5 Target Annual Mean Concentration

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 Jiaozuo Xinxiang Luoyang Shangqiu Luohe Linfen Hebi Zigong Xi’an Taiyuan Luzhou Leshan Chengdu Baoji Tongchuan Changde Huainan Yinchuan RIzhao Deyang Lanzhou Anqing Xuancheng Ziyang Mianyang Xining Wuzhong Qinhuangdao Guiyang Qinzhou

Figure 21: Cities that Failed to Achieve 2016 PM2.5 Concentration Reduction Targets

3 160 μg/m 150 2016 PM10 Annual Mean Concentration

140 2016 PM10 Target Annual Mean Concentration

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 Anyang Xinxiang Jiaozuo Weinan Puyang Xi’an Lanzhou Luohe Luoyang Hebi Laiwu Sanmenxia Shangqiu Kaifeng Xuchang Zhumadian Xining Shizuishan Yinchuan Baoji Chengdu Tongchuan Jinchang Ezhou Jingmen Wuzhong Jiayuguan Wuwei Xinyang Ziyang Leshan Deyang Zhangye Huangshi Bozhou Yiyang Baishan Tianshui Mianyang Xianning Guangyuan Ya'an Liupanshui Chizhou Zhangzhou Jiangmen

Figure 22: Cities that Failed to Achieve 2016 PM10 Concentration Reduction Targets Policy Implementation and Progress 27 Comparison of Annual Mean Concentrations between 2015 and 2016

In 2016, the cities where local PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations rose were concentrations by over 25%. Other cities that managed to cut PM2.5 mostly located in Western China, whereas cities with high concentrations concentrations by over 20% include Meizhou, Heihe, Suzhou, Nantong, that made limited improvements were concentrated in BTH and its Hegang, Shuangyashan, Langfang, Tongliao, Mudanjiang, Shenyang, surrounding areas (for PM2.5), and Shandong province and West China (for Ulanqab and Xiaogan. Cities that reduced PM10 concentrations by over 20%

PM10). Meanwhile, northeastern Chinese cities performed impressively, include Shuangyashan, Nantong, Daxing’anling Region, Tongliao, Heihe with Harbin, Yichun, Jilin and Changchun reducing both PM2.5 and PM10 and Xiaogan.

40% Decrease percentage Increase percentage 30%

20%

10% HunLunbeier Shuangyashan Lianyungang

0 Mudanjiang Changzhou Changchun Zhengzhou Ma’anshan Xiangyang Shenyang Zhoushan Zhenjiang Huangshi Shanghai Shaoxing Langfang Xianyang Ulanqab Nantong Meizhou Jingmen Tongliao Xiaogan Suizhou Hegang Huzhou Dezhou Taizhou Suzhou Nanjing Weinan Fushun Urumqi Qitaihe Daqing Wuhan Jiaxing Zhuhai Yichun Harbin Dalian Sanya Wuhai Linfen Heihe Benxi Jinan Xi’an Jilin

0

-10%

-20%

-30%

-40%

Figure 23: Cities that Achieved Significant PM2.5 Concentration Reduction in 2016

40% Decrease percentage Increase percentage 30%

20%

10% Alashan League Shuangyashan

0 Xingan League Shenyang Jiangmen Mianyang Hengshui Langfang Changchun Lanzhou Nantong Hulun Buir Ulanqab Tongliao Xiaogan Baoding Daxing’anling Deyang Weinan Fushun Zhuhai Yichun Harbin Dalian Wuhai Heihe Benxi Xi’an Jilin

0

-10%

-20%

-30%

-40%

Figure 24: Cities that Achieved Significant PM10 Concentration Reduction in 2016

28 Policy Implementation and Progress Comparison of Target Concentrations for 2017 with Actual Concentrations in 2016

After the State Council released the Action Plan, 74 key cities made local the 2017 reduction targets for PM2.5 as required by the Action Plan, whereas action plans in 2013-2014 and set their air quality targets for 2017, which is Quzhou completed 99% of the targets. Only Beijing has yet to complete its the last year of the Action Plan. Based on available data, the figure 25 shows targets and will face challenges to complete them in 2017. target concentrations for 2017 in comparison with actual concentrations in 2016. 17 cities, mostly in Zhejiang or Guangdong province, accomplished

2016 PM2.5 Annual Mean Concentration

2017 PM2.5 Target Annual Mean Concentration

Zhuhai

Huizhou

Lishui

Dongguan

Guangzhou

Taizhou

Foshan

Wenzhou

Ningbo

Quzhou

Jiaxing

Jinhua

Nantong

Hangzhou

Chongqing

Shenyang

Wuhan

Chengdu

Beijing

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 μg/m3

Figure 25: Cities’ Progress towards Achieving 2017 Targets of PM2.5 Concentration Reduction

Policy Implementation and Progress 29 Comparison of 2020 Target Concentrations with Actual Concentrations in 2016

Cities disclosed mandatory PM2.5 concentration targets for 2020 in their 13th was released in 2016. This can be attributed to a lack of determination from the Five-Year Plans released in 2016. By 2020, attainment cities must maintain Nanchang government to further improve air quality. their attainment status. For non-attainment cities, a comparison of their target concentrations for 2020 with actual concentrations in 2016 is shown ◆ Over half of the cities are less than 20% away from their targets. If they can in Figure 26, with the following observations: continue improving by reducing concentrations by 5% a year, these cities are likely to achieve the relevant targets on time.

◆ Changchun, Jilin, Dandong, Fushun, Mudanjiang, Yichang, Ji’nan, Harbin, Suzhou, ◆ More than 20 cities are between 20.6% to 42.6% away from attaining their Nantong and Ma’anshan achieved a substantial reduction (8.7%-30.3%) in PM2.5 targets. Of these cities, Liaocheng, Yantai, Laiwu, Heze, Zaozhuang, Huzhou, concentration in 2016. Their 2020 targets for PM2.5 concentration have already Jinhua and Huludao have only achieved limited efficacy while having relatively 3 been achieved. Nanchang’s PM2.5 concentration in 2016 (44μg/m ) also achieved low target concentrations; in contrast, Xi’an, Urumqi, Linfen, Weinan and 3 its 2020 target (50μg/m ) , but it is worth noting that Nanchang’s PM2.5 concentration Xianyang experienced a 12.1% to 28.1% increase in PM2.5 concentrations in in 2015 was already 43μg/m3, and its 2020 target as set in the 13th Fiver-Year Plan 2016, moving these cities even further away from their targets.

2016 PM2.5 Concentration 2020 Target PM2.5 Concentration (cities that have not achieve the target) 2020 Target PM2.5 Concentration (cities that achieved the target) 3 60 μg/m 50

40

30

20

10 0 Guangzhou Qiqihar Nanning Taizhou Chifeng Guiyang Zhaoqing Mudanjiang Foshan Wenzhou Yantai Dalian Ningbo Dandong Jilin Quzhou Yancheng Nanchang Yingkou Liuzhou Jiaxing Fushun Shaoxing Qingdao Shanghai Jinhua Lianyungang Nantong Suzhou Changchun Huludao Huzhou Guilin Nanjing Zhangjiajie Mianyang Xining Changzhou Ma’anshan Zhenjiang Yangzhou Zhuzhou Xiangtan Taizhou Harbin

3 90

μg/m 80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 Huaian Wuhu Wuxi Changsha Lanzhou Chongqing Yinchuan Rizhao Deyang Jinzhou Changde Suqian Wuhan Hefei Baoji Tongchuan Xuzhou Jingzhou Yichang Chengdu Taian Luzhou Taiyuan Langfang Sanmenxia Cangzhou Tianjin Binzhou Xi’an Zigong Laiwu Beijing Jinan Linfen Urumqi Tangshan Weinan Zaozhuang Dezhou Xianyang Heze Jiaozuo Liaocheng Hengshui Xingtai

Figure 26: Cities’ Progress Towards Achieving 2020 Target of PM2.5 concentration reduction

30 Policy Implementation and Progress Development of Air Quality suspensions or vehicle restrictions (i.e. rotating between odd-and-even-numbered license plates) to ease regional Monitoring System air pollutant accumulation. These 20 cities include Beijing, Capacity Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, Baoding, Langfang, Xingtai, Hengshui In 2015, the national ambient air monitoring network that and Handan of Hebei Province, Zhengzhou, Puyang, Building included 1,436 state-controlled monitoring sites in 338 cities Xinxiang, Anyang, Kaifeng, Hebi and Luoyang of Henan was completed. Following this development, some cities Province, Jinan, Dezhou and Liaocheng of Shandong Regional Transportation Coal combustion built automated atmospheric environment quality monitoring province, and Taiyuan of Shanxi Province. stations with self-raised funds in 2016 due to local demands Mobile Source Fugitive dust Industrial Production to strengthen ambient air quality monitoring. This includes In addition, by the end of 2016, over 200 cities issued Biomass burning, kitchen exhaust, agriculture, etc. Beijing, which completed building and upgrading its local emergency response plans for heavy pollution days. atmospheric environment quality monitoring network and 8.1% 12.8% Beijing, Shijiazhuang of Hebei Province, Zhengzhou of 3.5% nearly doubled its ground monitoring sites from an original 29.7% 35.6% Henan Province, Jinan of Shandong Province, Xi’an of 17.2% 12.2% number of 35. Furthermore, Beijing was the first city in the Shaanxi Province, Chengdu of Sichuan Province, and Baoding Cangzhou country to set up a monitoring network for air quality trends. 20.3% Hulun Buir of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region revised 20.3% 21.2% Meanwhile, Kunming built eight new monitoring sites in 19.2% their emergency response plans. The criteria were adjusted Guandu district; Dezhou built one additional monitoring to lower the threshold for triggering alerts while adopting site in Linyi county; Henan Province started building 46 19.9% 20.2% more rigorous control measures to more effectively reduce 25.1% new air quality automated monitoring sites in built-up areas emissions and avoid negative impacts on society. 39.2% 6% controlled by the provincial government and 260 county- Guangzhou Chengdu 25.2% level monitoring sites. Dalian, Dandong, Fuxin, Tieling 20.8% 27.9% and Chaoyang of Liaoning Province started to build trans- Source Apportionment and 8.1% 7.5% boundary haze monitoring sites, with a plan to build 30 Emission Inventory 12% 10% provincial-level haze monitoring sites and 44 county-level 20% 18% 17.8% ones. To step up research on air pollution formation mechanism 32% Wuhan 18.8% Lanzhou and control strategy, more than 100 cities launched air 27% 20.5% pollution source apportionment programs and began 24.9% Pollution Alerting and 9% Emergency Response compiling emission inventories in 2016. All of 13 cities in Heilongjiang Province completed the source apportionment Figure 27: of PM2.5 and PM10 (although relevant results have yet to Source Apportionment Results In the winter, northern cities still face long months of heavy be disclosed). Guangzhou also completed a new round of of Some cities in 2016 air pollution stretching across vast areas. In early 2016, source apportionment. The Figure 27 shows the source the MEP and the China Meteorlogical Administration jointly apportionment results released by some cities. Of the four The first batch of 14 pilot cities have issued an announcement requiring cities in BTH at and major pollution sources (i.e. coal burning, mobile source, already completed compiling emission above the prefecture level to unify heavy pollution alerting fugitive dust and industrial production), coal burning is the inventories, although the conclusions and grading standards. By the end of the year, these unified primary pollution source in Baoding and Cangzhou of Hebei drawn from this phase have yet to be standards were extended to cover BTH surrounding areas. Province; mobile sources are the primary pollution sources disclosed. The next step will involve Consequently, over 20 cities issued red alerts for heavy in cities such as Guangzhou and Chengdu where the motor continually updating inventories. The pollution days based on suggestions from the MEP and vehicle population is relatively large; fugitive dust is the MEP has already arranged the work of local pollution forecast results. A communications platform key pollution source in Lanzhou due to the prevalence of emission inventory compilation for the for heavy pollution alerting was also set up to enable real- construction sites and stacking yards as well as occurrences second batch of pilot cities. The list of time joint video consultations on air quality during periods of sand storms. cities and other relevant details have of heavy pollution as well as facilitate the coordination of not been released yet. emergency responses such as production and operation

Policy Implementation and Progress 31 Emission Reduction through Structural Adjustments

Emission Total Coal Consumption Control Reduction China’s energy structure is defined by high levels of Moreover, the percentage of coal in the energy structure energy consumption and coal-centric energy production has been decreasing. In 2015, China reached the target Measures and consumption. Therefore, controlling pollution from of cutting the percentage of coal in the energy structure coal burning is a top priority for China’s air pollution to below 65% by 2017, as specified in the Action Plan. prevention and control efforts. Figures for total coal Subsequently, China set new targets to progressively consumption and percentage of coal consumption in total reduce the percentage to below 63% by 2016, roughly energy use have been on a downward trend for three 60% by 2017 and below 58% by 2020. Data shows that consecutive years since the Action Plan was released. coal consumption accounted for 62% of total energy In 2016, total energy consumption increased by 1.4%, consumption in 2016, down by 2% year on year and although coal consumption fell by 4.7% from 2.810 billion meeting the target set for 2016. Moreover, non-fossil fuel tons of coal equivalent (tce) in 2013 to 2.703 billion tce. energy consumption accounted for 13.3%, up by 1.3% year on year.

60 80.0%

70.0% Percentage 50 100 million tce

60.0% 40 50.0%

30 40.0%

20 30.0%

20.0% 10 10.0%

0 0.0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 target 2020 target

Total Energy Consumption Total Coal Consumption

Percentage of Coal Consumption Percentage of Non-fossil Fuel Consumption

Figure 28: Progress and Targets for Energy Structure Adjustment from 2013 to 2020

32 Policy Implementation and Progress In order to achieve the goal of controlling total coal consumption, at the end assigned task of “cutting total coal consumption by 20 million tons by of 2014 the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and 2017 compared with 2012”. five other government agencies set coal consumption reduction targets for 2017 in BTH and Shandong province. By the end of 2015, Shanghai, Zhejiang Province and Jiangsu Province in YRD recorded decrease in total coal consumption compared with 2012, In 2016, Beijing cut coal consumption by 2 million tons, reducing total accomplishing NDRC’s target to achieve decrease in total coal consumption consumption to 9.65 million tons and attaining their goal of “controlling by 2020 in advance. However, in Anhui province, total coal consumption total coal consumption within 10 million tons” one year in advance. was still higher in 2015 than in 2012. During the “13th Five-Year Plan” Tianjin also reduced coal consumption by 2.53 million tons, reducing period, the State Council required total coal consumption in Shanghai, total consumption to 42.86 million tons and attaining the goal of “cutting Zhejiang Province, Jiangsu Province and Anhui Province to be reduced by total coal consumption by 10 million tons compared with 2012” one year around 5%. in advance. Hebei Province cut coal consumption by five million tons, reducing total consumption to 284.43 million tons, which is still about 10 Meanwhile, PRD accomplished the goal of decrease by 2020 in advance, million tons away from meeting the target set by the government to “cut with a total coal consumption of 80 million tons in 2015. Subsequently the total coal consumption by 40 million tons by 2017 compared with 2012”. region established stricter total consumption control targets by 2017 and As data of Shandong Province shows rising coal consumption since 2020, with the goal of limiting total consumption within 75.14 million tons by 2013, Shandong faces a significant challenge to complete the state- 2017 and 70.06 million tons by 2020.

Total coal consumption in 2012 Total coal consumption in 2013 Total coal consumption in 2014 Total coal consumption in 2015 Total coal consumption in 2016 Total coal consumption target in 2017 45000

40000 10,000 ton 35000

30000

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0 Beijing Tianjin Hebei Shandong 30000

25000 10,000 ton

20000

15000

10000

5000

0 Shanghai Zhejiang Jiangsu Anhui Figure 29: Total Coal Consumption in BTH Region and YRD Region

Policy Implementation and Progress 33 By the end of 2015, apart from the three regions, most provinces (municipalities At the city level, coal control targets fall under the following main categories: and autonomous regions) had decrease of total coal consumption compared coal consumption reduction targets, total coal consumption targets, and with 2012. The provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan and target percentages of coal consumption in the total energy structure. In cities Yunnan had decrease in total coal consumption for three consecutive years. of Henan Province, for example, the percentage of coal consumption was In contrast, coal consumption in Shaanxi Province, Jiangxi Province, Ningxia higher than the national average. The province has set targets to decrease Hui Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Hainan this percentage to 76.5% by the end of the 12th Five-Year Plan period and Province rose for three consecutive years. Although total coal consumption to 70% by the end of the 13th Five-Year Plan period. However, these target in Shanxi Province began to show signs of decreasing, in 2015 it increased percentages are still over 10% higher than the national level for the same time by30000 25.64 million tons from 2012 levels. These provinces failed to effectively periods. 30000 control total coal consumption. 30000 3000025000 30000 2500030000 25000 30000 2000025000 2500025000 辽宁

2000010,000 tons 吉林辽宁 2000020000 2500020000 辽宁河南吉林Henan辽宁 2000015000 河南辽宁吉林 15000 吉林湖北Liaoning 河南 Shanghai Luoyang 15000 河南四川湖北吉林 1500015000 Hubei 20000 河南湖北 1500010000 辽宁湖北云南省四川 4800 3000 Sichuan四川 10000 云南省湖北 1000010000 吉林四川Jilin云南省 四川 10000 河南云南省Yunnan 150005000 10000 湖北云南省 500050005000 四川 5000 100000 云南省 5000 0 Zhengzhou Shenyang 2012年 2013年 2014年 2015年 0 2012 2012年 2013年 20142014年 20152015 年 2012年 2013年 2014年 2015年 2802 2555 0 5000 年 年 年 年 Figure0 30:2012 Provinces2013 (outside of2014 3 key regions)2015 that Have 2012年 2013年 2014年 2015年 Continuous Decrease of Total Coal Consumption 0 2012年 2013年 2014年 2015年

20000 Dalian Tieling Anshan 2230 2173 2118

10,000 tons 15000

海南 Changchun 江西 Huludao 1161 10000 陕西 20000 20000 坐标轴标题 新疆 1430 20000 宁夏 Benxi 50005000 20000 1898 Chaoyang Jinzhou 15000 15000 20000 Yangzhou 868 802 15000 00 1356 海南2012年 2013海南年 2014年 2015年 2012 2013 2014 2015 Liaoyang Dandong 15000 江西海南 江西 10000 10000 481 413 15000 陕西江西 陕西 87.63 Taizhou 10000 坐标轴标题 坐标轴标题 新疆陕西 新疆 海南 Yingkou Shaanxi Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Fuxin Panjin Luzhou

坐标轴标题 宁夏新疆 宁夏 海南 Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 江西Jiangxi Hainan 1566 1279 415 385 10000 宁夏 陕西 江西 5000 5000 10000 坐标轴标题 新疆 陕西 5000 Figure 31: Provinces (outside of 3 key regions) that Have Figure 32: Total Coal Consumption Control Targets of 坐标轴标题 Continuous Increase of Total Coal宁夏 Consumption新疆 宁夏 Some Cities for 2016 (10,000 ton) 5000 0 0 5000 2012年 2013年2012年 2014年2013年 2015年2014年 2015年 0 2012年 2013年 2014年 2015年 Policy Implementation and Progress 0 34 2012年 2013年 2014年 2015年 0 2012年 2013年 2014年 2015年 Specifically, China continued implementing existing measures at the national, regional, and city level. These measures include Xianyang Shijiazhuang eliminating outdated coal-fired generating 55 50 units, eliminating or replacing boilers and furnaces with clean energy, offsetting or reducing the capacity of new coal-based Shenyang Ningbo projects, and advancing centralized heating 100 Xi’an Xingtai 50 transformation. BTH has focused on reducing 40 25 and replacing loose coal in 2016, which Tong- Lian- chuan has seen initial results. Specific measures, yungang 10 Qinhuang targets, and progress in controlling total Tangshan Weinan Baoji 15 dao 200 coal consumption for 2016 at the national, 65 50 20 Chengde 5 Cangzhou 5 regional, and city levels are described as Figure 33: Targets of Coal Consumption Reduction of Some cities for 2016 (10,000 ton) follows:

Elimination of Outdated Coal-Fired Generating Units

To address overcapacity in the power sector, China planned to eliminate 4.918 GW of outdated coal-fired generating units in 2016 and assigned targets to 18 provinces and municipalities, among which Shaanxi Province was assigned the most difficult target to eliminate 0.5965 GW of outdated capacity.

By the end of 2016, most of the provinces and municipalities completed the state-assigned target on time. Shandong Province shut down 1.267 GW of coal-fired generating units, which is 20 times the state-assigned target.See the Figure 34 below for the specific tasks assigned and the progress made.

Target (10MW) Progress (10MW)

No task assigned <10 <10 10~20 10~20 20~30 20~30 30~40 30~40 >=40 >=40

Figure 34: National Targets and Progress of Eliminating Outdated Coal-Fired Generating Units in 2016 (Unit: 10MW)

Policy Implementation and Progress 35 Elimination and Retrofitting of Coal-Fired Boilers In 2016, the progress of the three key regions and some cities towards eliminating and retrofitting coal-fired boilers is shown in the Figure 35 and 36.

◎ Eliminated all the boilers that ◎ ◎ Completed Eliminated 9,678 burn high-pollution fuels in areas retrofitting 1,858 coal-fired boilers Jiangsu where such fuels are banned. coal-fired boilers Beijing to clean energy, ◎ Eliminated 620 small totaling 8,488t/h coal-fired drinking water Shang Tianjin Anhui hai boilers, completely banned PRD ◎ Retrofitted and remaining drinking water eliminated 595 coal- boilers and small stoves in Hebei fired boilers operation ◎ Eliminated 1,236 Zhejiang ◎ Eliminated 15,700 ◎ coal-fired boilers Retrofitted and eliminated coal-fired boilers 12,919 coal-fired boilers, totaling 21,863t/h

Figure 35: Key Regions' Progress in Eliminating Coal-Fired Boilers in 2016

Altay Region Target of elimination Progress of elimination Qianxinan Prefecture

Zigong

Huludao Hanzhong

Daqing Suqian

Bayannur Xuzhou

Anyang Fushun Jinzhou Qingdao Dalian Panjin Huainan Songyuan Zhenjiang Chongqing Yingkou Dandong Wuxi Jiangmen Jiaozuo Jinan Changchun

Tieling Yangzhou

Kaifeng Suzhou Figure 36: Target Hebi Shenyang and Progress of Huaian Nantong Eliminating and Huhhot Jiaxing

Suihua Tangshan Retrofitting Coal-

Zhoushan Jinhua Fired Boilers for Some Cities in 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Boilers Boilers 2016

36 Policy Implementation and Progress Substitution and Clean Conversion of Loose Coal Used by coal distribution network and encouraging coal users to switch to electricity, Households natural gas or clean coal, or to upgrade to more efficient stoves.

Loose coal-related pollution control became a key measure for air pollution In terms of production and distribution, provinces and cities strengthened control in BTH in 2016. The region focused on the control of production, supervision on loose coal by banning the sale of substandard loose coal, distribution, and usage of loose coal, while also increasing efforts to increasing clean coal processing, and building distribution centers. These promote clean energy use in suburban and rural areas. In addition, Hebei policies helped cut off distribution channels of substandard loose coal and Province implemented an initiative against loose coal as one of its four ensured a supply network of clean coal. special pollution control initiatives and released the Special Action Plan of Hebei Province for Loose Coal Pollution Control. This plan specified Furthermore, to control pollution from loose coal, a few cities in Shandong detailed measures, including: 1) Expanding the areas where high-pollution Province issued subsidy policies to incentivize the implementation of control fuels are banned and prohibiting the processing and sale of loose coal in measures and allocated special funds totaling more than RMB 1.1 billion these areas; 2) Strengthening the supervision of sales outside these areas, to control loose coal pollution. These cities included Jinan, Zibo, Dezhou, reinforcing coal quality inspection and eradicating any sales of loose coal Liaocheng, Jining, Linyi, Heze, Qingdao, and Laiwu. that do not conform to quality standards; 3) Establishing a complete clean ◎ 663 villages switched to using clean energy; 75,000 households in the districts of Chaoyang, Haidian, Fengtai Banned 5,152 retail outlets of loose coal; ◎ and Shijingshan switched to using clean energy, reducing loose coal Conducted 14,836 batches of coal sampling inspections consumption by 681,000 tons; with a passing rate of 71.8%;

◎ Disseminated clean coal briquettes in 760,000 households in rural areas; Stopped loose coal use in 66,400 households in urban areas;

Beijing Hebei Tianjin Utilization

Production and Circulation Shandong Hebei

Shandong Henan ◎ Built 15 large-scale coal logistics parks and 50 demonstration bases for producing clean coal ◎ Promoted 3 million tons of clean briquettes; coal briquettes to replace loose Jinan, Zibo, Dezhou, Liaocheng, ◎ Started the construction of “No Coal Zones” in 18 coal; Jining, Linyi, Heze, Qingdao, counties in Baoding and Langfang; Promoted 200,000 clean stoves ◎ Banned 3,570 loose coal retail and Laiwu: Allocated 1.1 billion Completed conversion to natural gas or electricity for household; stores without licences; RMB special funds for loose for 318,700 households that previously used Anyang, Jiaozuo, Hebi and coal control; loose coal; Xinxiang: Planned to start Reduced loose coal consumption by 11.26 million producing clean coal briquettes; tons in rural areas; Promoted 726,000 clean stoves for households;

Figure 37: Progress of Controlling Household Use of Loose Coal in BTH and Surrounding Areas

Policy Implementation and Progress 37 Vehicle Pollution Prevention and Control Uygur Autonomous Region and Tibet. Figure 38 shows the elimination plan and progress made by the provinces in 2016. Elimination of Yellow-Label and Outdated Vehicles To further reduce vehicle emissions, Shandong Province began to convert From 2014 to 2016, more than 16 million yellow-label and outdated vehicles yellow-label vehicles to green-label ones (“yellow-to-green” conversion) in were eliminated across the country. MEP had planned to eliminate 3.8 million 2014. Following Shandong Province, Heilongjiang Province and Ningxia Hui of these vehicles in 2016, but ultimately eliminated 4.0458 million, exceeding Autonomous Region also released their “yellow-to-green” conversion plans at the annual target by 6.5%. Based on the information provided by provinces on the provincial level in 2016, targeting diesel vehicles that were in relatively good targets and progress, most provinces completed or exceeded their targets of condition and that complied with the China II emission standards. In addition, yellow-label vehicle elimination in 2016. However, publicly available information Luoyang of Henan Province, Xiangyang of Hubei Province and Meizhou of does not reveal the target number of yellow-label vehicles for elimination in Guangdong Province also undertook “yellow-to-green” conversion. Shanghai, Fujian Province, Shandong Province, Guangdong Province, Xinjiang

Tibet Qinghai Hai'nan Target of elimination (10,000) Ningxia Progress of elimination (10,000) Chongqing Shanghai (high pollution vehicles only) Guizhou Jiangxi Gansu Inner Mongolia Xinjiang Fujian Guangxi Jilin (yellow-label vehicles only) Yunnan Heilongjiang Shaanxi Tianjin (outdated vehicles only) Hu'nan Shanxi Hebei (outdated vehicles only) Zhejiang Hubei Sichuan Anhui Liaoning Shandong Jiangsu Guangdong Beijing (outdated vehicles only) He'nan

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Eliminated vehicles (10,000)

Figure 38: Targets and Progress on the Elimination of Yellow-Label and Outdated Vehicles for Provinces, Regions and Municipalities in 2016

38 Policy Implementation and Progress Furthermore, some cities imposed strict restrictions on yellow-label vehicles. in restriction areas. It is worth mentioning that Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Shijiazhuang, Shenzhen, and Puyang implemented permanent bans on Qingdao, Zhejiang Province, and Jiangsu Province have completed elimination these vehicles in their administrative districts, while more than a hundred of all yellow-label vehicles in 2016, and focused on eliminating high-pollution other cities enforced the regulations on banning or restricting yellow-label outdated vehicles and promoting new energy vehicles. vehicles in built-up urban areas, core urban areas, or designated areas. They also conducted rigorous road checks to actively prohibit such vehicles

Huangnan Prefecture Target of elimination (10,000) Jincheng Target of elimination (10,000) Ezhou Progress of elimination (10,000) Yichang Progress of elimination (10,000) Chizhou Ji’an Huangshi Hanzhong Xiaogan Yuxi Shiyan Panjin Suizhou Haikou Xianning Jinzhou Zhangjiajie Yingkou Sanya Dandong Hebi Suqian Enshi Prefecture Weinan Tongling Lanzhou Huanggang Huaian Tonghua Nantong Guangyuan Daqing Beihai Songyuan Zhuhai Suzhou Nanping Foshan Jingmen Hefei Zhenjiang Guiyang Zigong Xuzhou Jingzhou Ningbo Jiaozuo Wuxi Huainan Wenzhou Bozhou Changsha Huludao Pingdingshan Shangrao Anshan Tieling Hangzhou Qingyuan Changchun Huaibei Wuhan Zhangzhou Dalian Xuancheng Harbin Fushun Chongqing Xiangyang Shenyang Mianyang Guangzhou 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Eliminated vehicles (10,000) Eliminated vehicles (10,000)

Figure 39: Targets and Progress of Yellow-Label and Outdated Vehicles Elimination of Some Cities in 2016

Policy Implementation and Progress 39 Encouraging Public Transport and Promoting New energy vehicles

The central government has continued to allocate funds that subsidize ban fossil-fuel vehicles for use as new or replaced buses. In 2016, the new energy vehicles and the construction of charging facilities. Both nationwide population of new energy vehicles had reached 1,014,000, funding mechanisms have further encouraged the provinces to promote up 73.87% from 2015 when the population was 583,200. Figure 40 new energy vehicles. Some provinces, such as Guangdong and Hebei, shows promotion progress in the three key regions in 2016. Tianjin and have taken the lead in promoting and using new energy vehicles in Hebei Province exceeded the government-assigned target of “adding no the public service sector, increasing the use of these vehicles in public fewer than 30,000 new energy vehicles.” Tianjin increased the number transport, taxis, and urban logistics. Starting in 2016, PRD also aimed to of new energy vehicles by 23.3% and Hebei increased by 65.1%.

73,000 57,800 45,000 37,000 32,000 14,400

Beijing Hebei Shanghai Tianjin Zhejiang Jiangsu

441 100+

Hebei Zhejiang

14,100 10,000+ 5,000+ Newly added new energy vehicles

Newly added EV charging stations

Newly added charging piles Hebei Zhejiang Shanghai

Figure 40: Promotion of New energy vehicles in Key Regions in 2016

40 Policy Implementation and Progress At the city level, in addition to the cities in key regions such as Beijing, 100 cities provided incentives to encourage organizations and individuals to Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen where new energy vehicles had already purchase and use new energy vehicles. These cities also improved charging been promoted on a large scale, around 200 cities also initiated the switch facilities for such vehicles and implemented a mechanism to reward and/or to new energy vehicles in sectors of public transport, taxis, environmental subsidize the purchase of new energy vehicles. sanitation, government agencies, and public institutions. In addition, about

Shanghai Tongling Liaocheng

New energy Shenzhen Anqing Guiyang vehicles (10,000)

Zhenjiang Ningde Hebi

Lianyungang Taian Zhanjiang

Bus (500) Lanzhou Rizhao Jiaozuo

Zhangjiakou Yangjiang Qinhuangdao

Xinyu Lvliang Chengde

Jiamusi Yingkou Anshan

Dali Prefecture Bozhou Baotou

Tonghua Jinzhou Huaian

Suzhou Tieling Cangzhou

Figure 41: Promotion of New Energy Vehicles in Some Cities in 2016

Diesel Vehicle Pollution Control Monitoring and Inspection

Managing pollution from heavy-duty diesel vehicles is receiving increasing Over 30 cities, including Beijing, Chongqing, Chengde, Yichang, Xi’an, attention. Beijing, Wuhan, Nantong, Zhengzhou and other cities in their Shenyang, have required that remote sensing detection devices be installed provinces have banned heavy-duty diesel vehicles in designated areas on major roads to increase inspection and control over exhaust emissions and strengthened the management of pollution emitted by such vehicles. of outdated vehicles. The provinces of Shanxi, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan and Moreover, Beijing, Shanghai, Zhengzhou, Shenzhen, Xi’an, and Yichang Shaanxi have started creating country-province-city interconnected vehicle have required that pollution control devices, including DPFs, be installed exhaust supervision systems. Cities in Jiangsu Province have also started on heavy-duty diesel vehicles. In 2016, more than 5,500 DPFs were to set up a province-city-county interconnected vehicle exhaust supervision installed on eight types of new heavy-duty diesel vehicles in Beijing, system. Such measures pushed forward the establishment of electronic including buses, sanitation trucks, tourist buses, mail trucks, dump trucks, intelligent monitoring networks, realizing real-time transmission of inspection shuttle buses, school buses and airport buses. data, real-time monitoring of vehicle inspection, and inspection information sharing.

Policy Implementation and Progress 41 Optimization of Industrial Structure and Layout Xinxiang 10 Jinhua The elimination of outdated capacity progressed smoothly 103 Beijing Tongling in 2016. More than 65 million tons of excessive iron and 335 14 steel capacity and 290 million tons of excessive coal Lishui Dezhou capacity were eliminated across the country. See Figure 90 Chengdu 5 Hangzhou 42 below for the progress of outdated capacity elimination 51 213 in 3 key regions. Tang shan Eliminated 5 Urumqi / Relocated 8 Enshi Liaocheng Baoding 51 Ziyang Enterprises 120 3 154 Longyan Zhejiang100 30 Tianjin101 Zhenjiang Xingtai Huhhot 100 196 Hebei3385 10

Beijing335 Iron and steel Lvliang (10,000 ton) 45 Outdated Cement (in Chengde Polluting Jiangsu580 Capacity 401 enterprises 10,000 ton) Guangdong307 Elimination Shijia Plate glass zhuang (10,000 weight box) Jiangsu300 80 Hebei286 Chuzhou Hechi Cement 51 30 (10,000 ton) Dazhou Huaian 140 60 Hebei2189 Panzhihua Weinan 60 Jiangsu512 150 Ulanqab Lishui Iron & Steel Mei 60 shan 50 (in 10,000 Luzhou 4.5 3 Hanzhong Yichun ton) 18 Liaocheng Huaian 170 70 Xuan Jining 137 cheng 30 Figure 42: Progress of Outdated Capacity Qujing 33 123 Huangshi Elimination in Key Regions in 2016 Chang Pingxiang Zhang 129 chun 215 jiakou 48 120 Wuhan Xuzhou The elimination of outdated capacity continues to be 569 200 Yuxi Chengde carried forward at the city level. In addition to pre- 122 291 existing measures, new measures such as differential Tangshan pricing policies for electricity, water and pollution 1569 Ezhou Linfen 82 discharge as well as policies for punitive electricity Xingtai 222 pricing have been adopted and implemented to 475 further advance eliminations. Figure 43 below shows the progress made on eliminating outdated capacity in some cities. Figure 43: Progress of Outdated Capacity Elimination in Some Cities in 2016

42 Policy Implementation and Progress Reducing Emissions in Industrial Process production technologies, processes, and equipment, placing emphasis on boosting the level of cleaner production technology for small and medium- Cleaner Production sized enterprises. Cleaner production audits and technology upgrades were comprehensively implemented to lower the intensity of emissions in these key industries. The Rules for Cleaner Production Audit were officially released on July 1, 2016, expanding the range of enterprises that must go through mandatory cleaner production auditing. Furthermore, the NDRC, the MEP, and the Upgrading Fuel Quality Ministry of Industry and Information Technology have consolidated and revised the relevant systems of cleaner production assessment indicators for the According to the national plan for upgrading fuel quality, 11 provinces electrolytic manganese, coating, and synthetic leather industries. Moreover, and municipalities in East China are required to only supply gasoline and new indicator systems for the photovoltaic cell and gold industries were also diesel that complied with China V standards beginning from January 1, set up. 2016. The implementation status of the 11 provinces and municipalities is as follows: In key regions: ◆ Achieved Supply Ahead of Schedule: Beijing and Shanghai in 2013, as well as

◆ Beijing conducted voluntary audits for 353 enterprises and compulsory audits for Tianjin in 2014, supplied gasoline and diesel complying with China V standards. 114 enterprises since 2013, meeting the target set in its Clean Air Action Plan of Subsequently, Guangdong, Hainan and Jiangsu provided their supply in 2015. “completing cleaner production audits for no fewer than 400 enterprises” one year ahead of schedule. ◆ Achieved Supply on Schedule: As required by central government, Hebei, ◆ Tianjin completed assessments of cleaner production audit reports for 68 Shandong, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Liaoning started supplying auto gasoline and enterprises and acceptance of cleaner production audits for 96 enterprises. diesel complying with the China V standards from January 1, 2016. ◆ Hebei Province completed the acceptance of cleaner production audits for 482 enterprises. Apart from the East China, other provinces were required to supply gasoline ◆ Zhejiang Province upgraded 1,000 enterprises following cleaner production and diesel that comply with the China V standards beginning from January processes. 1, 2017. The provinces of Shaanxi and Henan began fully supplying auto ◆ Guangdong Province completed the acceptance of cleaner production audits for gasoline and diesel complying with China V standards starting on October 234 enterprises. 1, 2014 and November 1, 2016 respectively, ahead of schedule. Beijing released the 6th stage of its auto gasoline and diesel standards in October Following the comprehensive implementation of the 12th Five-Year Plan 2016 which were due to take effect on January 1, 2017. for the Promotion of Industrial Cleaner Production, China established 24 provincial-level and 31 city-level cleaner production centers, including Dec. Oct. Dec. Jul. Oct. Dec. Nov. centers dedicated to the metallurgy, chemical, light industry, nonferrous 2013 2014 2014 2015 2015 2015 2016 metals, and machinery industries. Promotion plans for cleaner production in 35 key industries were also released by provinces and cities, including iron and steel, building materials, petrochemicals, chemicals, and nonferrous metals. As a result, emissions of industrial chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, SO2, and NOx decreased by 28%, 15%, 6.7%, and 4.1%, respectively. These reductions meant that the relevant targets set out in 12th Beijing Shaanxi Tianjin Shandong Hainan Jiangsu Henan Five-Year Plan were fulfilled. In 2016, over 200 cities continued promoting Shanghai cleaner production. Moreover, enterprises from major sectors, such as iron and steel, cement, chemical, petrochemicals, nonferrous metal smelting, Figure 44: Provinces and Municipalities that Provided China coal, and power generation, have adopted advanced and useful cleaner V Gasoline and Diesel Ahead of Schedule

Policy Implementation and Progress 43 Clean Coal Combustion

In 2016, a total of 2.345 billion tons of raw coal were selected by washing Figure 45 below shows target coal selection rates of cities in 2016. Some nationwide. The selection rate reached 68.9%, up by 3% compared with cities in northeastern and western China had selection rates that were 2015, which raised hopes that the country would attain the target of raw coal still lower than the national average target, requiring further measures for selection rate of 70% in 2017. improvement.

30% 40% 50% 55%

Longnan Jinzhou, Dandong, Huludao, Luzhou, Bijie, Jiuquan, Tieling Liaoyang, Chaoyang Qianxinan Prefecture

60% 66% 70% 70%

Yibin, Panzhihua, Zigong, Changchun Xianyang, Tongchuan, Yuncheng, Chongqing, Chengde, Deyang, Dazhou, Jingdezhen, Xinzhou, Neijiang, Baishan, Benxi Pingxiang, Ji’an Alashan League, Hengyang

75% 80% 85%

Korla, Jinzhong, Wuwei Shizuishan, Fuxin, Shenyang, Fushun Shuozhou, Guyuan

Figure 45: 2016 Targets of Raw Coal Selection Rate of Cities

44 Policy Implementation and Progress Increasing Green Space in Urban Areas

Since increasing green space was designed as a new measure to control and forest coverage in 2016. The green space and forest coverage of some air pollution in 2015, nearly 200 cities have been expanding green fields cities are shown in Figure 46 and 47.

14.9% 20%-25% 25%-30% 30%-35% 35%-40% 40%-45% Huainan Bengbu, Taiyuan, Jinchang Zhenjiang, Changzhou, Suzhou, Suqian, Xianyang, Tangshan, Deyang, Guangzhou Cangzhou Xuzhou, Jiaozuo, Hebi Dongguan, Shijiazhuang

45%-50% 50%-55% 55%-60% 65%-70% 70%-75% 76.8% Chongqing, Yueyang, Kunming, Guiyang, Fuzhou, Chengde, Shangrao, Liuzhou, Yichang, Huaihua, Guilin, Sanming Qujing,Changde Jilin Fangchenggang, Beijing, Putian Fuzhou Zhangjiajie

Figure 46: Forest Coverage of Some Cities in 2016

30%-35% 35%-40% 40%-45% 45%-50% 60.5%

Fangchenggang, Shangluo, Jinchang, Chongqing, Jinan, Wuhai, Zhengzhou, Langfang, Weihai, Shaoyang Harbin, Suzhou Cangzhou, Haikou, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Suqian, Zhenjiang, Dongguan Putian, Sanming, Xiamen, Changzhou, Shijiazhuang, Tieling, Huaihua, Nanchang, Panjin, Fuzhou, Yancheng, Jiuquan, Hebi, Quanzhou, Liuzhou, Xuzhou, Nantong, Changsha Baotou, Fuzhou, Xi’an, Taiyuan, Bengbu

Figure 47: Green Space Coverage of Built-up Areas of Some Cities in 2016

Policy Implementation and Progress 45 Area Source Management Emission Reduction in End Use

Installing continuous monitoring systems became a new measure to control Desulfurization, Denitration and Dedusting fugitive dust pollution in 2016. Some provinces and cities strengthened supervision and control of fugitive dust on construction sites and roads In 2016, desulfurization, denitration and dedusting achieved steady through continuous monitoring and mechanized cleaning. progress across key industries and enterprises nationwide. Beijing was the first city to retrofit gas boilers using low-NOx emission technology, In BTH, Beijing installed video monitoring systems on 1,540 construction completing the retrofit for over 1,500 boilers in 2016. Tianjin carried out sites. Meanwhile, the operation rate of “absorbing, sweeping, washing 152 desulfurization, denitration, dedusting and VOCs emission control and recycling” for road sweeping and cleaning reached 87%. Tianjin projects targeting major industrial enterprises, along with 29 smoke and completed continuous monitoring and video surveillance of fugitive dust on fine dust emission control projects that targeted iron and steel companies. 1,178 earthwork construction sites and on 235 stacking yards of industrial Anhui Province completed 55 desulfurization projects and 38 denitration enterprises. Discharge fees for fugitive dust amounting to RMB 132 million projects, and Jiangsu Province dismantled the flue gas bypass of 46 sinter were collected. In addition, Hebei Province issued an action plan for fugitive machines’ desulfurization devices. Guangdong Province equipped all dust control to implement control measures on construction sites and roads. sinter machines and pellet production lines with desulfurization devices. It installed denitration devices in all clinker production lines with a capacity of In YRD, Shanghai enhanced comprehensive fugitive dust prevention and over 2,000 tons/day and desulfurization and denitration devices for 26 flat control beginning with fugitive dust control on roads. The city designated glass production lines. Guangxi Province completed the construction of 16 a fugitive dust control zone covering 606 square kilometers and installed new dry-process cement kilns using denitration technologies of low-NOx 2,100 continuous monitoring systems. Jiangsu Province reinforced control combustion and SNCR. Guizhou Province upgraded dedusting devices of all on fine dust at stacking yards of industrial and mining enterprises. Through coal-fired generating units above 3MW to eliminate fugitive dust emissions. measures of improving stock bin enclosures and conducting automatic Qinghai Province implemented 27 comprehensive pollution control projects, spraying, the qualification rate of dust control on construction sites reached including upgrading and converting facilities for key industrial waste gas over 90% in whole province. Zhejiang Province completed fugitive dust pollution control and building desulfurization and denitration devices. control on urban construction sites covering more than 150 million square meters, with the mechanized cleaning rate of all major urban arterial roads As a key control measure to prevent frequent heavy pollution days in the reaching 100%. Anhui Province implemented fugitive dust control on 1,535 northern regions during heating season, clinker production lines in the construction sites. cement industry in northern regions were required to suspend production on a trial basis in the winter of 2015-2016. Subsequently, when the heating In 2016, Guangdong Province proposed installing video monitoring devices season began in October 2016, the MIIT and MEP required northern regions on construction sites covering a total area of over 100,000 square meters to fully suspend cement production over all heating seasons in 2016- and equipping vehicles with GPS devices. However, information on the 2020. Other provinces and cities were also encouraged to suspend cement progress was not available at the time of writing this report. production during the Chinese New Year, hot summer days, and the rainy season. Apart from the northern regions, some cities in Jiangsu Province More than 200 cities continued strengthening fugitive dust control, mainly and Hunan Province also limited or stopped cement production to reduce targeting construction sites, city roads, industrial stacking yards, concrete emissions and mitigate excess capacity. Suspending cement production mixing plants, and mines. Compared with 2015, Hebei, Henan, Liaoning, during heating season eventually became the normal state, which allowed Guangdong, Sichuan, Gansu and Hainan provinces also increased efforts to the cement sector to manage excess capacity. The timeline for suspending install video monitoring devices to improve supervision. cement production is shown below in Figure 48.

46 Policy Implementation and Progress Converting to Ultra-Low Emission Units BTH Region, Northeast Region, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang In 2016, the National Energy Administration and the MEP jointly released the Nov targets and tasks of converting coal power to achieve ultra-low emissions Dec Start for provinces and municipalities, with a plan to complete converting 444 GW Start of coal power generating units to ultra-low emission units nationwide. All the Shaanxi, Gansu,

Qinghai, Ningxia Jan tasks were completed on schedule by the end of 2016. Generating units Shandong Start totaling 40 GW in Hebei Province were converted to ultra-low emission and Henan the three provinces and one municipality in YRD completed converting 112 Start coal-fired units for ultra-low emission in power plants. In addition, as many

2015-2016 Feb as 65 coal-fired units totaling 24.68 GW were converted in Guangdong Province, exceeding the annual target. According to publicly available data, Jiangsu, Shanxi and Guangxi provinces failed to accomplish their ultra-low emission targets in 2016. Progress made by provinces in 2016 is shown in

Shaanxi, Gansu, ShandongEnd the Figure 49. Qinghai, Ningxia, Mar Xinjiang, End Northeast Region

BTH Region, Shanxi, End Upgrading Vehicle Emission Standards Inner Mongolia, Shandong, HenanNov Apr BTH Region, Shanxi, Dec Inner Mongolia, Start Shandong He’nan According to requirements from the central government, from April 1, 2016, Start Northeast Region, Start Xinjiang the China V vehicle emission standards applied to all imported, sold, and registered light-duty gasoline vehicles, light-duty diesel passenger vehicles, Jan and heavy-duty diesel vehicles (for public transportation, environmental Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia sanitation and mail purposes only) in the 11 provinces and municipalities in the East China. The progress of relevant provinces and cities is as follows:

Feb 2016-2020 ◆ Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong Province and Tianjin enforced China V vehicle emission standards ahead of schedule. Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia ◆ Hebei Province, Shandong Province, Liaoning Province, Zhejiang Province, Northeast Region, Xinjiang Mar Jiangsu Province (excluding Suqian, Zhenjiang and Nantong), and Fujian End BTH Region, Shanxi, Province (Xiamen, Fuzhou and Quanzhou only) enforced the standards from Inner Mongolia, Shandong, Henan End April 1, 2016.

Apr ◆ Hai'nan Province and some prefecture-level cities of Jiangsu Province (such as Suqian, Zhenjiang and Nantong), and Fujian Province (such as Longyan) progressed behind schedule.

Furthermore, MEP, together with the MIIT, the State Administration for Industry Figure 48: Timeline for Suspending Cement Production and Commerce, and the General Administration of Quality Supervision, in 2015-2020 Inspection and Quarantine, jointly conducted special inspections on the

Policy Implementation and Progress 47 Target (10MW) No task assigned 0~500 500~1000 1000~2000 2000~3000 >=3000

Progress(10MW)

0~500

500~1000

1000~2000

2000~3000

>=3000 Figure 49: Targets and Progress of Ultra-Low Emission Conversion for Provinces in 2016 (Unit: 10MW)

enforcement of the vehicle standards, supply of petroleum products and auto In 2016, Qinghai Province, which is not one of the key control regions, urea, as well as manufacturers’ production status in areas that enforced such volunteered to apply special emission limits on air pollutants to the key standards in advance. sectors of iron and steel, cement, nonferrous metals, chemicals, and newly built coal-fired boiler projects, and to apply ultra-low emission limits to new Applying Special Emission Limits coal-fired power generation projects in Xi’ning, Haidong, the capitals of the six autonomous prefectures (Haibei, Hainan, Huangnan, Guoluo, Yushu and By the end of 2015, China had fully completed formulating and amending Haixi), and the built-up area and surrounding industrial parks in Golmud. emission standards for the “key industries to which special emission limits on air pollutants should be applied”. From July 1, 2016, special emission limits were applied to in-use steam boilers at or under 10 t/h and in-use hot-water boilers at or under 7 MW.

48 Policy Implementation and Progress Comprehensive Measures The principal goal of VOCs emission control is to manage industrial VOCs emissions, which account for over 50% of total emissions. China is pursuing the goal of cutting VOCs emissions from industrial sectors by VOCs Emission Control over 3.3 million tons by 2018 compared with 2015. In order to achieve the target, specific tasks and measures were assigned to 11 key industrial In 2016, the 13th Five-Year Plan on Eco-Environmental Protection included sectors whose VOCs emissions make up more than 80% of total industrial VOCs in its total emission control indicators. It requires that total VOCs emissions. These sectors are: oil refining and petrochemicals, coating, emission control be conducted in key regions and industries and a decrease printing ink, adhesives, pesticides, automobiles, package printing, rubber of over 10% in total VOCs emissions by 2020 compared with 2015. The products, synthetic leather, furniture, and shoemaking. plan also mandated 16 provinces and municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin,

Shanghai and Chongqing, along with Hebei, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Meanwhile, the VOCs pollution charge pilot program that began on October Anhui, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Sichuan and Shaanxi 1, 2015 was expanded to cover 15 provinces and municipalities, including provinces) that had serious PM and O3 pollution to set total VOCs emission Beijing and Shanghai, Jiangsu, Hunan, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Liaoning, Hebei, control targets and develop corresponding implementation proposals. Shandong, Shanxi, Hubei, Hainan, Jiangxi, Fujian and Yunnan provinces. Subsequently, 15 provinces and cities set their total VOCs emission control All these provinces and municipalities launched pilots mainly in the sectors targets for the “13th Five-Year Plan” period, as shown in Figure 50. of petrochemicals and package printing. Beijing, Shanghai, and Shandong Province also carried out pollution charge pilot programs in other key sectors such as car manufacturing, shipbuilding, and furniture manufacturing. In its execution, the pilot program ensured that all revenue goes to local finance and the information regarding pollution charges were disclosed. Shanghai, 5% 10% Hebei Province, Shandong Province, Zhejiang Province and Jiangsu Province released the policies following the principle of “imposing lower charges first, phasing in higher charges later”. See Table 1 below for details.

10% Table 1: VOCs Pollution Charge Rules Shaanxi, Guangdong,Henan, Sichuan Hubei,Hunan, Anhui,Gansu When the concentration of VOCs emitted Reduce the discharge fee by enterprises is over 50% lower than the by half national or local emission limits. 13% 20% Nationwide a.When the concentration of VOCs emitted by enterprises is higher than the national or local emission limits; b.When the concentration of VOCs emitted Double the discharge fee by enterprises is higher than the total Chongqing Beijing,Hebei, (applicable in any of the emissions indicator; Tianjin, Shandong, situations a, b and c) c.When the manufacturing process, Zhejiang, Jiangsu equipment and products of enterprises fall into the category of those required to be eliminated in the Catalogue for Guiding Industry Restructuring (Amendment).

Figure 50: Provinces and Municipalities that Set Total Triple the discharge fee When a and b apply simultaneously. VOCs Emission Control Targets by 2020

Policy Implementation and Progress 49 Charge by pollution equivalent Charge by kilos 7 Yuan/kilos

6 20

5 15

Yuan/pollution equivalent Yuan/pollution 4

3 10

2 5 1

0 0 Anhui Shanghai Beijing Hebei Hu’nan Sichuan Liaoning Tianjin Shandong Shanghai Hainan Zhejiang Shanxi Jiangsu Hubei Jiangxi Shanghai Fujian Yunnan Hebei Shandong

2015.10.1 2016.1.1 2016.3.1 2016.4.1 2016.5.1 2016.6.1 2016.7.1 2016.9.1 2016.10.1 2016.11.1 2017.7.1

Figure 51: VOCs Pollution Charges Standard in Pilot Provinces

Through the implementation of national policies, the three key regions made In PRD, Shunde District of Foshan set up the first VOCs emission trading the following progress in VOCs emission control in 2016: system in China, attempting to implement an incentive mechanism to encourage VOCs emissions reductions. In March 2016, Shunde auctioned In BTH, Beijing cut VOCs emissions by 13,700 tons. Tianjin installed VOCs 5 tons of VOCs emission permits through online auctions for the first time online monitoring devices for 84 discharge outlets in 19 key enterprises. (at a base price of RMB 8,000/year/ton). In 2016, Guangdong Province also Hebei Province released the VOCs Emission Control Standards for publicized a list of 855 key enterprises that were under supervision and Industrial Enterprises and implemented VOCs emission control within the required to complete control of VOCs emission at a rate of 80%. However, no specified period in key sectors to meet the standards. Shandong Province information on the progress and results of these efforts have been disclosed. completed 1,099 VOCs emission control projects in key sectors. 1600

In YRD, Shanghai completed VOCs emission control for 1,504 industrial 1400 enterprises, collected discharge fees of RMB 140 million from over 260 1200 enterprises, and cut VOCs emissions by around 30,000 tons year on year. 1000 Jiangsu Province completed 763 VOCs emission control projects in key sectors and issued the Technical Guide on Leak Detection and Repairing. 800

After completing the LDAR pilot program in the petrochemical industry, 600 Jiangsu started applying LDAR technology to major basic chemical sectors 400 with continuous production processes, including the manufacturing of organic chemical materials, synthetic fibers, and synthetic rubber. An “oil- 200 to-water” pilot was also launched in coating sectors including furniture, 0 Zhoushan Xuchang Yangzhou Nantong Guiyang Huai’an Tangshan Foshan Chongqing Nanjing Qingdao Shenzhen Shanghai electronics, exterior walls of buildings, and auto body repair. Zhejiang Province completed VOCs emission control projects targeting 953 enterprises and applied LDAR technology in the petrochemical industry and chemical enterprises with continuous production processes. Anhui Province Figure 52: Number of Enterprises that Conducted VOCs completed VOCs emission control projects in 216 enterprises. Emission Control in Some Cities in 2016

50 Policy Implementation and Progress Gas Stations Oil-storage depot Oil-tank Trucks City

Huainan 3 1 Heihe 6 1 Jixi 11 3 Tieling 14 3 Mudanjiang 18 Huhhot 19 Panjin 28 Liaoyang 29 1 Qitaihe 33 1 Daqing 41 Xianning 45 1 Shuangyashan 51 1 Yulin 56 1 12 Shizuishan 57 6 Pingliang 58 1 61 Ziyang 63 2 66 22 In 2016, more than 100 cities conducted investigations Haidong 79 1 into VOCs emissions sources in key sectors. They Jiamusi Fuxin 83 1 16 focused on major pollution sources and established Kasha Region 90 2 a VOCs emission inventory in key sectors. Figure 52 XilinGol 90 1 shows the number of enterprises that conducted VOCs Kashi Region 90 2 emissions control. Harbin 97 3 Jiuquan 100 5 114 Since some cities already completed oil vapor recovery Zhuhai 108 5 37 in 2015, in 2016 they focused primarily on strengthening Bayannur 123 2 the supervision of oil vapor recovery at gas stations, Hebi 150 2 oil storage depots and tank trucks in order to ensure Dandong 161 58 that oil vapory recovery devices were in operation and Anshan 190 satisfied recovery and emission standards. The cities Urumqi 191 also banned the suspension or idling of any of these Chifeng 222 3 devices without permission. Additionally, oil vapor Qiqihar 253 1 recovery was also implemented on newly built, rebuilt Pingdingshan 260 1 39 or expanded storage depots and gas stations as well as Jinhua 284 57 new oil tank trucks. See Table 2 for cities’ progress on Zhumadian 335 2 24 oil vapor recovery. Chongqing 300+ 16

Table 2: Progress of Oil Vapor Recovery in Some Cities in 2016

Policy Implementation and Progress 51 Reducing Emissions from Non-Road Mobile Machinery, of Shanghai, Ningbo-Zhoushan, Suzhou, and Nantong in YRD (beginning April 1) and and Vessels Shenzhen Port in PRD (beginning October 1) required ships to use low-sulfur oil (sulfur content ≦ 0.5%) while berthing. Building upon efforts in 2015, control measures for emissions from non- road mobile machinery, such as agricultural and engineering machinery and (2) Development of Onshore Power Supply: In 2016, Jiangsu Province built 519 new onshore vessels, continued to advance in 2016. In the same year, the MEP released power supply systems, while the Ningbo-Zhoushan Port of Zhejiang Province built and began emission standards for diesel engines of non-road mobile machinery (China operating two high-voltage onshore power supply facilities and completed over 100 low- III) and marine engines (China I and II). It also put in place a series of voltage onshore power supply facilities. Meanwhile, Chongqing completed the construction of regulations to manage the disclosure of environmental information for newly three onshore power projects and encouraged ships to change their connectors for the use of manufactured non-road mobile machinery and designated low-emission the onshore power supply systems. zones. Ports also began to impose requirements for vessel emission control zones and onshore power supply was significantly increased. At (3) Banning, Eliminating and Converting Outdated Vessels: Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces the same time, regular diesel that complied with China IV standards was banned, eliminated, and converted outdated vessels starting January 1, 2016. The two supplied in some provinces and cities ahead of schedule. After gaining a provinces prohibited single-hull chemical tankers and oil tankers above 600 dwt from entering greater understanding of pollution conditions on the ground and establishing the main channel of the Yangtze River, Beijing-Hangzhou Canal, and other high-grade inventories, all provinces and cities reinforced emissions control for non- waterway networks in YRD to encourage scrapping, eliminating, and upgrading outdated road mobile machinery through focusing on updating machinery, fuel quality, vessels. Moreover, Zhejiang Province banned dry bulk carriers under 200 gross tons from maintenance, supervision, regional restrictions, etc. passing through the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal.

In 2016, some port cities adopted the following measures to control pollution (4) Pollution Control at Wharfs: Jiangsu Province comprehensively advanced oil vapor from ports and vessels: recovery at wharfs, particularly those along the Yangtze River and the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal. Zhanjiang and Shantou of Guangdong Province also improved fugitive dust pollution (1) Vessel Emission Control Zones: After the government put forth a policy to establish control at wharfs under 1,000 dwt by using dry fog, spraying and other techniques and at vessel emission control zones at the end of 2015, all the core ports in YRD and wharfs above 1,000 dwt by using windproof nets and fully enclosed transportation system. some core ports in PRD initiated pollution control over vessels. The four core ports The eastern, western and northern regions of Guangdong Province strove to complete Table 3: Coverage Area of Vessel Emission Control fugitive dust control measures at dry bulk wharfs ahead of schedule. Areas in YRD In 2016, the policies that were issued at the national, provincial and city levels for

Sea Area Inland Waters Core Ports non-road mobile machinery pollution control (vessels excluded) and the progress made on these policies are detailed below:

Coastal area of Jiangsu Navigable inland Province to the north of waters in the the junction of Jiangsu Port areas along (1) Disclosure of Environmental Protection Information: A trial operation of the public administrative Province and Shanghai’s the sea or river jurisdictions of 8 cities environmental protection information platform for vehicles and non-road mobile machinery set mainland coastlines, of the ports of (Nanjing, Zhenjiang, and areas south of the Suzhou and up by MEP began on September 1, 2016. Enterprises that manufacture and import vehicles

Jiangsu Yangzhou, Taizhou, junction of Nantong and Nantong Nantong, Changzhou, and non-road mobile machineries were required to disclose information on their pollution Yancheng’s mainland Wuxi and Suzhou) coastlines control technologies and emission inspections to the public. The sea area formed between the junction of Navigable inland Zhejiang Province and waters in the (2) Gradual Regulation of Non-Road Mobile Machinery: In 2016, a total of 4,227 engines for Shanghai’s mainland administrative coastlines and reef non-road mobile machinery passed environmental protection inspections across the country. jurisdictions of Ningbo- extensions of 12 nautical Hangzhou, Ningbo, Zhoushan Port All provinces and cities gradually began regulating the machinery. Beijing started registering miles, including the Huzhou, Jiaxing,

Zhejiang junction of Taizhou and the labels of construction machinery in the city and recording information on their engines Shaoxing, and Wenzhou’s mainland Taizhou coastlines and extending and emission control devices. Shanghai also completed declaring and registering non- beyond 12 nautical miles road mobile machinery and implemented smoke emission standards for in-use machinery

52 Policy Implementation and Progress beginning on July 1. Jiangsu Province BTH made the following progress to further regional cooperation in collected basic information on 11 categories 2016: of engineering machinery. Shenzhen conducted inspections of exhaust from in- (1) Unification of Planning: In 2016, the MEP, together with the BTH region, Regional use machinery, completing a total of 10,000 issued the Enhanced Measures for Air Pollution Prevention and Control in Collaboration such inspections in 2016, and established a Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Province (2016-2017). The measures require the management platform for non-road mobile local governments in the region to create detailed plans to attain air quality machinery. In addition to the three key targets by 2017, and coordinate to adopt enhanced measures, including regions, Chongqing, along with Shandong, cleaning and replacing loose coal in rural areas, eliminating coal-fired boilers, Henan, Anhui, Qinghai, Gansu, Fujian and controlling VOCs emissions, and controlling and preventing vehicle pollution. Guizhou provinces included measures for pollution and emission control for non-road (2) Unification of Monitoring and Alerting: During the winter season at the mobile machinery in their annual action beginning and end of 2016, northern cities continued to face prolonged and plans, as well as the air pollution prevention large-scale heavy pollution. At the beginning of the year, the MEP issued and control regulations amended in 2016. a letter co-signed by the China Meteorological Administration that required cities at and above the prefecture level in BTH to take the lead in unifying (3) Designation of Low-Emission Zones: heavy pollution alerting and grading standards. By the end of the year, the Starting on October 1, 2016, Zhengzhou standards were expanded to cover BTH and its surrounding areas. During a of Henan Province banned high-pollution period of heavy air pollution across the region on December 2-4, 60 cities in non-road mobile machinery from the urban BTH and its surrounding areas initiated uniform alerting and response and area within the Third Ring Road as well as for the first time achieved a high level and large scale of regional alerting and built-up areas of three development zones. emergency responses. Collaboration mechanism of regional alerting and High-pollution non-road mobile machinery response to heavy pollution days was further improved. refers to non-road mobile machinery below the China I emission standards (i.e. those (3) Unification of Standards: Beginning in 2016, Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei manufactured before October 1, 2007). Province began to supply auto gasoline and diesel complying with China V In addition, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and standards and enforce China V vehicle emission standards. Moreover, they Foshan, among other cities, also designated began to develop the Standards for VOC Content Limits on Building Coatings emission control areas and conducted and Adhesives, which would become the first regional standard for BTH. relevant research on low-emission zones.

(4) Unification of Enforcement: In December 2016, Beijing and Tianjin launched (4) Upgrading the Quality of Regular Diesel: an enforcement pilot program on excessive vehicle emissions in two cities, China required key cities in the east to which was the first joint enforcement and inspection of its kind conducted. supply regular diesel with the same sulfur The program aimed to inspect heavy-duty diesel vehicles passing through the content as the auto diesel that complies borders of the two cities, to gather data on excessive emissions from non-local with the China IV standards (sulfur content vehicles, and transmit them to the Air Pollution Control Information Sharing ≤ 50 mg/kg) beginning January 1, 2016. Platform of BTH and its surrounding areas. This would enable environmental Shanghai was the first city to supply regular protection authorities to conduct door-to-door investigations in their respective diesel that complies with the China IV areas. standards, beginning April 1.

Policy Implementation and Progress 53 (5) Deepening Coordinated Pollution Control Mechanisms: Beijing spent RMB 502 These seven cities conducted two rounds of coordinated enforcement million to support Baoding and Langfang’s efforts towards the elimination of small followed up with supervision that dispatched 545 persons, inspected 151 coal-fired boilers and the management of large coal-fired boilers. In addition, Tianjin key enterprises, required the rectification of 231 environmental issues, provided RMB 400 million in funding and technical assistance to Cangzhou and and issued penalties for seven enterprises. Moreover, seven counties and Tangshan for air pollution control. districts of Ji’nan entered into coordinated enforcement agreements on industrial pollution prevention and control with 12 counties and districts of (6) Improvements in Information Sharing Mechanisms: An Air Pollution Control neighboring cities. They cooperated with Zibo and Binzhou to implement Information Sharing Platform for BTH and its surrounding areas was established multiple rounds of air pollution joint enforcement work and cross- in 2016. The platform allowed for real-time information sharing on air quality and inspections. The cities established an all-round county/district coordination emissions of key pollution sources in seven provinces (regions and municipalities). and collaboration mechanism for monitoring, enforcement and pollution control that enabled work across geographical boundaries.

In 2016, YRD held regular inter-agency meetings and became the first in China to enforce the requirements for vessel emission control areas. This The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region put in place a coordinated prevention ensured high air quality for major events, including the G20 Hangzhou and control mechanism for the Urumqi-Changji-Shihezi city cluster. This Summit, the 3rd World Internet Conference, and the 9th Global Conference cluster created a coordinated air pollution prevention and control plan for on Health Promotion. However, the progress made in the region has fallen 2016 and established a coordinated protection mechanism. With uniform behind the requirements for regional prevention and control outlined in the leadership and management, the city cluster convened for a major meeting Law on Prevention and Control of Air Pollution. YRD has been slow to unify on regional air pollution prevention and control that focused on addressing standards and pollution prevention and control measures, and conduct key air pollution issues. coordinated enforcement. Jiangxi Province also gradually intensified collaboration on air pollution

Besides the three key regions, other provinces and cities have established prevention and control among prefecture-level cities and between cities and air pollution prevention and control mechanisms with various prefecture- surrounding provinces. Nanchang, Jiujiang and Yichun, three prefecture-level level cities or with surrounding provinces and cities. Coordinated prevention cities in the province, experimented with environmental impact assessment and control mechanisms for metropolitan clusters were successfully put in consultation, information sharing, and coordinated enforcement. For example, they discussed drafting access requirements for high-pollution industries or place in a number of provinces. key areas within the region as well as information sharing on the key-source automatic monitoring platform and sharing data on vehicle restrictions. In Jilin Province assigned air pollution control tasks to Changchun, Jilin and addition, in terms of coordination between cities and surrounding provinces, Siping and issued relevant targets. A “6+1” model was adopted to solve coordinated regional air pollution prevention and control agreements were the issue of air pollution through collaboration. The model refers to “one signed between Jiujiang and Huanggang of Hubei Province, Pingxiang and overall target and six key measures”, involving industrial emission reduction, Zhuzhou of Hunan Province, and Ganzhou and Longyan of Fujian Province. significant reduction of coal consumption, effective fugitive dust reduction, vehicle emission control, fume control, and crop straw burning mitigation. In 2016, Zigong, Luzhou, Yibin and Neijiang cities in Sichuan Province In addition, the three cities released implementation plans to ensure the strengthened coordinated air pollution prevention and control mechanisms completion of these measures. in the southern region of the province. The four cities held meetings on a regular basis, discussed ways to tackle heavy pollution and ban crop straw Shandong Province further reinforced coordinated air pollution prevention burning, conducted coordinated enforcement inspections for regional air and control in the Ji’nan metropolitan cluster by establishing and improving pollution prevention and control, and coordinated the issuing of alerts on the mechanisms of coordinated regional pollution control, enforcement, heavy pollution in the region. and emergency responses. The metropolitan cluster, which includes Ji’nan, Zibo, Taian, Laiwu, Dezhou, Liaocheng and Binzhou, was required to improve regional air quality by roughly 35% by 2017 compared with 2013.

54 Policy Implementation and Progress The Hefei metropolitan cluster, which includes Hefei, Huainan, Lu’an, Furthermore, during the 2016 Silk Road International Exposition, the Guanzhong Chuzhou and Tongcheng in Anhui Province, signed a special framework metropolitan cluster that includes Xi’an, Baoji, Xianyang, Tongchuan, Weinan, agreement on coordinated environmental pollution prevention and control. In and the Yangling Demonstration Zone carried out a series of emission reduction the agreement, the five cities advanced measures for coordinated prevention measures targeting coal burning, vehicles, industry and fugitive dust through and control of vehicle pollution and established a coordinated monitoring and coordinated prevention and control efforts. During this period, the air quality in alerting mechanism. Xi’an was good and the city experienced its first attainment day in 2016.

Shaanxi Guanzhong metropolitan cluster （Xi’an, Baoji, Xianyang, Urumqi-Changji-Shihezi city cluster Tongchuan, Weinan, Yangling Demonstration Zone）

Changchun-Jilin-Siping city cluster

BTH Region

Shandong metropolitan cluster (Ji’nan, Zibo, Taian, Laiwu, Dezhou, Liaocheng, Binzhou)

YRD Region

Nanchang-Jiujiang-Yichun South Sichuan city cluster city cluster (Zigong, Luzhou, Yibin, Neijiang)

Hefei metropolitan cluster in Anhui Province

(Hefei, Huainan, Lu’an, Chuzhou, Tongcheng) PRD Region

Figure 53: Regional Collaboration on Air Pollution Prevention and Control in 2016

Policy Implementation and Progress 55 Economic Measures selected as the major pilot industries in these provinces and municipalities, Beijing, Shanghai and Shandong Supporting Discharge Fee Province expanded their pilot projects to include automobile manufacturing, shipbuilding, furniture manufacturing, and Measures In 2015, Beijing, Tianjin, and Jiangsu Province started other major industries. levying discharge fees on fugitive dust emissions at construction sites. Starting in 2016, Suzhou and Taizhou of Project Subsidies and Special Funds Jiangsu Province, Xinxiang of Henan Province, Jiangmen of Guangdong Province, and Chongqing also began In 2016, the central government allocated RMB 11.2 collecting discharge fees on fugitive dust emissions at billion to support the implementation of Action Plan construction sites, either based on unit area or pollution in key regions including BTH, YRD and PRD, which equivalent values. Financial penalties were used to represents an increase of 5.66% compared with the improve pollution control and emissions reduction. The amount of funding in 2015. On August 1, the Ministry of measures motivated construction entities to control fugitive Finance and the MEP started implementing the revised dust emissions and reduce fugitive dust emissions. After Measures for the Management of Special Funds. The Tianjin implemented a charging system for fugitive dust special fund for air pollution prevention and control emissions in 2015, a total of RMB 132 million was collected was allocated at the beginning of the Year 1 before in 2016. the measures implementation. The capital settlement would be conducted in Year 2 based on the reduction of After initiating Pilots for VOCs Discharge Fees on October PM annual mean concentration in Year 1. The special 1, 2015, the number of provinces and municipalities with fund for Year 2 would be deducted in provinces that pilot programs increased to 15 in 2016, including Beijing, fail to reach the Year 1 target, while a fixed amount in Tianjin, and Shanghai along with the provinces of Anhui, financial incentives would be granted to provinces with Hebei, Hunan, Sichuan, Liaoning, Shandong, Zhejiang, outstanding performance in air pollution control. Hainan, Shanxi, Jiangsu, Hubei, and Jiangxi. While the petrochemical, packaging and printing industries were

Provinces with the highest The annual budget of the performance on the reduction current year shall be deducted of annual mean concentration by 20% if 80% or lower of of PM in BTH, YRD and the targets to reduce annual PRD, respectively, shall be mean concentration of PM are granted a fixed amount of reached, and by 10% for a financial incentives, subject target completion rate of 80%- to the budget size of the 99%. current year.

Fund Deduction Incentive

Figure 54: Standard of Deductions and Rewards for Special Fund of Air Pollution Prevention and Control

56 Policy Implementation and Progress Special Funds for Air Pollution Prevention and Control Invested by Some Cities in 2016 is shown in the Figure 55.

Zhumadian Alashan League Jincheng Xuancheng Jiayuguan Baotou 45.11 million 74.5 million 91.84 million 105.73 million 180 million 430 million

Huangshi Shizuishan Lu’an 636 million 740 million 760 million

Huainan Hengshui 2.18 billion 2.232 billion

Urumqi 4.7 billion

Wuhai 5.641 billion

100million

Figure 55: Special Funds for Air Pollution Prevention and Control Invested by Some Cities in 2016

Policy Implementation and Progress 57 Environmental Protection Tax Law In 2016, the Central Environmental Protection Inspection Team was established to inspect all Party committees, governments, and relevant departments at On December 25, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Environmental the provincial and city levels on behalf of the CPC Central Committee and the Protection Tax was issued. As of January 1, 2018, the previous “Pollution State Council. The flurry of ensuing activities, including collecting information at Discharge Fee” will be replaced by the “Environmental Protection Tax”, while meetings, reviewing public reports and other relevant information, on-site spot- the range of tax payers, objects of taxation, and methods of calculation will checks, one-on-one talks with poorly performing local government officials, and remain similar. In terms of tax rates, the current level of discharge fees will site visits, set off a “storm of accountability”. serve as the lower limit for the environmental protection tax, while the tax rate of air pollutants will range from RMB 1.2 to RMB 12 per pollution equivalent. By the end of 2016, the Central Environmental Protection Inspection Team had With the release of this law, taxes will replace fees for environmental completed the inspection on 16 provinces (municipalities and districts). The pilot protection purposes. However, at present pollutants from mobile sources, inspection on Hebei Province was completed in late 2015. Starting in 2016, the including vehicles and non-road mobile machineries, are exempted from the team conducted inspection of the other 15 provinces (municipalities, districts) environmental protection tax. in two groups, with the first covering Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang Province, Jiangsu Province, Jiangxi Province, Henan Province, Guangxi Province, Yunnan Administrative Measures Province, and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The second group included Beijing, Shanghai, Hubei Province, Guangdong Province, Chongqing, Shaanxi Province, and Gansu Province. The team accepted a total of 33,000 public Environmental Protection Inspection and Special reports, of which 8,500 cases received economic penalties totaling RMB 440 Inspection million. They investigated over 800 cases, arrested 720 people, held admonitory talks with 6,307 people, and held 6,454 individuals accountable. In 2016, central and most provincial governments carried out environmental protection inspection, whereby Communist Party of China (CPC) committees and While the inspection team was inspecting the different environmental issues, they government agencies were asked to take equal responsibility for environmental considered air pollution to be one of the most important issues of concern. For protection. Table 4: Information Disclosure of the 2016 Central Environmental Protection Inspection

Release of Implementation Date of Release of Date of Release of Province Period of Inspection Status of Rectification Inspection Results Rectification Plan Plan Pilot Provinces Hebei 2015.12.31——2016.2.4 2016.5.3 2016.7.5 2017.5.26 Inner Mongolia 2016.7.14——8.14 2016.11.12 2017.4.27 Ningxia 2016.7.12——8.12 2016.11.16 2017.4.28

First Group of Jiangxi 2016.7.14——8.14 2016.11.17 2017.4.27 Provinces under Central Guangxi 2016.7.14——8.14 2016.11.17 2017.4.28 Environmental Protection Jiangsu 2016.7.15——8.15 2016.11.15 2017.4.28 Inspection Yunnan 2016.7.15——8.15 2016.11.23 2017.4.27 Henan 2016.7.16——8.16 2016.11.15 2017.4.27 Heilongjiang 2016.7.19——8.19 2016.11.15 2017.4.30 Chongqing 2016.11.24——12.24 2017.4.12 Hubei 2016.11.26——12.26 2017.4.14 Second Group of Guangdong 2016.11.28——12.28 2017.4.13 Provinces under Central Shanghai 2016.11.28——12.28 2017.4.12 Environmental Protection Shaanxi 2016.11.28——12.28 2017.4.11 Inspection Beijing 2016.11.29——12.29 2017.4.12 Gansu 2016.11.30——12.30 2017.4.13

58 Policy Implementation and Progress example, public reports showed that, of the environmental protection issues do this, foundational systems, including systems of environmental inspection, found by the inspection team and transferred to Henan Province Government, monitoring and law enforcement, had to be restructured. This represents a issues related to air pollution accounted for 71%. Meanwhile, the Seventh good starting point and an important basis for future reforms in China’s wider Central Environmental Protection Inspection Team criticized Gansu Province system of environmental governance. for its passive approach to air pollution control, as it failed to meet the target of air quality improvement in 2014 and 2015. Shaanxi Province was criticized Centralization of Air Quality Monitoring Authority for its poor performance in air pollution control due to the illegal construction of multiple coal-fired chemical and heating projects along with 80 coal-fired In December 2016, the operation authority of 1,436 state-owned air quality boilers of 10t/h or below since 2014 in Guanzhong Region. Moreover, in monitoring sites across the country was all centralized in the national terms of information disclosure, the team has published the inspection results government. This was completed on schedule and realized national of supervising 15 provinces (municipalities, districts) on the MEP website. assessment, national monitoring, and third party maintenance. The primary Furthermore, rectification plans for eight provinces (municipalities, districts) objective of centralization was to effectively keep monitoring data from inspected by the first group were released. However, information on the actual unwanted administrative interferences by local government, ensuring the status of implementation remains limited. During the writing of this report, only objectivity and reliability of the data. Hebei had disclosed information on the enforcement of major measures in the rectification plan, while information on other provinces (municipalities, districts) Legislative Measures was still unavailable.

In addition to the central government’s efforts to inspect environmental Implementation of the New Law on Prevention and protection, some provinces and municipalities also established their own Control of Air Pollution provincial environmental protection inspection mechanisms in 2016 with the On January 1, 2016, the new Law of the People’s Republic of China on aim to inspecting CPC committees and relevant organizations in cities. The Prevention and Control of Air Pollution was implemented. The environmental CPC committees and governments of over 20 provinces issued provincial protection departments and public security departments further enhanced environmental protection inspection plans and carried out environmental coordinated law enforcement. As a result, over 1,500 people involved in protection inspection at the municipal level. Hence, most provinces and cases related to air pollution laws violation were detained. municipalities have a two-tiered inspection mechanism at both central government and provincial levels. Following the implementation of the new law, different provinces and

Furthermore, the Environmental Protection Departments in Hubei Province, cities started revising their respective air pollution prevention and control Shanxi Province, Hebei Province, Sichuan Province and Henan Province also regulations. The provinces include Hebei, Jilin, Shandong, Hubei, Anhui, initiated special inspection on air pollution prevention and control during winter. Jiangxi, Fujian, Shandong, and Guizhou. The cities include Shijiazhuang, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Jining, Heze, Shaoxing, and Xi’ning. Other laws and regulations released by the cities include the Air Pollution Prevention and Vertical Management System Reform Control Regulations of Guiyang, Measures of Implementing the Air Pollution In September 2016, the General Office of the State Council released the Prevention and Control Regulations of Jiangsu Province in Wuxi, and Fugitive Guiding Opinions on Pilot Reform of the Vertical Management System Dust Emissions Pollution Prevention and Control Regulations of Yancheng. of the Monitoring, Inspection and Law Enforcement of Environmental Protection Institutions Below Provincial Level. In November, Hebei Province Moreover, the new law explicitly requires that “the government of city and Chongqing first piloted reforms of the vertical management system for that fails to attain the national standard for air quality shall establish the environmental protection. Provincial environmental protection departments timeline for attaining national standard”. The 13th Five-Year Plan on Eco- were required to complete setting up eco-environment quality monitoring and Environment Protection also emphasizes that “cities that failed to attain environmental inspection mechanisms to define the environmental protection national standards shall confirm a deadline for attainment, disclose such responsibilities of local governments and relevant departments. This also helped information to the public, establish a schedule, and set up relevant timelines, to eliminate the impact of local protectionism on environmental law enforcement roadmaps, and key projects.” and advanced coordination of trans-regional environmental management. To

Policy Implementation and Progress 59 City Air Quality Attainment Plans Explanation on Issues Relating to the Applicable Laws for Handling Criminal Cases on Environmental Pollution To fulfill the country’s requirements for establishing the attainment timeline, the provinces and cities have incorporated the timeline for attaining air In recent years, new situations and problems have emerged with respect to crimes quality standards into their policy documents, including the local air pollution related to environmental pollution, such as challenges in collecting evidence for air prevention and control regulations, the 13th Five-Year Plan on Eco- pollution violations, disputes over criminal regulations on manipulating or forging Environment Protection, and annual action plan for air pollution prevention automatic monitoring data or sabotaging environmental quality monitoring systems. and control. Meanwhile, the Rules for the Plan of Attaining the Standard of In the first half of 2016, staff members of the environmental protection departments of Urban Ambient Air Quality (Trial) has also been put forward for comments. Chang’an and Yanliang Districts in Xi’an were found to have interfered with the national air quality monitoring sites by forging monitoring data. This drew public attention to the However, the progress of cities on developing such attainment plans remains conviction and sentencing for “sabotaging environmental quality monitoring systems”. slow. As of now, other than Chongqing City, only Guangdong Province has On November 7 and December 8, the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme announced the timelines for some its cities to attain national standards. People’s Procuratorate passed the Explanation on Issues Relating to the Applicable Guangdong Province stipulated all cities (districts) in PRD shall conform Laws for Handling Criminal Cases on Environmental Pollution, which provides clear explanations on clauses; for example, “heavier punishment shall be imposed for to air quality standards by 2020, with Shenzhen striving to reduce PM2.5 concentration to 25μg/m3 and Guangzhou, Foshan, Zhaoqing, Dongguan emitting hazardous substances in periods of heavy pollution” and “independent 3 monitoring data from public security agencies can be used as evidence”. The document and Shunde District reducing PM2.5 concentrations to 35μg/m . Chongqing announced the timelines for different districts and counties to attain standards came into force on January 1, 2017. Meanwhile, regarding the much-discussed issue of “forging monitoring data”, the document is explicit to define this as “those who compel, for PM2.5 concentrations. The documents and corresponding provinces and cities are shown in Figure 56. command and/or instruct others to modify parameters or monitoring data in violation of the national regulations, and/or sabotage computer information systems”. Criminal punishment can be an effective deterrent to the forgery of monitoring data.

Training on Enforcement of Environmental Protection Law 13th Five-Year Plan on Eco-Environment Air Pollution Prevention The release of the Environmental Protection Law and the Law on Prevention and Protection and Control Regulations Tianjin, Anhui, Shanxi, Inner Hebei, Shandong, Zhejiang, Control of Air Pollution has established new requirements for local law enforcement Mongolia, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Jiangxi Guangdong, Guangxi, teams. To improve enforcement capacity for these laws, the MEP held nationwide Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai training activities from September to November of 2016. Training teams were set up by the environmental protection departments of different provinces and cities with director generals of these departments or relevant leaders of the environmental inspection organizations heading the teams. At the same time, the authorities strengthened investigations and management of illegal activities such as secret discharge, inappropriate use of pollution prevention and control facilities, and Annual Action Plan for Air Pollution Prevention environmental data forgery or manipulation. and Control Shanxi, Henan, Zhejiang, Liaoning, Guangdong, Environmental Protection Police Sichuan, Hunan, Qinghai, Chongqing, Zhaoyang With the enactment of the Environmental Protection Law, China is continuing to increase efforts on pollution control. One important measure is the creation of the environmental protection police, considered to be one of the strongest measures ever employed for air pollution control. As early as 2013, special teams of environmental Figure 56: Provinces and Policies that Required the protection police had already been set up in the provinces of Hebei, Zhejiang, Development of Attainment Plans Liaoning, Shandong, Guizhou, and Guangdong (Foshan and Guangzhou). In 2016, Zhongshan and Shantou of Guangdong Province and Shifang of Sichuan Province also set up similar teams. The environmental protection police represent an important

60 Policy Implementation and Progress effort to enforce the Environmental Protection Law. Case Study

Policy Implementation and Progress 61 Case Study on Prevention, Control and Supervision of Vehicle Pollution Nanjing

62 Policy Implementation and Progress Nanjing Case Study on Prevention, Control and Supervision of Vehicle Pollution

I. Background 1.Late 1990s: Initiation

(i) In 1998, the municipal government of Nanjing released the Administrative The number of vehicles in Nanjing has been increasing significantly since Measures for Banning the Sale and Use of Leaded Gasoline, fully banning the the late 1990s. The vehicle population in the city was 305,000 in 2000 and sale of leaded gasoline two years ahead of schedule. The Measures explicitly increased to 2,345,000 by 2016. Meanwhile, according to Nanjing’s PM2.5 tasked the environmental protection departments at all levels to supervise and source apportionment results in 2015, vehicle pollution became the second manage the ban, initiating vehicle pollution prevention and control in the city. largest source of PM2.5, composing 24.6% of the total.

250 (ii) In 1999, Nanjing set up a leading group for vehicle pollution control that was Vehicle Automobile headed by the deputy mayor responsible for environmental protection. The group 200 involved 16 departments, namely the Publicity Department of the CPC Nanjing Municipal Committee, the Municipal Commission of Development and Reform, Population (10,000) 150 the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, the Municipal Public Security Bureau, the Municipal Commission of Economy and Information Technology, 100 the Municipal Legal Affairs Office, the Municipal Bureau for Urban Planning, the Municipal Finance Bureau, the Municipal Pricing Bureau, the Municipal 50 Administration for Industry and Commerce, the Nanjing Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision, the Municipal Bureau of City Administration and Law

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Enforcement, the Municipal Transportation Bureau, the Municipal Bureau of Commerce, Nanjing Urban Construction Investment Holding (Group), and the Municipal Traffic Management Bureau. This group was tasked with organizing, Figure 57: Changes in Motor Vehicle and Automobile coordinating and advancing the city’s vehicle pollution prevention and control Population in Nanjing. campaign. Moreover, an executive office was set up for the leading group at the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, and the director of the leading High-pollution vehicles accounted for a large proportion of total pollutant group served as the office director. Moving forward, other relevant efforts started emissions. In 2012, the population of yellow-label vehicles (gasoline vehicles maturing as vehicle pollution prevention and control was included in the city’s failing to comply with the China I emission standards and diesel vehicles failing environmental protection tasks and targets. to comply with the China III emission standards) was 67,000, representing only 5.7% of total automobiles and 4.3% of all motor vehicles in the city. However, these yellow-label vehicles were responsible for as much as 32.5%, 38.6%, 2.2000 to 2010: Setting the Foundations 44.5% and 76.7% of total CO, hydrocarbon, NOX and PM vehicle emissions, (i) In 2005, the Regulation on Air Pollution Prevention and Control in Nanjing respectively. came into force, which created 10 specific rules for controlling pollution caused by motor vehicles and vessels. In addition, the regulation included emissions II. Policy Development standards and mechanisms for monitoring, spot-checks and environmental inspection of new vehicles. It also provided regulations for the manufacturing, Nanjing has always prioritized the prevention, control and monitoring of vehicle sales, monitoring, spot-checks and inspection of motor vehicles, vessels, pollution to improve air quality. It has been nearly two decades since the city motorcycles, engineering machinery and petroleum products. After this, the started vehicle pollution prevention and control efforts in 1998. As one of the city’s vehicle pollution prevention and control efforts had the backing of the law. first cities to have embarked on these efforts, Nanjing is a leading provincial and national example in many respects. (ii) In 2006, the municipal government of Nanjing issued the Notice on the Work Plan for Implementing the New Emission Standards of the Central Government for In-Use Vehicles and Building a Mode-Method Emission Monitoring System.

Case Study 63 Nanjing Case Study on Prevention, Control and Supervision of Vehicle Pollution

Pursuant to the notice, the municipal government was tasked with overall more stringent for vehicles, regulating pollution from machinery and equipment planning and reviewing bids for the construction of monitoring stations by on construction sites, and eliminating all yellow-label and high-pollution vehicles. independent third-parties. Meanwhile, the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau was tasked with conducting remote monitoring and supervising its (ii) In March 2011, the municipal government issued the Work Plan for Oil and monitoring center and network supervision system. Gas Pollution Prevention and Control at Oil Storage Depots, Tank Trucks and Gas Stations while the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau and the (iii) In 2007, the government established the Nanjing Vehicle Emission Regulatory Municipal Finance Bureau jointly released the Government Grant and Subsidy Center. As a fully-funded public institution, the center had a staff of 15 people and Program for Oil and Gas Pollution Control Projects in Nanjing. By the end was mainly responsible for monitoring vehicle emissions and enforcing relevant of the year, all oil and gas pollution control tasks were accomplished and all administrative laws across the city. This helped to lay the foundation for efficient the oil storage depots, tank trucks and gas stations in the city complied with supervision, law enforcement and motor vehicle management. relevant national standards. Moreover, in 2014, the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, along with other five government departments, issued the (iv) In 2007, the Measures for the Supervision and Management of Pollution by Administrative Measures for the Supervision of Oil and Gas Pollution by Gas Vehicle Emissions in Nanjing took effect. The measures defined the duties of Stations, Oil Storage Depots and Tank Trucks in Nanjing (Trial). The measures relevant government departments for vehicle pollution prevention and control, enhanced the responsibilities of businesses, increased local supervision and in addition to stipulating basic rules for prevention and control, detection and brought in qualified third-parties to inspect oil and gas recovery facilities at treatment, and supervision and management. Moreover, the measures laid out gas stations and oil storage depots. In addition, the measures allowed for foundational tasks, such as prioritized development of public transportation, investigation and penalization of violators according to law. In this way, the promotion of low-pollution vehicles and gradual elimination of high-pollution city used the measures to enhance a more localized approach to oil and gas vehicles. pollution control, with relevant government departments leading the work and independent third parties providing technical support. (v) In 2010, the Regulation on the Prevention and Control of Pollution by Vehicle Emissions in Nanjing took effect. It set rules for environmental labels, (iii) In 2013, the municipal government issued the Work Plan for Subsidizing regular inspection and oil-gas pollution control. For the first time, the regulation the Elimination of Yellow-Label Vehicles in Nanjing to set up a leading group also included relevant practices and experience. For example, the regulation to eliminate or upgrade of yellow-label vehicles. This group was headed by the included stipulations on categorizing non-local vehicles as new vehicles, mayor and the deputy mayor and comprised of eight government departments banning high-pollution vehicles, application of monitoring and telemetry in addition to district heads. Moreover, a dedicated general office was also technologies, and taking away driving licenses when emission standards are created for the leading group. exceeded during road checks. This way, city-wide vehicle pollution prevention and control was further supported by law. (iv) In 2014, the Municipal Human Resources and Social Security Bureau and the Nanjing Administration of Civil Service released the Notice on Managing the 3.Since 2011: Comprehensive Efforts Nanjing Vehicle Emission Regulatory Center in Reference to the Civil Servant Law of the PRC. The notice upgraded the nature of regulation from being (i) Beginning in 2011, the government of Nanjing has released several documents single-function, manually-based and relying on monitoring to be multi-functional, on air pollution prevention and control for five consecutive years, proposing technology-based and relying on more comprehensive supervision. measures for targeting “vehicles, fuel and roads” simultaneously and specifying roadmap and enforcement plans for city-wide vehicle pollution prevention and (v) In 2015, a police office for vehicle pollution control was established in Nanjing. control efforts. Specifically, the Action Plan for Air Pollution Prevention and Control Here, two key staff members of the Nanjing Traffic Management Bureau were issued by the city in 2013 (Action Plan of Nanjing) prioritized the development stationed under the leadership of the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau. of green transportation as one of its seven key tasks for controlling air pollution, In 2016, the Nanjing Municipal Public Security Bureau issued the Notice on including constructing public transportation infrastructure, increasing the number Reinforcing the On-Site Investigation of Yellow-Label, No-Label and High-pollution of new energy vehicles, making emission standards and fuel quality standards Vehicles and the Notice on the Working Rules for Joint Law Enforcement and

64 Case Study Nanjing Case Study on Prevention, Control and Supervision of Vehicle Pollution

On-Site Investigation in Vehicle Exhaust Pollution Road Checks. These notices standards from Phase I to Phase V, Nanjing enforced relevant standards in specified operational requirements for the Municipal Traffic Management Bureau advance each time, which alleviated the city’s air pollution and led to evident and the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau in their joint investigation environmental benefits. into environment-related violations by vehicles and led to more consistent and standardized law enforcement in the city. 2. Ban on High-pollution Vehicles

(vi) Since 2015, the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau and the Municipal The vehicle ban was implemented by districts through a phased approach. In Traffic Management Bureau have been releasing documents on the regular 2010, the city instated a ban on yellow-label vehicles and quickly advanced from inspection and maintenance system (I/M system) for vehicle emission pollution in the first stage to the third stage within one year, also expanding the regulated the city for comprehensive implementation of the system. area from the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum Scenic Spot to cover Hexi New Town and all the major urban districts. On July 10, 2014, the ban was advanced to the sixth III. Key Policy Measures and Regulatory stage as the city was hosting the 2nd Summer Youth Olympic Games. The scope of the ban was broadened to cover all the urban areas within the Nanjing Belt Methods Expressway and most of its suburban counties totaling 555 square kilometers, while the timeframe for the ban extended from just 7 am to 10 pm to all 24 hours 1. Strict Implementation of Emission Standards for New Vehicles in a day. Moreover, the ban entered the seventh stage beginning March 1, 2016, with yellow-label vehicles banned from all the administrative districts of Nanjing, To control pollution caused by vehicle emissions, Nanjing has released stringent making it the first city in Jiangsu Province to implement the ban city-wide. emission standards for new vehicles since 2000. In addition, Nanjing has also been categorizing non-local second-hand vehicles as new vehicles, which 3. Special Program to Regulate Diesel Vehicles helped Nanjing to become a role model among peer cities that work to control vehicle pollution from the source. When increasing vehicle pollutant emission Urban residents are most effected by diesel vehicles that emit black smoke. To address the issue, the city first targeted buses and used a number of measures, including targeted control measures with a deadline, installing OBD online monitoring devices on buses of certain routes, and replacing diesel vehicles with gas or electric vehicles, generating positive impacts. Afterwards, the campaign was expanded to include all diesel vehicles, thereby creating a complete system that integrated enforcement and control and covered both new and in-use vehicles. Moreover, in 2014, Nanjing began checking diesel vehicles before they are registered. During spot-checks on the road, diesel vehicles emitting black smoke became a key target for law enforcement. Furthermore, major parking lots for diesel vehicles, such as buses, passenger cars, freight cars, and slag trucks were spot-checked on a regular basis. Rewards were also offered to citizens that reported vehicles emitting black smoke. At this time, the municipal government also opened a QQ account, called “Eliminating Black Smoke”, and created a mobile application to efficiently manage complaints and reports. The city also began using a video monitoring system to detect smoke-emitting vehicles. Inspection institutions conducted on-site supervision to prevent any fraudulent monitoring results for black smoke-emitting vehicles. To reduce NOx emissions, Figure 58: Diagram of Districts Where High-pollution the city also created a urea supply system and conducted spot-checks for the use Vehicles Were Banned in Nanjing from 1st to 6th Stage of urea by diesel vehicles that employed SCR control technology.

Case Study 65 Nanjing Case Study on Prevention, Control and Supervision of Vehicle Pollution

4. Eliminating Outdated Vehicles noticeable successes. The city also implemented a “4-in-1” subsidy and reward policy, which included provincial and municipal subsidies, financial incentives On March 1, 2000, Nanjing enforced the China I emission standards for type- for disassembly and incentives from vehicle sellers in the form of car purchase 1 light-duty gasoline vehicles, four months in advance of the deadline set by rebates for yellow-label car owners who bought new cars. the central government. The registration data of new vehicles during the same period shows that these early enforcement efforts of the standards allowed the The pilot program for diesel vehicle control launched in the city by the Ministry of city to eliminate more than 10,000 yellow-label gasoline vehicles. While strictly Environmental Protection allowed some yellow-label diesel vehicles that complied enforcing the vehicle emission standards required by the central government, with the China II emission standards, were in a relatively good condition, had low the city also subjected non-local second-hand vehicles to the same registration mileage, and had higher value to be equipped with an end-of-pipe control device standards set for new vehicles, which kept more than 30,000 yellow-label so that their PM emissions could comply with the China III emission standards or vehicles off the road. By strictly implementing national emission standards above. A green environmental protection label was also issued to such vehicles. ahead of schedule, Nanjing effectively controlled the growth and total number To date, 2,823 special yellow-label vehicles in the city have turned “green.” of yellow-label vehicles and eliminated more than 40,000 yellow-label vehicles before 2013. Application conditions for vehicles to be converted

Registered Diesel Obtained the Transport The vehicle and There are In 2013, a new spate of efforts to eliminate yellow-label vehicles was launched. in Nanjing vehicles environmental vehicle Meet one of the its engine shall be after-treatment In line with the idea of “combining the use of sticks and carrots”, the efforts were used for qualification for non- following three in good working products upon short-haul label, and hazardous requirements at conditions and completion of based on the principles of solving easier problems before difficult problems, transport installed with goods; least meet the following conversion a vehicle requirements that match tailoring policies based on the conditions of different vehicle types, using both electronic card relevant vehicles vertically- and horizontally-based approaches, and effectively consolidating efforts. To overcome various challenges in eliminating yellow-label vehicles, (1) Registered from (2) Special-purpose (3) Purchased at (1) The percentage (2) Lug-down the city employed administrative, economic, technical, and media-based January 1, 2005; vehicles registered a high price, but of a vehicle’s wheel smoke emission met the China II from September 1, with little used power against rated value is not more strategies. All the districts and government departments adopted a variety of emission standards; 2001; met the China mileage and power is not less than 1.7m-1, post a mileage I emission standards; relatively high than 50%; while the smoke measures, such as scrapping yellow-label vehicles, granting subsidies and of not more than post a mileage of not residual value. emission value at 300,000 kilometers; more than 100,000 free acceleration rewards, upgrading vehicles, limiting vehicle administration services offered kilometers; is not more than 2.0m-1. to yellow-label vehicles, and imposing vehicle bans. The measures achieved

Table 5: Rewards for Automobiles based on Price Tier Figure 59: Green-Label Application Requirements for Yellow- Label Diesel Vehicles Vehicle ≤100,000 100,000- 150,000- 200,000- >300,000 price RMB 150,000 RMB 200,000 RMB 300,000 RMB RMB 5. Upgrading Fuel Quality 2000- Rewards 1000-5000 2000-6000 2000-8000 2000-15000 100000 The gas stations of Sinopec and PetroChina began supplying gasoline that complies with the China III quality standards in Nanjing in December 2009 and Table 6: Enterprise Rewards for Trucks based on Price Tier February 2010, respectively. Starting in April 1, 2012, the city began to supply gasoline that meets the China IV standards. In March 2012, the city began supplying automobile diesel fuel that meets the China III emission standards. Vehicle ≤100,000 100,000-150,000 150,000-200,000 >200,000 RMB In December 30, 2012, the city began using this higher quality diesel fuel on a price RMB RMB RMB large scale. On November 1, 2013, Nanjing upgraded the emission standards Rewards 1000-5000 3000-10000 3500-15000 4000-16000 for automobile gasoline to the China V emission standards. Beginning in April 2014, the city began supplying automobile diesel fuel that met the China V

66 Case Study Nanjing Case Study on Prevention, Control and Supervision of Vehicle Pollution

emission standards. At this point, Nanjing became the fourth city, after Beijing, Municipal Traffic Management Bureau regularly enforce laws at maintenance Shanghai and Guangzhou, to enforce the China V emission standards for both providers and environmental inspection institutions. They have penalized seven gasoline and diesel vehicles. misconducts, including the issuance of false certificates, issuance of settlement statements in violation of relevant regulations, and fraudulent declaration of Dec. Feb. Mar. Apr. Nov. Apr. 2009 2010 2012 2012 2013 2014 parts and materials fees.

7. Oil-Gas Recovery

Launched in 2011, the oil and gas pollution control program were led by the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau and had participation from many China III China III China III China IV China V China V other departments. The program adopted a two-level (municipal and district) gasoline gasoline diesel fully gasoline fully gasoline fully diesel fully coordination mechanism and created a “green channel” for approval of oil and supplied by supplied by supplied supplied supplied supplied gas improvement actions. During the pollution control process, the city increased CNPC Sinopec supervision of companies and those with slow progress were called in for Figure 60: Timeline for Upgrading Fuel Quality in Nanjing meetings. Moreover, the city encouraged companies to expedite the pollution control process by implementing the policy of “granting rewards in place of 6. Establishing an Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) subsidies.” This means that enterprises under compliance are rewarded and System for In-Use Vehicles those that do not comply are penalized.

In 2007, due to a rise in demand for inspections due to the increasing vehicle Furthermore, six oil storage depots, 279 gas stations, and 182 tank trucks in the population in the city, Nanjing set up five privately-run environmental inspection city that needed to be retrofitted completed their upgrades with 100% success rate. institutions in the eastern, western, southern and northern areas of its main Simultaneously, managing departments increased checks to see if companies urban centers and in the Jiangbei area. Thus far, there have been 48 vehicle completed retrofits and investigated and penalized five cases of misconduct in environmental inspection stations set up in Nanjing. Following the creation the use of oil and gas recovery facilities (four concerning gas stations and one of the I/M system in 2016, vehicles that failed to meet relevant emissions concerning an oil storage depot). standards are required to go through closed-loop control. Moreover, the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau and environmental inspection stations, the Traffic Management Bureau and maintenance enterprises, and 8. Information Management the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau and the Municipal Traffic Management Bureau have all achieved a point-to-point network. If a vehicle fails Nanjing adopted information database management as a fundamental strategy to meet emission standards in the annual exhaust inspection, the environmental to supervise and manage vehicle emissions. This strategy aided the city in inspection station will inform its owner to fix the problem at a maintenance overcoming challenges from the extensive scope, large quantity, and the fact that provider that is rated above Type-II grade. After the problem is fixed, the owner vehicles had high mobility and hence were difficult to monitor. Thereby, various must return to the environmental inspection station for re-inspection and obtain management measures were interconnected through an information database the Certificate of Conformity after Maintenance that is then issued online. that helped improve supervision of pollution and enhance regulatory efficiency. Moreover, the city has put in place regulatory system with a vehicle information

So far, 136 maintenance providers rated above Type-II grade in the city have database that features extended applications, such as a high-pollution vehicle been successfully connected with the internet-based management system. ban management platform, video monitoring and teleconferencing system, To be connected, a provider must have inspection data and maintenance and continuous monitoring system on oil and gas pollution, electronic card processing settlement statements uploaded and have video monitoring of the maintenance system for environmental inspection verification, diesel vehicle OBD real-time process. Hence, all vehicles still under violation are put through closed-loop monitoring and management system, operating room monitoring system for control. Moreover, the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau and the environmental inspection stations, and electronic law enforcement platform for coordinated prevention and control efforts.

Case Study 67 Nanjing Case Study on Prevention, Control and Supervision of Vehicle Pollution

The managing departments have used these systems to accomplish real-time use oil and gas emission recovery devices. Meanwhile, the tasks of Nanjing’s regulation of 46 environmental inspection stations, more than 10 environmental vehicle pollution control police force have also intensified , from road checks to inspection windows, and nine telemetering and black-smoke snapshot points. checks on new vehicles in 4S stores, oil and gas recovery at gas stations, and They have ensured that more than 3,000 vehicles are licensed, inspected, and non-road machinery. labeled each day, and they have penalized a total 1.4 million yellow- and no- label vehicles. In addition, using Internet-of-Things (IoT) technology, the city has 10. Optimizing Urban Transportation and Encouraging developed an electronic card embedded with an electronic chip that can store Green Travel information about a vehicle’s license plate, type, exhaust detection results, and terms of validity for detection. The card is also assigned a unique identification With a rapid growth in Nanjing’s traffic, the number of daily trips made by the code for encrypted protection of vehicle information. Using these electronic cards permanent residents in the main urban areas total more than 10 million. As a has made identifying moving vehicles and offsite law enforcement more accurate. result, the city encourages and advocates for public transportation. Rail transit These departments have effectively implemented measures banning high- development has been accelerated and bike sharing services were launched pollution vehicles in certain areas while also eliminating yellow-label vehicles. to solve the problem of the “last mile connectivity” and creating an easy to use green transportation system. According to the Plan of Nanjing for Stationary Vehicle Exhaust Remote Sensing Systems, the city began building telemetering devices for vehicles in 2010. Thus far, At the same time, the major arterials in the city has matured into a network of Nanjing has set up an exhaust telemetering system with nine telemetering devices, roads and expanded the area of the city. The expressway network of grid-like including one mobile exhaust telemetering device, five stationary multilane exhaust roads and three ring-roads and an arterial network consisting of six horizontal telemetering devices, and three stationary smoke telemetering devices. These and ten vertical roads are almost completed. Moreover, the river-crossing telemetering devices can screen for high-pollution vehicles easily and efficiently. channels of six roads are also open for use. In total, the city has created a Since being installed, the telemetering system has monitored 6,475,000 vehicles, of diversified public transportation network system composed of rail transit and which 304,000 have exceeded relevant emission standards. road-based transport. Six rail lines are now in operation, with a total length of 225 kilometers. This is the fourth longest rail line in China. 9. Strengthening Law Enforcement Nanjing has rapidly forged ahead with the development of an efficient public The city has continued to improve enforcement by conducting regular and transportation metropolis and increased number of people serviced, as a system special road checks. First, the city has standardized road checks by setting up of bus lanes is rapidly developing, the buses are being updated and expanded police control locations, routine road checks conducted three days per week, in terms of capacity, and the number of new energy vehicles continuing to and select checkpoints located within the city. Second, the city has launched increase. In 2012, Nanjing was honored as one of the first cities nationwide special measures for specific law-enforcement inspections targeting certain in- undertaking demonstration projects to build a “public transit metropolis.” In use vehicles, including engineering vehicles, long-haul passenger vehicles, 2015, Nanjing won the C40 Cities Awards in the category of transportation. supermarket shuttle buses, logistics vehicles and green-label vehicles that were converted from being yellow-label vehicles. The city has also initiated Currently in Nanjing, there are 1,371 bicycle sharing stations, around 40,000 special pollution control measures in key districts, including a comprehensive public bikes, about 400,000 public transit cards issued, and number of public environmental campaign in Meishan sub-district, law-enforcement measures bike trips per day reaching 160,000. The number of public bicycles will reach in an area near the Second Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, and inspections at 70,000 by the end of the year. Bike sharing in the city has been rapidly growing intelligent vehicle monitoring and recording systems on highways leading to the in 2017 and it has provided residents with a convenient and green transit option. city. Third, the city has improved law enforcement. It has investigated 24 cases since 2014 based on the air pollution prevention and control law and relevant municipal and provincial regulations. The cases include non-compliant vehicle environmental inspection institutions, prohibitive use of exhaust end-of-pipe control devices by vehicles, and oil storage depots and gas stations that fail to

68 Case Study Nanjing Case Study on Prevention, Control and Supervision of Vehicle Pollution

Table 7: Key Traffic Data between 2015 and 2007

Year 2007 2015

Permanent Population of Nanjing 7,413,000 8,236,000

Municipal GDP RMB 328.37 billion RMB 972.08 billion Source: Statistical Number of Trips by Residents in Main Urban Areas 6,600,000 person/times 10,220,000 person/times (2014) Communiqué of Length of Roads 4,522.8 kilometers 7,424.2 kilometers (2014) Nanjing on the 2015 National Economic Length of Rail Lines 22 kilometers 225 kilometers and Social Length of Bus Lanes 51.1 kilometers 292.8 kilometers Development,

Number of Public Transportation Vehicles in Operation 5,312 9,613 Annual Report of Nanjing on Proportion of Public Transportation (Gas and Electric 21.5% 27.1（2014） Transportation Buses + Rail Transit) in Main Urban Areas Development

IV. Participating Departments and their ◆ Nanjing Vehicle Pollution Control Leading Group: This group is responsible for leading relevant departments in following and implementing Responsibilities the laws, regulations, standards, and policies for vehicle exhaust pollution prevention and control. It also drafts, revises, and evaluates regional Vehicle pollution prevention and control is a difficult endeavor involving a wide vehicle environmental protection laws, regulations and standards. They are range of issues and areas. There are millions of pollution sources and vehicles, also responsible for coordinating and advancing efforts of other relevant they are widely dispersed in terms of location and type, which makes real-time departments to complete the tasks and objectives of vehicle pollution monitoring, enforcement and investigation challenging. Pollution prevention and prevention and control. Finally, they also assess the performance of these control must be done through the entire lifecycle of vehicles from manufacturing departments. and sales to use, maintenance, inspection, scrapping, and registration location changes. It involves a number of stakeholders and issues, such as people’s ◆ Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau: They are responsible for livelihood, regulation, and technology. Therefore, it is important to coordinate setting up the “Joint Station for Yellow-Label Vehicle Elimination Rewards efforts and advance vehicle pollution prevention and control with a three-pronged and Subsidies in Nanjing” with the Municipal Public Security Bureau, “vehicle, fuel and roads” strategy which requires centralized leadership of the Finance Bureau and Commerce Bureau and also perform day-to-day municipal government, collaboration of multiple departments and enforcement management duties. They are also responsible for setting up an information by specific institutions. Administrative, legal, economic, technological, and other system for yellow-label vehicle elimination updates and management, means must be adopted to overcome all the challenges and alleviate pollution. identifying yellow-label vehicles, coordinating incentives offered by relevant businesses, collecting and analyzing data on the elimination of yellow- Nanjing has set up a vehicle pollution control leading group that heads the city’s label vehicles, converting yellow-label diesel vehicles into green-label ones, efforts in this area. Collaboration and coordination, routine meetings, and cross- and conducting vehicle emission inspections. In addition, they cooperate pollination of personnel have all contributed to more effective efforts. with the Municipal Public Security Bureau for advancing the ban on high- pollution vehicles and deregistering vehicles that must be scrapped. Moreover, they lead and organize work on oil and gas pollution control, environmental inspection and supervision of oil and gas pollution control,

Case Study 69 Nanjing Case Study on Prevention, Control and Supervision of Vehicle Pollution

and review whether or not new vehicles and transferred non-local vehicles elimination or upgrade. They also cooperate with the Public Security Bureau conform to certain standards. At the same time, they are responsible for to deregister vehicles that must be scrapped and conduct comprehensive offering technical guidance to maintenance providers on vehicles that have performance inspections on in-use vehicles and improve the levels of emissions exceeding relevant standards; supervising business practices of vehicle maintenance. Moreover, they are responsible for reviewing and vehicle environmental inspection institutions; investigating and penalizing certifying tank truck operators and tank trucks, designing the standards for violations by such environmental inspection institutions; designating I/M stations in Nanjing, reviewing and certifying the I/M stations, and make areas where high-pollution vehicles are banned; and improving integrated sure branding and public release information is consistent. Furthermore, capacity building for vehicle emission monitoring. they shoulder the responsibility of creating technical regulations and operating procedures for vehicle emission inspection and maintenance and ◆ Municipal Commission of Development and Reform: They are data transmission and information sharing. They are also responsible for responsible for approving oil storage depots and gas station construction ensuring job qualifications of employees at I/M stations are met and day-to- projects and promoting the use of clean energy. They are also responsible for day supervision of employees, investigating and penalizing any violations enhancing the quality of vehicle fuels, setting up natural gas filling stations, or infractions at I/M stations. They are also responsible for developing the developing charging stations, and increasing the use of electric cars. green transportation system; increasing the use of new energy vehicles; accelerating the development of rail transit; setting up green bus lanes and ◆ Municipal Public Security Bureau: They are responsible for conducting fleets, and creating a bicycle-sharing system. road traffic safety management of tank trucks and cooperating with the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau to manage the approval of ◆ Municipal Bureau of Commerce: They are responsible for validating vehicle registration and verifying if vehicles conform to standards. They Scrapped Automobile Recycling Certificates; supervising check-ups on also create the electronic law enforcement and penalty system in areas the disassembly and recycling of scrapped vehicles; regulating vehicle where a vehicle ban is enforced and are responsible for the elimination of scrappage processes and guiding enterprises working in scrappage and high-pollution vehicles, including yellow-label vehicles. Moreover, they are disassembly to improve service functions. They also encourage enterprises responsible for reviewing the validity of Vehicle Deregistration Certificates disassembling vehicles to transfer the compensation and financial rewards and identifying and deregistering vehicles that must be scrapped. for recycling to vehicle owners. Moreover, they review the qualification of Furthermore, they have the responsibility of defining the ownership city retailers selling refined oil products and inspect gas stations annually. of eliminated yellow-label vehicles, advancing the ban on high-pollution vehicles, conducting strict vehicle safety inspections, and cooperating with ◆ Municipal Bureau of Finance: They are responsible for ensuring the the Municipal Transportation Bureau to manage the permits issued to in-use allocation of financial rewards, subsidies and funding for regulation of yellow-label vehicles. oil and gas pollution control. They also provide funding and subsidies to eliminate yellow-label vehicles and other high-pollution vehicles. Moreover, ◆ Municipal Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision: They are they identify vehicles owned by administrative institutions, and allocate responsible for the measurement and supervision of refueling equipment. subsidies to vehicle owners based on government subsidy standards for eliminating high-pollution vehicles, including yellow-label vehicles within ◆ Municipal Fire Department: They are responsible for fire control stipulated working days. inspections for oil and gas pollution control projects. ◆ Government Offices Administration of Nanjing: They are responsible ◆ Nanjing Administration of Work Safety: They are responsible for safety for eliminating yellow-label vehicles that belong to government offices, supervision of oil and gas pollution control projects (excluding tank trucks). approving the upgrading of yellow-label vehicles in administrative institutions according to the outfitting standards and the number of official ◆ Municipal Bureau of Transportation: They are responsible for strictly vehicles stipulated in the Administrative Measures for the Equipment reviewing the qualification of operating yellow-label vehicles towards and Use of Official Vehicles by Party and Government Offices and Public

70 Case Study Nanjing Case Study on Prevention, Control and Supervision of Vehicle Pollution

Institutions. They are also responsible for the approval of upgrading yellow- vehicles dropped by 30.3%, of which emissions of CO, HC, NOx and label vehicles owned by administrative institutions. PM decreased by 46,200 tons, 6,400 tons, 13,500 tons and 1,440 tons, respectively. The number of outdated vehicles in Nanjing’s major urban ◆ Municipal Audit Bureau: They are responsible for overseeing the use of areas also decreased significantly and the number of high-pollution and government subsidies. high-pollution vehicles on the roads in the city dropped from 10% to 0.2%.

◆ Municipal Bureau of City Administration and Law Enforcement: This Increasing Fuel Quality: The quality of gasoline and diesel was upgraded organization is responsible for administering special pollution control to comply with the China V standards. In 2016 alone, the consumption programs that target sanitation trucks, engineering vehicles for public of gasoline and diesel in the city reached 1.53 million tons and 2.29 works, freight vehicles, and eliminating black smoke-emitting vehicles. million tons, respectively, but the upgrade in emission standards led to a

reduction of SO2 emissions by 1,300 tons. ◆ District Governments: They are responsible for tasks related to yellow- label vehicle elimination in their respective administrative districts. They Converting Vehicles to Meet Higher Emission Standards: Since also encourage owners of such vehicles to cooperate and provide oversight December 2013, a total of 2,823 diesel vehicles have been converted and on the process of vehicle elimination. Moreover, they are responsible for upgraded. These vehicles went from complying with China II emission supervising and managing oil and gas recovery and pollution control in their standards to China III emission standards, which meant an annual reduction respective administrative districts and conducting routine road checks. of PM emissions by around 100 tons.

V. Policy Effects VI. Experience

After years of efforts, Nanjing’s regulatory measures have led to positive results in 1. Establishing Local Regulations terms of raising the emission standards of new vehicles and eliminating high-pollution vehicles. The positive effects of these various strategies are gradually becoming clear. Legislation and enforcement of this legislation forms the foundation for regulating and enforcing environmental protection. The city has continuously Minimizing pollution levels: Both gasoline and diesel vehicles in Nanjing strengthened environmental protection legislation on vehicles, thereby enacting were in compliance with national emission standards ahead of schedule. three regulations: Regulation of Nanjing on Air Pollution Prevention and Control The city has also tightened standards for vehicle emissions. As a result, in 2007, Administrative Measures for Vehicle Emission Pollution Prevention the city has optimized pollution control despite not deploying in vehicle and Control in 2007 (as an order of the mayor), and Regulation of Nanjing population control. on Vehicle Emission Pollution Prevention and Control in 2010 by the Nanjing Municipal People’s Congress. In the preparation and revision of these measures Reducing Overall Pollution: According to annual inspection results for and regulations, Nanjing was cognizant of the realities of implementing these 2008-2016, emissions of NOx, HC and CO per vehicle has decreased by laws and thoroughly assessed how to effectively enforce the relevant laws. The 98%, 41% and 47%, respectively. Both the vehicle inspection rate and the city even implemented a number of innovative policies, and stipulated such rate of vehicles adhering to standards has increased. Vehicle inspection policies in local laws and regulations. These include adding management of rates has reached 88%, up by 8 percentage points compared to 2008. electronic environmental cards to the assessment of environmental actions, Moreover, vehicles that have complied with standards at the first inspection eliminating high-pollution vehicles, and controlling oil and gas pollution from and vehicles that have overall adhered to standards have reached 94% and corporate vehicles. These legislations have clarified policy objectives and 99%, respectively. These results indicate a decline in vehicle pollution. responsibilities and increased the feasibility of enforcement.

Eliminating Outdated Vehicles: Between 2013 and 2016, 66,000 yellow- label vehicles were eliminated, while the total pollutant emissions from

Case Study 71 Nanjing Case Study on Prevention, Control and Supervision of Vehicle Pollution

2. Controlling Vehicle Exhaust Pollution at Source 4. Developing Internet-Based Regulatory System

The city aimed to increase the number of energy efficient, environmentally- The Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau’s biggest challenge is being friendly, and new energy vehicles and vessels through fiscal and taxation understaffed. How a team of 20 people can properly manage 2.3 million vehicles measures and government procurement. They accomplished this while also remains a conundrum. The city is using Internet-based information technology restricting the number of inefficient or high-pollution vehicles and vessels and to make managing these vehicles more efficient. By developing and building reducing the use of fossil fuels. The key was to strengthen vehicle pollution an automated, intelligent and internet-based vehicle management system, the control at the source for effective pollution control. Measures also include problems from being understaffed has been alleviated. This technology has also upgrading the vehicle fuel quality, raising vehicle emission standards, monitoring improved regulation and enforcement of both normal traffic and heavy traffic the installation of pollution control devices for new vehicles, defining non-local conditions. This innovation in management techniques have not only made vehicles transferred into Nanjing as new vehicles, eliminating yellow-label environmental management more intelligent but will also make management in vehicles, and increasing green transportation. the future more effective.

3. Establishing Cross-Department Collaboration 5. Creating a Green Transportation System Mechanisms Due to the continued and rapid increase in the sheer number of vehicles, Vehicle pollution prevention and control must involve coordination among Nanjing must also build a public transportation system to shift trips by car to trips various departments for different aspects. Over the years, Nanjing has by public transit. Nanjing improved public transportation, and eased transferring created a cohesive coordination and collaboration mechanism for pollution between different transit lines, making the system more appealing overall. For control that is vital for achieving positive results. In conducting inspections transfers, Nanjing advanced the interconnection between walking, biking, and to ensure vehicles are conforming to standards, checking vehicles on roads, buses, built “park and ride” parking lots (“park and ride” parking lots allow drivers and enforcing bans on high-pollution vehicles in certain areas, the Municipal that live far away from urban centers to park their cars and take public transit Environmental Protection Bureau and the Municipal Traffic Management Bureau into the city), increased the convenience of transferring between cars and buses, have opened servicing windows for each other and they have been dispatching having improved the experience of transportation by making public transit the enforcement personnel together since 2008 to improve enforcement. Moreover, best option. nine municipal departments, including the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, Municipal Bureau of Commerce, and the Bureau of Quality and Nanjing decreased the use of cars through optimizing parking fees, used Technical Supervision led improvement programs throughout the province in technology to allow transit users to link public transit use data with other 2011 and completed all their pollution control tasks in 2012. personal data, provided bonus to green travel or other rewards and penalty- based systems, encouraging residents to increase use of public transportation. To increase the supply of clean fuel, the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau collaborated with the Bureau for Pricing and the Bureau of Commerce to Finally, Nanjing increased the number of new energy vehicles. This was done make Nanjing one of the first cities in the country to supply gasoline and diesel by incentive-based policies, such as building supporting facilities for new energy that conforms to China V standards. In eliminating yellow-label vehicles, the vehicles or offering other types of financial assistance. Also, Nanjing increased Municipal Public Security Bureau and the Municipal Environmental Protection the supply of new energy vehicles, including gas, electric, and hybrid vehicles Bureau allocated special personnel to centralize efforts. The Finance, Commerce, for public transportation vehicles, rental vehicles, environmental sanitation Public Security, and Environmental Protection Bureaus have also opened a one- vehicles, and vehicles for use in tourism as well as vehicles used by government stop office to apply for and claim financial rewards and subsidies to make the agencies. process more convenient for vehicle owners.

72 Case Study Case Study on Improving and Regulating Coal-Fired Boilers Dalian

Policy Implementation and Progress 73 Dalian Case Study on Improving and Regulating Coal-Fired Boilers

I.Background 2.Liaoning Provincial Government Efforts: After experiencing significant smog in 2015, Liaoning’s provincial government prioritized air pollution prevention. Many special meetings were held with the aim of increasing Like other northern Chinese cities in the winter, Dalian was once plagued pollution control efforts. Implementation Guidelines of the CPC Liaoning with air pollution from coal-fired boilers. By the end of 2015, there were 3,001 Provincial Committee and Liaoning Provincial Government on Strengthening industrial coal-fired boilers in Dalian, which accounted for more than 70% of the Air Pollution Control was released by CPC Liaoning Provincial Committee total coal consumption and 60% to 70% of particulate matter emissions in the and the provincial government. These guidelines identified coal-fired boiler winter. Of these boilers, 2,503 had a capacity of less than 10 t/h (tons of steam replacement as the top priority in efforts to improve air quality. It required the per hour). These low-capacity boilers were outdated, inefficient and did not elimination of all coal-fired boilers with a capacity lower than 10 t/h within built- have appropriate end-treatment technology installed. Due to the sheer quantity up urban areas. The key efforts outlined by the Air Pollution Prevention Guide and scattered nature of these low-capacity boilers, regulation was challenging. 2016, issued by Liaoning’s provincial government, also required the elimination Pollution from these boilers was also severe. During the heating season in 2014, of 115 low-capacity coal-fired boilers in the city center. data from air quality monitoring stations showed that SO2 concentration in the air was 6.6 times of the level during the non-heating season, while coal usage 3.Dalian City Government Efforts: To begin eradication of low-capacity stood at 1.4 times of the usage in non-heating season. This data shows that boilers, Dalian City Government released the Notice of the Dalian Municipal low-capacity coal-fired boilers are a key source of pollution in Dalian during the Government on Defining High-Pollution Fuel Restrictive Zones in September winter and should be a primary focus of regulation. 2015. The Notice restricts low-capacity coal-fired boilers from all city centers. It also requires companies to completely phase-out low-capacity boilers by In order to manage the pollution from coal burning during the winter and the end of June 2017. Dalian also issued the Guidelines of Dalian Municipal improve air quality, Dalian has recently started upgrading coal-fired boilers. Government on Restoring Blue Skies at the end of December 2015 which set These efforts have included banning low-capacity coal-fired boilers, upgrading boiler management as a top priority in the efforts to improve air quality. and retrofitting existing boilers, installing continuous monitoring systems, and having coal plants shutting down the most heavily polluting coal-fired boilers. From these comprehensive regulatory and implementation efforts, Dalian aimed to solve the ills of the pollution from low-capacity coal-fired boilers.

II.Policy Development

To manage pollution from coal-fired boilers and improve air quality, new emission standards and pollution control requirements have been released at both national and local levels.

1.Central Government Efforts: In 2014, the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) released the Emissions Standards for Boiler Figure 61: Map of High-Pollution Fuel Restrictive Zones in Dalian Pollutants (GB13271-2014). These emissions standards apply to existing steam boilers with a capacity lower than 10 t/h as of October 1, 2015 and to III.Key Policy and Regulatory Measures existing water heaters with a capacity lower than 7 MW as of July 1, 2016. Moreover, the Action Plan for Air Pollution Prevention and Control requires Dalian has adopted several regulatory methods to ensure the efficacy of its cities at the prefecture level and above and other built-up urban areas to measures. These include data transparency to improve public supervision, eliminate all unnecessary coal-fired boilers with capacity under 10 t/h by 2017.

74 Case Study Dalian Case Study on Improving and Regulating Coal-Fired Boilers

executing on monitoring efforts from the party committees, implementing strict law- and other relevant district and county governments worked together to verify enforcement, and other strong measures to ensure a comprehensive approach. information on coal-fired boilers. In January 2016, through TV stations, official websites, official WeChat platforms and other major media outlets, Dalian 1.Data Transparency for Public Supervision published official statements on the work being carried out on the regulation of coal-fired boilers. Moreover, it also publicized a list of boilers that needed to be (1) Publicizing a List of Boilers in Restricted Zones: To ensure transparency upgraded. The public was repeatedly notified about the 843 boilers on the list, for public supervision of Dalian’s boiler upgrade, the city’s environmental of which 604 were low-capacity (below 10 t/h) and had to be eliminated while protection bureau, along with the Economic and Information Technology 239 others needed retrofitting. To synchronize efforts at every government Committee (EITC), Municipal and Rural Construction Commission (MRCC) level, the municipal government urged the district governments and pilot- district committees to also publicize a list of boilers requiring an upgrade in their jurisdictions before the end of March 2016. Publicizing these lists encouraged public participation, especially those who live or work near coal-fired boilers. Those who joined the efforts became volunteers to aid the government’s efforts and helped to supervise the coal-fired boiler upgrades. Members of the public also reported to the government on boilers that were not on the list but needed upgrade or repair. These additional coal-fired boilers were then included in the citywide upgrade efforts.

(2) Periodically Publishing Progress on Boiler Improvements: To use resources efficiently to upgrade coal-fired boilers quickly, Dalian introduced a mechanism in August 2016 to report new information to the city government and the public. Progress on coal-fired boilers upgrade was reported to the city government on a weekly basis, and disclosed to the public every other week. In 2016, five reports on the progress of boiler improvements were issued. Through publicizing information such as total number of boilers needing upgrade, number of completed upgrades, and percentage completed, healthy competition was created at the district-level to achieve targets.

Table 8: Improvements in Coal-Fired Boilers in Dalian(As of September 28th, 2016)

Total Retrofit (above 20t/h) Eliminate or Retrofit (below 10t/h) Total number of District progress coal-fired Total Progress Total number Planned Operated Completed Progress rate Planned Operated Completed rate boilers number rate Zhongshan 45 25 25 25 25 100.0% 20 20 17 17 85.0% 93.3%

Shahekou 148 53 53 53 50 94.3% 95 95 84 84 88.4% 90.5% Xigang 72 21 21 21 18 85.7% 51 51 47 47 92.2% 90.3% Hi-tech industrial 170 47 47 47 35 74.5% 123 123 112 74 60.2% 64.1% zone Ganjingzi 408 93 93 89 89 95.7% 315 315 272 234 74.3% 79.2%

Total 843 239 239 234 217 90.8% 604 604 532 455 75.5% 79.8%

Progress rate 100.0% 98.3% 90.8% 100.0% 88.1% 75.5%

Case Study 75 Dalian Case Study on Improving and Regulating Coal-Fired Boilers

(3) Media Campaigns to Expose Boilers in Violation of Emissions 3.Working with Governments at All Levels in a Concerted Standards: Dalian gathered all the information about boilers that violated Manner emissions standard and released it to the public. In March 2016, media outlets exposed 55 companies Dalian established a mechanism that allowed different levels of government to under investigation that violated work together. Specifically, the local government authorities managed the overall environmental standards during work, different districts and counties oversaw delegation, and villages and towns the first phase of the “Fight against were responsible for the final execution. Through this division of responsibilities, Smog” campaign. Exposing these Zhongshan district implemented a mechanism in which the district’s party companies and continued media committee and government had equal responsibilities. The district committee’s coverage showed strong resolve from the municipal government to fix the boiler problem and deterred companies who thought they could avoid responsibilities. This resolve also induced other companies which were slow to comply with their boiler improvement responsibilities. As a result, all the companies in violation of standards were in compliance by the end of October 2016.

2.Comprehensive Monitoring and Strict Enforcement

(1) Monitoring Coal-Fired Boiler Emissions: Dalian’s environmental monitoring center and third-party supervision completed two phases of coal-fired boiler monitoring during the winter of 2015-2016. All boilers found violating standards during the first phase of monitoring were inspected again during the second phase. Daily penalties were imposed on offenders that failed to improve after the second phase of inspections. Through these efforts, Dalian was able to monitor all boilers and provided a strong regulatory foundation for the city’s boiler improvement efforts. secretary issued implementation requirements while the district’s deputy head was in charge of human and financial resource mobilization and monitoring.

(2) Strict Enforcement: Urging businesses to collectively shoulder the Many coordination meetings were held and they were able to solve complex responsibilities, Dalian started the “Fight against Smog” campaign to curb problems in Hongqi Community by eliminating boilers and/or connecting boilers emissions from coal-fired boilers. During the campaign, 6,847 monitoring to the grid so they can use electricity rather than be coal-fired. Leaders in Xigang personnel checked 3,805 boiler rooms. Coal-fired boilers in violation of emission district also made specific efforts to resolve boiler elimination issues related to standards were held responsible and daily penalties were imposed on businesses military veterans. The leaders were responsive to their reasonable demands that did not meet standards during the second monitoring phase. In the end, fines and concerns. Meanwhile, Shahekou district created specific timetables and totaling RMB 8.08 million were collected due to 55 coal-fired boiler rooms failing to charts that showed which requirements had to be met. Updating these charts comply with emission standards. The city’s environmental protection bureau also allowed them to track progress in real time and identify issues. Furthermore, separately assigned five separate groups of personnel to oversee five districts the party committee and government of Ganjingzi district worked with sub- where monitoring was less thorough and fines were imposed less stringently. district officials to sign the 2016 Statement of Responsibility in Environmental Thirty-five heat suppliers and industrial coal-fired boilers were also subjected to Protection of Ganjingzi District. They allocated specific responsibilities for the randomized checks, of which 24 were found to have violated standards. leading departments and sub-district governments and ensured follow-through

76 Case Study Dalian Case Study on Improving and Regulating Coal-Fired Boilers

with periodic checks. Jinpu New District also coordinated with environmental IV.Corresponding Support protection agencies and provided best practices, case studies, and technical guidance to businesses to help them create viable modification plans. 1.Enhancing Leadership and Prioritizing Rule of Law Meanwhile, Lushunkou district created boiler improvement funds and subsidies and used these district-level subsidies to mobilize additional businesses to (1) Enhancing Organization and Leadership: Dalian upgraded and improved eliminate boilers, thereby helping companies that were not able to obtain boilers as a crucial part of its Blue Sky Project under the supervision subsidies from the municipal government. of an existing Blue Sky Project working group. Mayor Xiao Shengfeng managed the efforts and the Secretary-General of the municipal government 4.Joint Supervision and Assessment supervised and coordinated implementation among different departments. In its efforts to upgrade coal-fired boilers, Dalian established a mechanism (1) Implementing Joint Supervision by Party Committee and Government: that was managed by the municipal government, overseen by the EPB, Dalian’s party committee and municipal government have established a new supported by the city’s MRCC, EITC, Bureau of Urban Construction and joint supervision mechanism for environmental protection. They created a electricity grid companies, and involved public participation. Joint Supervision Unit that is composed of supervision units from the CPC

Dalian Municipal Committee, Dalian Municipal Government and the municipal (2) Publicizing Specific Notices: After releasing the Notice of Dalian Municipal environmental protection bureau (EPB). This unit conducted four rounds of Government on Defining High Pollution Fuel Restrictive Zones (the Notice) in monitoring in 2016 on the environmental protection efforts by 14 other district September 2015, the municipal government urged district governments and governments and party committees, with an emphasis on coal-fired boiler pilot-district committees to write and publish improvements. Through intensive inspections, they raised the departments’ notices on high-pollution fuel restricted zones awareness of the importance of upgrading coal-fired boilers, which provided a in their jurisdiction by the end of March 2016. strong foundation for future efforts. The Notice included five districts within the city, industrial parks that are above municipal (2) Defining Jurisdictions: To innovate on regulatory processes, the municipal level, major established regions within EPB defined new jurisdictions for department-level leaders. As many as 14 counties and pilot regions in high-pollution existing commissioners at the municipal EPB were put in direct contact with fuel restrictive zones. The Notice required different levels of the government and pilot-district management committees. these areas to eliminate all coal-fired boilers The commissioners monitored the progress of boiler elimination once a week with a capacity lower than 10t/h. The Notice and reported back once a month. As a result, they were informed of the provided a regulatory framework to improve progress of each district and could verify the accuracy of results. and upgrade coal-fired boilers.

(3) Monitoring Included in Purview of “Livelihood Engineering” Projects: Dalian gave businesses early notification Dalian added the elimination of coal-fired boilers as one of the 18 substantive of their upgrade and improvement tasks to help them prepare. Dalian issued things the municipal government doing for residents. Progress was tallied coal-fired boiler improvement notices to boiler room owners, notifying them of every week and reported to major officials in the government and reports were their responsibilities, timeline, and any penalties in case of in-completion. This publicized every two weeks. helped businesses to be more prepared in carrying out mandatory upgrade and improvement activities. (4) Strengthening Monitoring Efforts: The progress of coal-fired boiler elimination was included in the assessment of both the districts’ action plans for improving air quality and their statement of responsibilities. This motivated other districts as these assessments were given high importance.

Case Study 77 Dalian Case Study on Improving and Regulating Coal-Fired Boilers

2.Specifying Management Schemes and Providing biomass-fueled boilers as they are banned in non-agricultural areas). The Technical Support second category targets the upgrading and retrofitting of low-capacity boilers to comply with emissions standards and integrate with EPB’s online monitoring (1) Case-by-Case Management: The municipal MRCC, EITC, EPB and equipment. These subsidies are given on a RMB 30,000 per t/h basis. By governments of different levels were devoted to helping businesses implement increasing subsidies, Dalian was able to assist businesses to improve their action plans for upgrading coal-fired boilers. They were also involved in providing boiler conditions. specific technical roadmaps and assessing their feasibility. Multi-stakeholder meetings and discussions were held on how to prioritize grid connections and (2) Using High-Quality Heating Sources to Decrease Follow-Up Costs for encourage clean energy development. By the end of June 2016, Dalian had been Businesses handling all boiler improvements on a case-by-case basis. To lower costs for follow-up operations and provide more high-quality heating sources to advance low-capacity boiler elimination and connect boilers to (2) Publicizing Successful Case Studies of Boiler Improvement: To guide the grid, Dalian looked into the potential of industrial heating from coal-fired and support businesses in their coal-fired boiler improvement efforts, Dalian electricity plants. Thermal-electricity businesses also assessed the possibility collected successful case studies and promoted them through news media, of utilizing methods such as direct pumping from intermediate cylinders, websites and WeChat platforms. In addition to promoting desulfurization and switching to high back pressure and utilizing heat pump technology to increase dust elimination to reduce pollution, it also provided examples of utilizing clean their heating potential, rather than installing new coal-fired boilers. In one year, energy, such as coal-to-electricity switching, alcohol fuel, and heat-pump heating capacity was increased by 11 million square meters. The municipal technologies. Dalian also provided analysis on the technical and financial data government also looked at new heat sources and optimized the market for new behind these case studies. After understanding the pros and cons of each plan, high-quality heating sources through adjusting heating supply plans and heating businesses could pick the strategy that best suited them. layouts.

(3) Providing Opportunities for Technology Transfers: In order to provide a V.Participating Departments and their variety of solutions for businesses, different departments and non-government organizations, such as the municipal EITC, EPB, Ganjingzi district government, Responsibilities and industry associations, held a number of meetings on technical guidance To upgrade and improve coal-fired boilers, Dalian established a cohesive for boiler improvements. Businesses had access to the most up-to-date and mechanism centered on the municipal EPB and with participation from MRCC, successful cases and useful technology. As a result, businesses had access to EITC, Development and Reform Commission (DRC), the Finance Bureau comprehensive technical assistance. and the Bureau of Urban Construction. The comprehensive coal-fired boiler improvement efforts effectively allocated leadership, execution, funding, 3.Providing Funding Support and Lowering Follow-Up Costs coordination, and supervision responsibilities throughout different departments.

(1) Providing Funding Support ◆ Departments responsible for leading the efforts included the municipal Dalian published the Comprehensive Funding Plan for Subsidizing Coal-Fired EPB, MRCC and EITC. Among them, the EPB was responsible for Boiler Improvements, which outlined the range and amount of funding available developing policies as well as organizing, coordinating, and supervising in addition to the application process and needed materials. The policy elimination and retrofits of coal-fired boilers in the services sector. At the allocated for two types of funding. The first category targets the elimination of same time, the MRCC led the elimination of coal-fired heating boilers while low-capacity boilers and RMB 200,000 per t/h of capacity is subsidized to help the EITC oversaw the elimination of industrial coal-fired boilers. the boiler connect to the grid and/or switch to using clean energy. Subsidies are given on a RMB 100,000 per t/h basis to help businesses switch to clean ◆ Departments responsible for execution included district governments and energy, such as liquefied natural gas or electricity and encourage agricultural pilot area management commissions whose main responsibilities were to areas to use biomass-fueled boilers (Dalian has specific policies regarding

78 Case Study Dalian Case Study on Improving and Regulating Coal-Fired Boilers

implement specific efforts. Some of these departments also re-allocated and local police branches were able to simplify procedures, carry out boiler certain implementation tasks to lower-level governments. elimination and achieve grid connection. Furthermore, a total of 122 road projects were completed, stretching over 142 kilometers. ◆ Departments responsible for funding allocation included the EPB, MRCC, CITC, Municipal DRC and Finance Bureau. These departments are ◆ Dalian created a platform to establish a working mechanism that enabled responsible for creating and implementing funding policies on coal-fired local governments and the military to carry out boiler improvement projects boilers. simultaneously. Using this platform, Xigang Public Security Branch held meetings with leaders from Dalian Housing Management Bureau under the ◆ Departments responsible for coordination include the Civil Affairs Bureau PLA Shenyang Military Area as well as officials from the Bureau of Veteran (CAB), the Bureau of Urban Construction, the Bureau of Urban Planning, Cadres from the Provincial Military District. The Housing Management the Public Security Bureau, the Forestry Bureau and the Electric Power Bureau, District Heating Office and local heat suppliers also consulted Bureau. The CAB oversaw coordination for boiler improvement projects retired veterans many times. After much negotiation, they found common related to the military. Meanwhile, the rest of the bureaus were each ground and problems such as how to deal with low capacity military boilers responsible for paving roads, assessment, approval, and adjustments of in Sanyuan sub-district were addressed. projects, traffic control, construction needed on mountains or in forests and upgrading the electricity grid infrastructure. Moreover, CITC was VI.Policy Effects responsible for designing and implementing policies to discount electricity rates for heat-generating boilers. The municipal DRC was responsible for In 2016, Dalian eliminated 1,420 coal-fired boilers under the capacity of 10t/h; promoting coal-to-electricity switching and utilizing industrial heat sources, boilers with a capacity lower than 20 t/h were also completely gone from city while MRCC promoted coal-to-gas switching. centers. In addition, as many as 1,432 boilers were retrofitted to comply with higher standards (i.e. desulfurization, dust elimination, and online monitoring ◆ Departments responsible for supervision include units from the CPC Dalian for boilers with a capacity of 20 t/h and above). Of these, 824 boilers with the Municipal Committee, Dalian Municipal Government and the municipal capacity of 4,650 t/h were connected to the grid instead of being coal-fired; EPB, among others. around 700 boilers with a capacity of 1,177 t/h were retrofitted and upgraded to use clean energy (i.e. switching to natural gas, alcohol based fuels, biomass Since so many departments were involved, it was crucial to have inter- pellets, heat pumps, etc.); and 1,219 boilers with a capacity of 18,942 t/h were departmental coordination, including interaction between military departments upgraded and retrofitted. Following these efforts, statistics from 2016 revealed and lower-level governments. that coal consumption, sulfur dioxide, and smoke and dust emissions were reduced by 195,500 tons, 12,500 tons, and 9,300 tons, respectively. ◆ Inter-departmental coordination helped the creation of foundational policies for coal-fired boiler improvement projects. For example, departments The efforts of Dalian outlined above helped to achieve substantial results in terms responsible for leading and funding jointly managed funding and subsidies. of restoring air quality. According to data from air quality monitoring stations, compared with the values during the heating season in 2015, 2016 witnessed a ◆ Policies influencing the progress of boiler improvements were issued decrease in SO2 and PM10 concentrations by 38.8% and 17.8%, respectively. At in a timely manner through inter-departmental analysis of challenges. the same time, the number of days complying with air quality standards in Dalian

These policies included the examination and approval of biomass boilers, reached 299 in 2016, 29 days more compared to 2015. Other than the PM2.5 affirmation and implementation of coal cleaning technology, and promotion concentration, which is still higher than required in the National Standards, all and enforcement of coal-to-electricity switching. In this way, difficult issues other criteria pollutants conformed to the standards. Moreover, in 2016, Dalian were coordinated and solved, such as the coal-to-electricity switching of had the highest air quality ranking in Liaoning province because of its lowered

Bangchui Island Hotel. This project needed support in many areas, such as PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations. This was unprecedented as it ranked between project initiation, forest crossing, military base crossing, road building and third and fifth in the province in the past few years. Finally, for the third year in a increasing power capacity. Moreover, the Bureau of Urban Construction row, Dalian ranked second, behind Zhangjiakou, in the northern region among

Case Study 79 Dalian Case Study on Improving and Regulating Coal-Fired Boilers

all the 74 major cities that had mandates to first apply the revised air quality standards in China.

VII.Experiences and Challenges

Dalian’s efforts to manage the pollution from coal-fired boilers achieved significant results and sets a great example for information transparency, inter- departmental coordination, strict enforcement, and assessment. However, some issues persist. To cite a few, heat supply planning continues to lag; percentage of clean energy use is low; coal quality is not efficiently controlled; and fuel quality and pollution management equipment is not always supervised or operated properly. There is still much work to be done and this is going to be a long process.

Firstly, the municipal government should urge the city’s MRCC to continue adjustments, improvements, and enforcement of the region’s heat supply planning to be consistent with the latest policy standards. In addition, the DRC should improve the city’s cogeneration plans to conform with the heat supply plans.

Second, the EPB, along with the city’s DRC, EITC and MRCC should continue efforts in coal-to-electricity or gas switching. The management of the LNG grid and networks in major city zones must be solidified. The ultimate goal should be to burn as little coal as possible.

Thirdly, the municipal government should urge the EITC to effectively monitor coal quality at the source.

Finally, the city’s EPB along with the Administration for Industry and Commerce and the Quality and Technology Supervision Bureau should continue to monitor fuel quality. Laws should continue to be strictly enforced and equipment for pollution management must be better operated and supervised.

80 Case Study Conclusions and Recommendations

Policy Implementation and Progress 81 100% 0.3% 0.3% Air Quality 1.7% 1.5% 80% The end of 2016 marked four years in the implementation of the Action Plan for Air Pollution Prevention and Control (the “Action Plan”). With just under a year 60%

to go before the scheduled deadline, all cities and provinces spared no efforts to 7.1% 40% strengthen air pollution prevention and control and achieved overall improvement 5.6% in air quality. Among the 338 cities covered in this report, as many as 84 cities 20% complied with the national air quality standards for six criteria pollutants, representing an increase of 11 cities compared with 2015. In addition, among the 0%

74 key cities, some managed to meet their targets for air quality improvement set PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NO2 CO O3 in the Action Plan ahead of schedule. However, despite these improvements, non- Percentage of attainment cities in 2015 Percentage of attainment cities in 2016 attainment of PM2.5 concentration is still prevalent. At the same time, average O3 Variation and percentage concentrations in 338 cities, though complying with standards, continued to rise and the number of non-attainment cities increased. Figure II: Percentage of Attainment Cities for 6 Pollutants in 2015 and 2016 Overall air quality improved but PM concentrations generally O pollution was not effectively controlled and number of non- failed to comply with standards. 3 attainment cities increased.

The overall air quality of Chinese cities improved in 2016 compared with the Of the six criteria pollutants in the 338 cities, only O concentrations rose in 2016 previous year. In terms of annual average concentrations of pollutants in the 3 compared with 2015. The non-attainment concentration range was 161-200μg/m3, 338 cities, SO2 and CO concentrations decreased further after complying with staying at the unhealthy-for-sensitive-groups level. The number of non-attainment standards; NO2 concentrations remained the same as the previous year, while O3 cities increased from 54 to 59, while the percentage of non-attainment days went concentrations increased slightly. Although PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations and up from 4.6% to 5.2%. the number of non-attainment cities continued decreasing, the annual average concentrations remained higher than standards and 71.9% and 58.3% of cities Among the three key regions, both YRD and PRD managed to comply with failed to attain standards for PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. Moreover, the annual 3 the standard for O3 concentration in 2016. However, compared with 2015, mean concentration of PM2.5 in non-attainment cities ranged from 36 to 158μg/m , only YRD improved as their O concentration dropped from 163μg/m3 to exceeding the national standard by 3.5 times at its highest concentrations. 3 3 159μg/m (by 2.5%). Both BTH and PRD recorded higher O3 concentrations, 2015 annual mean concentration 2016 annual mean concentration National standard increasing from 162μg/m3 to 172μg/m3 (by 6.2%) and from 145μg/m3 to 151μg/ 2015 annual mean concentration 2016 annual mean concentration National standard 3 m (by 4.1%), respectively. Furthermore, the number of days with O3 being the mg/m 3 160 4 primary pollutant accounted for 26.3%, 39.8% and 70.3% of the number of 3

μg/m 140 non-attainment days in BTH, YRD and PRD, respectively, ranking O3 second, second and first among all the pollutants in the three regions. Moreover, 120 3 regions outside BTH, YRD and PRD, including Liaoning Province, Sichuan 100 Province, Jiangxi Province, Guizhou Province, Shaanxi Province, Gansu 80 2 Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Chongqing City, Anhui Province 60 and Jilin Province showed a similar upward trend.

40 1

20 17 cities reached 2017 targets of PM2.5 concentration reduction ahead of schedule. 0 0

PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NO2 O3 CO Based on available data, 17 out of 74 key cities reached the 2017 target for Figure I: Annual Mean Concentrations for 6 Pollutants PM2.5 concentration reduction set in the Action Plan ahead of schedule. Most of in 2015 and 2016 these cities are in Zhejiang and Guangdong Province. In addition, Quzhou city

82 Conclusions and Recommendations in Zhejiang Province came very close to the target (99%), while Beijing faces In terms of the extent of improvement in PM concentrations, cities in the Northeast challenges in achieving the target by 2017. China performed increasingly well. PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations both decreased by over 25% in Harbin, Jilin and Changchun, exceeding the 5% improvement in Zhuhai

Huizhou 2015 and satisfying the 2020 target set in the 13th Five-Year Plan. In addition, PM2.5 Lishui concentrations decreased by over 20% in other northeastern cities such as Yichun, Dongguan Guangzhou Mudanjiang, Heihe, Hegang, Shuangyashan, and Shenyang. Taizhou Foshan Wenzhou BTH and its surrounding areas continued suffering the highest levels of PM Ningbo Quzhou concentration, with a notable deterioration in air quality during the winter. The extent of Jiaxing improvement in PM2.5 concentrations in BTH and its surrounding areas was smaller in Jinhua Nantong 2016 compared with the previous two years. Hangzhou Chongqing Shenyang Wuhan Policy Measures Chengdu Beijing 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 China’s air pollution prevention and control entered a critical stage in 2016. With an 3 2016 PM annual mean concentration μg/m 2.5 2017 PM2.5 target annual mean concentration improvement in top-level design at the national and regional levels, cities put more emphasis on the implementation and enforcement of specific pollution control measures. Figure III: Progress towards Achieving 2017 PM2.5 Reduction Targets for Cities Consequently, there were progresses in coal combustion control, elimination of yellow- label vehicles, promoting new energy vehicles and elimination of outdated capacity. PM concentrations varied across regions with pollution levels Moreover, breakthroughs were made in previously neglected areas related to loose coal worsening in some cities in central and western China. and non-road mobile machinery. Efforts were also stepped up to control VOCs pollution and refined management of fugitive dust. Meanwhile, BTH continued to increase the scope and depth of regional collaboration. While some cities in Eastern and Southern China managed to reach the 2017 targets of PM concentration reduction ahead of schedule, performance in other regions remained less satisfactory. Of 338 cities, over 50 failed to reach the Progress was made in coal combustion control; however coal

2016 targets for PM2.5 or PM10 concentration reduction. Most of these cities are consumption increased in some provinces in Henan, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Hubei, Gansu and other provinces in Central and

Western China. Among these cities, Linfen and Xi’an’s PM2.5 concentrations From 2014 to 2016, the total amount of coal consumption declined for three increased by 20% compared with 2015. consecutive years by 2.9%, 3.7% and 4.7% year-on-year, respectively. At the same time, the proportion of coal consumption in the total energy consumption dropped from Baoji 65.6% to 62%, while the proportion of non-fossil fuels rose from 11.1% to 13.3%. Mianyang Deyang Based on available data, BTH managed to decrease total coal consumption in Lanzhou 2016 compared with 2012. Within the BTH region, Beijing and Tianjin were ahead Luzhou Taiyuan of schedule in reaching the coal consumption reduction targets set by the National Yinchuan Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) for 2017. In addition, 22 provinces Changde (municipalities and autonomous regions) had decrease of total coal consumption in

Xi’an 2015, compared with 2012. However, Shandong Province, Shaanxi Province, Jiangxi Linfen Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 μg/m3 Hainan Province saw an increase in total coal consumption. In extreme cases, some

2015 PM2.5 annual mean concentration 2016 PM2.5 annual mean concentration 2016 PM2.5 target annual mean concentration of these provinces were even found to have built illegal coal-fired chemical projects and coal-fired heating boilers, or to have reported fraudulent results on the elimination Figure IV: Cities that not only Failed to Achieve PM Reduction 2.5 of small coal-fired boilers. Targets but also Experienced Increase in PM2.5 Annual Mean Concentration in 2016

Conclusions and Recommendations 83 With the air pollution prevention and control entering a critical stage, pollution Pollution from heavy-duty diesel vehicles also drew wider attention. To control for loose coal emissions from household use has become a challenge tackle this issue, Beijing, Wuhan, Nantong and Zhengzhou designated areas that must be overcome in the region. In 2016, BTH pressed ahead with loose where such vehicles are banned. Moreover, Beijing, Shanghai, Zhengzhou, coal pollution control by replacing coal with electricity, natural gas, or other clean Shenzhen, Xi’an and Yichang required heavy-duty diesel vehicles to install energy sources. However, BTH was only able to replace an equivalent of 5% of diesel particulate filters (DPF) and other pollution control devices. For 40 million tons of loose coal consumed in the region, showing that this will be an example, in Beijing, DPFs were installed in eight types of heavy-duty diesel extremely arduous task. vehicles, totaling over 5,500 vehicles, including buses, sanitation trucks, tourist buses, mail trucks, dump trucks, shuttle buses, school buses, and Policy framework for VOCs control was established airport buses.

In 2016, NOx and PM emissions from vehicles decreased by 8.29% and 13.51% As major precursors of PM2.5 and O3, VOCs must be controlled in order to achieve coordinated management of PM2.5 and O3. China was relatively late to respectively compared with 2012. initiate VOCs control, and established the relevant policy framework in 2016 to cover specific policies and measures including total VOCs emissions control, Non-road mobile machinery was brought under regulation management of key industries and VOCs pollution charges. The number of non-road mobile machinery and their emissions are on the rise VOCs were included in total emission control indicators for the first time in in China, while management in this area has been very weak. As required by 2016. During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, it is specified that total VOCs the Action Plan, non-road mobile machinery is subject to regulation starting from emission control should be carried out in key regions and industries, while 2016. total VOCs emissions should be lowered by over 10% compared with 2015 by 2020. Meanwhile in key industries, the central government requires a minimum In 2016, China began implementing the China III emission standards for non- reduction of 3.3 million tons in VOCs emissions by 2018 compared with 2015 road mobile machinery and tightened environmental protection requirements. levels. Specific measures for 11 key industries have also been set. China is China established preliminary regulatory requirements for non-road mobile gradually adopting a more comprehensive approach characterized by “reduction machinery, including disclosing environmental protection information, declaring at the source with process control as the core strategy and end-of-pipe control and registering machinery, and designating low-emission zones. By requiring as a supporting strategy.” registration or inspecting emissions, Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Jiangsu Province gathered preliminary emissions data on non-road mobile machinery, With improvements in top-level design under way, some cities also took the lead thereby solving the longstanding problem of data paucity. Zhengzhou is the in carrying out pilot projects on VOCs control to implement relevant policies. For first city in the country to designate areas where high-pollution non-road mobile example, financial policies were adopted in VOCs control, with some cities following a machinery are banned. differentiated charging principle whereby fees are doubled for higher emissions while preferential fee rates are offered to companies with lower emissions. Multiple measures for fugitive dust control were implemented and refined management was adopted With the elimination of yellow-label vehicles near completion, outdated and diesel vehicles are becoming the new focuses of In addition to existing measures such as installing enclosures required by vehicle pollution control. Action Plan, more cities started levying fees for fugitive dust emissions. Some cities also installed fugitive dust continuous monitoring systems to improve Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Qingdao, Zhejiang Province and Jiangsu Province regulation. completed the elimination of all yellow-label vehicles in 2016. The next priority of vehicle pollution prevention and control is to eliminate high-pollution and Currently, Beijing, Tianjin, Suzhou, Taizhou (Jiangsu Province), Xinxiang, outdated vehicles while vigorously promoting new energy vehicles. Hundreds Jiangmen and Chongqing have begun levying pollution charges for fugitive of thousands of new energy vehicles have been purchased and used in Tier- dust emissions. Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangdong Province and Sichuan 1 cities, including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen. Around 200 Province have also stepped up efforts and installed fugitive dust continuous cities have started using such vehicles in the sectors of public transport, taxis, monitoring systems so that supervisors can obtain real-time data from sanitation, and government organizations. construction sites.

84 Conclusions and Recommendations Regional collaboration progressed in BTH while YRD was However, some cities are still unwilling to publicize their annual pollution data. By relatively lagged behind. the end of August 2017, nearly a quarter of the 338 cities failed to release their 2016 annual environmental status bulletins or excluded pollution data from the

In 2016, BTH continued deepening and broadening efforts in regional bulletins. Some of these cities are provincial capitals such as Shijiazhuang and collaboration. To broaden efforts geographically, some prevention and control Zhengzhou that already established air quality monitoring network in 2013 and measures were expanded to Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei Province, Shanxi Province, suffered from poor air quality. Zhengzhou has not released its data on annual mean Inner Mongolia, Shandong Province, and Henan Province. In 2016, the seven concentrations of air pollutants in its Zhengzhou Environmental Status Bulletin provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) managed to establish an since 2013. information-sharing platform for air pollution control. In addition, the region unified standards for heavy pollution alerting and set up a consultation platform An environmental inspection mechanism was initiated, but for alerting, which effectively reduced the level of heavy pollution in the winter progress from the rectification plan implementation is not disclosed of 2016. Concerning the depth, BTH preliminarily unified the regional planning, measures and standards for regional heavy pollution monitoring and alerting. The central government initiated an environmental inspection mechanism and Coordinated enforcement was carried out and mechanism of twining-city fully launched it in 2016. The environmental inspection teams were dispatched on cooperation on pollution prevention and control was strengthened. behalf of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the State Council to inspect provincial-level and selected city-level governments and to However, the progress made in YRD, one of the three key regions, still fell short hold them accountable for environmental protection. Afterwards, some provinces of requirements outlined in the Law on Prevention and Control of Atmospheric also established their own environmental inspection mechanisms in 2016, enabling Pollution. In the region, no substantive progress was achieved in unifying further inspections of city-level government. As a result, a two-tier (central and standards, prevention and control measures or coordinated enforcement provincial) inspection mechanism was formed. As air pollution was an important mechanisms. part of the environmental inspection, the inspection team initiated an “accountability initiative” which provided strong support for the Action Plan implementation at local Furthermore, an increasing number of cities and regions started valuing and level. implementing regional collaboration. In this respect, the Urumqi-Changji-Shihezi city cluster in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the Guanzhong city cluster in Inspection work was conducted through collecting information at meetings, Shaanxi Province, the Changchun-Jilin-Siping city cluster in Jilin Province, the reviewing public reports and other relevant information, on-site spot-checks, one- Jinan metropolitan cluster in Shandong Province, the Hefei metropolitan area on-one talks with poorly performing local government officials, and site visits. of Anhui Province, and the Southern city cluster in Sichuan have all put in place Collecting reports from the public has become an important channel for the coordinated prevention and control mechanisms in 2016 to solve air pollution government to encourage public participation. Except for Hebei Province, which issues. was singled out as the pilot province for the inspection starting at the end of 2015, the central environmental inspection team inspected 15 provinces and cities in two Information disclosure improved, though some cities are still phases in 2016 and reviewed over 33,000 reports submitted by the public. unwilling to publicize annual air pollution data However, the provinces and cities required by the inspection team to carry Since 2013, notable progress has been made on disclosing air quality data, policy out rectification efforts have not released the results of implementation in a measures and effect of air pollution control. For example, in addition to releasing timely manner, creating challenges for effective public supervision. The central annual reports on local air quality conditions, some cities (Hohhot, Wuxi, Beihai, environmental inspection team publicized its results on the MEP website after Sanya, Shizuishan, Putian, Baiyin, Jixi, Shiyan, Qinzhou, Alxa League, Yulin, inspecting 15 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions). Following the Baise, Hechi, Pingliang, Qingyang, Haidong, and Guoluo Prefecture) also disclosure, eight provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) that were disclosed the measures they adopted along with the problems they faced in the inspected in the first phase have released their rectification plans. However, as of previous year in their annual action plans for air pollution prevention and control. the publication of this report, only Hebei Province had disclosed the implementation As a result, the public could better understand the air quality conditions of their status of the key measures in its rectification plan. Other provinces (municipalities cities and the efforts made by their local governments and participate in the or districts) have not revealed their implementation results, slowing the information pollution control process. disclosure process.

Conclusions and Recommendations 85 Structural reform of monitoring and criminal accountability is an effective way to lower PM and O3 concentrations simultaneously. Given were implemented in a parallel fashion to prevent fabrication of the wide variety of diesel engines and their extensive application in vehicles, monitoring data. vessels, non-road mobile machinery, it is necessary to start with top-level design.

In 2016, the environmental monitoring system was reformed based on the principle that “whoever assesses the performance should also be in charge of This report recommends expediting the official launch of the “National Clean monitoring.” This principle aims to prevent local fabrication of monitoring data. Diesel Action Plan”. In addition to enforcing stricter emission standards, The operation authority of 1,436 state-owned ambient air quality monitoring sites integrating standards for regular diesel and automobile diesel, and designating across the country was all centralized in the national government. Meanwhile, vessel emission control areas in key regions, the government should also a reform pilot to establish the vertical management system for environmental design detailed control measures for in-use diesel engines and strengthen protection institutions at the provincial level was launched in Hebei Province. The day-to-day enforcement to reduce emissions from diesel engines. operation authority over all county-controlled air quality monitoring sites across the province would be centralized in the provincial government. High-pollution and outdated diesel vehicles, vessels, and machineries that have high retrofit costs should be eliminated and scrapped. Moreover, the The Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate issued government should designate no-go, low-emission and restricted areas for the Interpretation on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in high-pollution diesel engines with a phased approach throughout China, the Handling of Criminal Cases of Environmental Pollution in 2016, explicitly thus accelerating the elimination process. As for in-use diesel engines in stating that the fabrication of monitoring data would be equivalent to crimes of good working conditions, retrofitting and improving maintenance should be destroying computer information systems and subjected to a heavy punishment. encouraged, such as installing DPFs or other mature and effective emission The first case to emerge involved environmental officials in Xi’an who were found reduction devices on diesel vehicles and non-road mobile machinery and to have fabricated air quality monitoring data. This incident alarmed officials by converting in-use vessels to use low-sulfur diesel. revealing the consequences of data fabrication. With regards to enforcement, the government must increase the frequency of regular inspections and spot-checks, expand the application of remote sensing and other new regulatory approaches, and encourage reporting and Recommendations supervision by the public. This way, the government will have a variety of strategies to help in-use diesel engines comply with relevant standards. Since the Action Plan has been promulgated and implemented, China has persistently improved its policy framework of air pollution prevention and control, Domestic sources sources. accounted for 81.47% of that from mobile NOx emissions from diesel engines resulting in significant reductions of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations across the 2.72% Diesel country. In 2016, the Action Plan entered its fourth year of implementation and vehicles the 13th Five Year Plan had just reached its first year of execution. The 13th Five 32.38% Year Plan requires the country to sustain “green development” while maintaining medium-to-high speed economic growth. This requirement has brought new opportunities and challenges for air pollution control. With non-attainment of PM Industrial Non-road concentrations, China is also experiencing a rise in O levels. As an independent sources Mobile 3 mobile 49.31% sources third party, Clean Air Asia has the following recommendations regarding control sources 47.97% 49.09% of PM2.5 and O3 and achieving the long-term goal of clean air.

Develop a clean diesel action plan to comprehensively control pollution from diesel engine exhaust Others 18.53%

According to 2015 statistics, diesel engines emitted 9.359 million tons of NOx Figure V: Percentage of NOx Emissions by Sources in 2015 and 1.008 million tons of PM, which accounted for 38.74% and 6.36% of the total emissions nationwide, respectively. Controlling emissions from diesel engines

86 Conclusions and Recommendations experience of cities in the key regions, collaborating with scientific research sources. accounted for 97.68% of that from mobile PM emissions from diesel engines institutes, third-party technology suppliers, international and multilateral agencies; and seeking more opportunities of scientific research support, technical assistance, and capacity building. By strictly implementing relevant Diesel Domestic vehicles national policies for air pollution, the local governments of these regions should sources 51.94% initiate more stringent industry access policies and prevent polluting industries 15.75% and enterprises from relocating to the central and western regions. Industrial Mobile sources 6.54% sources 77.74% Develop national action plan of O3 pollution control, and conduct Non-road coordinated emission reduction of both PM and O and regional mobile 3 sources cooperation based on photochemical monitoring 45.74% The Action Plan uses PM concentrations as the key indicators of emission reduction and the level of PM pollution has improved since its implementation. Others 2.32% However, O3 pollution levels increased. Therefore, more attention should be paid Figure VI: Percentage of PM Emissions by Sources in 2015 to this particular issue in the future, and it is recommended to develop a national

action plan for O3 pollution control. Explore the potentials for reducing emissions from scattered, unregulated, and high-pollution enterprises The O3 formation mechanism and the impacts of regional transportation are very complicated, varying from place to place and from time to time. This Since the implementation of the Action Plan, significant emission reductions means the design and implementation of control strategies must be based have been mostly attributed to macro-level measures, such as adjustments on comprehensive and scientific pre-evaluation, tracking progress, and post- in the energy structure and industrial restructuring. During the 13th Five-Year implementation evaluation of a suite of policies. Scientific and targeted policies Plan period, it is necessary to enhance regulation and ensure the enforcement must be created to ensure that O3 and PM concentrations both decrease. of existing measures in order to achieve continuous air quality improvement on one hand; on the other hand, it is also important for the government to explore It is also recommended to establish a photochemical monitoring network and the potentials for reducing emissions from scattered, unregulated, and high- apply localized models to understand O3 formation mechanisms and features; pollution enterprises by addressing previously neglected areas, such as loose develop scientific and coordinated reduction strategies for NOx and VOCs and coal burning for household use and non-road mobile machinery. increase efforts of VOCs emission reduction based on monitoring and modelling

results; and adopt regional approach to address O3 pollution, and develop Pay attention to air quality changes in areas other than the key regional control strategies. regions and enhance air pollution control in cities in central and western China Enhance and refine enforcement and fully utilize public participation and supervision BTH, YRD and PRD are the key regions for implementing the Action Plan and have noticeably improved their air quality in the past few years. However, data Although the central government has been focusing on policy implementation, shows that air quality is not improved as much in non-key regions, especially in supervision and enforcement capacity is still insufficient in many cities. Therefore, central and western China (including Sichuan, Henan and Shaanxi provinces), in addition to building strong inspection teams at local level, funds should be which are experiencing either short-term improvements or worsening conditions allocated from central and local budgets to develop and adopt a variety of overall. enforcement technologies and approaches. This should include expanding the coverage of continuous emission monitoring, equipping enforcement personnel In the post-Action Plan period, the central government should devote more with advanced handheld mobile devices, and applying advanced technologies attention to non-key regions and take measures such as facilitating them to such as drones, lidars, and remote sensing, thus enabling more standardized, develop attainment plans, increasing capital investment, promoting learning timely, and precise enforcement.

Conclusions and Recommendations 87 It is also important to emphasize the role of public participation. It is recommended that government disclose inspection and rectification information, encourage the public to report environmental violations, and increase media exposure of violations, mobilizing whole society to support air pollution prevention and control.

Create a template for environmental status bulletins and standardize the disclosure of air pollution information

Although most cities have started disclosing air quality information through a variety of channels, it is still necessary to standardize publications on overall pollution conditions, control measures, and effect.

This report recommends that the MEP create detailed rules on how to publish relevant information on air pollution prevention and control. It is necessary to specify the data and statistics that cities must disclose, as well as the frequency and form of disclosure. Moreover, for the environmental status bulletins that have been widely used in China, this report recommends that the government issue a specific template with detailed instructions, listing key information as “must disclose” items including annual mean concentrations of criteria air pollutants, specific pollution control measures, and effect. This way, the public, the media, researchers, and other stakeholders concerned about air quality can learn about the condition of local air quality. They can understand whether air quality has improved or worsened, whether the annual mean concentrations of criteria pollutants in specific cities have complied with standards or reached targets, and whether the measures implemented are effective. This will allow all stakeholders to better support local air pollution prevention and control and supervise the progress.

88 Conclusions and Recommendations