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Western Australian Naturalist THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN NATURALIST Vol. 30 28th February 2017 No. 4 THE DISTRIBUTION, STATUS MOVEMENTS AND DIET OF THE FOREST RED-TAILED BLACK COCKATOO IN THE SOUTH-WEST WITH EMPHASIS ON THE GREATER PERTH REGION, WESTERN AUSTRALIA By R.E. JOHNSTONE 1, T. KIRKBY 2 and K. SARTI 1 1 Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australia 6986, Australia 2 20 Buckingham Road, Kelmscott, Western Australia 6111, Australia ABSTRACT The Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii naso) is a large, iconic forest cockatoo endemic to the south-west corner of Western Australia. It is listed as Threatened under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and Vulnerable under the Western Australian Wildlife Conservation Act 1950. It has experienced a severe decline in numbers and range since European colonisation. Over the past 20 years there has been a dynamic change in the foraging ecology of many birds in the northern Darling Range (adjacent to the Perth metropolitan area) driven mainly by their discovery of Cape Lilac as a new food source. Flocks that were once largely sedentary have now developed regular movements onto the Swan Coastal Plain and in some places have established new roost and breeding sites. Furthermore in 2014–2015 there was also a massive flowering and nutting of Marri (the main food throughout its range) in the northern Darling Range and on parts of the Swan Coastal Plain and during late 2015 and throughout 2016 there was a considerable movement of birds from the hills onto the southern Swan Coastal Plain to forage on Marri seed. Despite this abundance of food on the Swan Coastal Plain and in the adjacent hills region, almost no birds were recorded breeding in 2016, perhaps a result of 193 food quality rather than quantity, or perhaps a result of the energy required with the extensive movements to and from foraging sites. The availability of Jarrah and Marri seed is becoming increasingly scarce in many areas in the face of habitat modification, climate change and fire. The implications are that the Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo may become more dependent on some introduced species for food in some areas and this will impact on their breeding biology. INTRODUCTION It is listed as Threatened under the Commonwealth Environment The Forest Red-tailed Black Protection and Biodiversity Con- Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii servation Act 1999 and as Schedule naso) is a large, iconic forest 3 fauna [species that are ‘rare or cockatoo, endemic to the south- likely to become extinct, as west of Western Australia. This vulnerable fauna, are declared to subspecies occurs in the humid be fauna that is in need of special and subhumid south-west protection’] under the Western mainly the hilly interior, north Australian Wildlife Conservation to Gingin (formerly to Dan- Act 1950. It is currently the daragan), Gidgegannup, and east subject of a recovery program to Mount Helena (formerly (Chapman 2008). Toodyay), Chidlow, Wooroloo, Wundowie, The Lakes, Christmas This paper provides details of the Tree Well, near Brookton, Ban- changing foraging ecology of nister (formerly to Wandering), many birds in the northern Mount Saddleback, Kojonup, Darling Range over the past 20 Rocky Gully, the upper King years. The foraging ecology of River, Porongurup Range and some populations in the north- Green Range. It was formerly ern Jarrah-Marri forest in recent common, but is now rare to times has meant that flocks that uncommon and patchily distri- were largely sedentary have now buted over most of its range. Its developed regular movements distribution on the northern onto the Swan Coastal Plain and Swan Coastal Plain was confined in some places established new largely to the eastern zone north roost sites and breeding sites. This to Gingin and south to the movement has led to an Armadale-Byford and Serpentine erroneous impression in the -North Dandalup regions, with Perth region that this subspecies small breeding populations at is expanding its range and Baldivis, Mundijong, Stake Hill, increasing in abundance. Karnup and more recently in the Perth area at Murdoch and DISTRIBUTION possibly Perry Lakes. The Red-tailed Black Cockatoo 194 Calyptorhynchus banksii (Latham, subspecies: C. b. macrorhynchus 1790) is widely distributed in occurs in the Kimberley region; eastern and northern Australia, C. b. samueli in the mid-western and south-western Australia. In region and C. b. naso from the far Western Australia there are three south-west of the State (Figure 1). Figure 1. Distribution of Red-tailed Black Cockatoo subspecies in Western Australia. 195 Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo Chidlow, Wooroloo, Wundowie, (Calyptorhynchus banksii naso) The Lakes, Christmas Tree Well, This subspecies occurs in the Westdale, 10 km west of Brook- humid and subhumid south- ton, North Bannister (formerly to west mainly the hilly interior, Wandering), Mount Saddleback, north to Gingin (casually e.g. Kojonup, Rocky Gully, the upper December 1983 and Boonan- King River, Porongurup Range arring November 2012), (formerly and Green Range (Figure 2). to Dandaragan), Guildford Masters and Milhinch (1974) (resident here in colonial times noted it as scarce in the Northam now only rare or casual visitor, district, only observed west of see below), Bindoon, Gidge- the Avon River each autumn in gannup, and east to Mount Wandoo forest at Glen Avon and Helena (formerly Toodyay), west of Clackline in flocks up to Figure 2. Distribution of Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo C. b. naso including historical records. 196 50; suddenly disappeared and last Bindi Bindi, Wyalkatchem, sighting was of five birds north Merredin, Walgoolan and Kool- of Clackline in 1971. yanobbing and is a casual visitor On the Swan Coastal Plain its further south at Kwolyin and status in historical times is Narembeen. uncertain. G.F. Moore noted a While the range of C. b. naso has black cockatoo with a red tail contracted over the past 50 years, about his homestead near in comparison the range of Guildford in 1831. It was listed by C. b. samueli has expanded south- Gould (1865) as “appears to be wards and this may be continu- most numerous in the colony of ing judging from southern the Swan River, where it inhabits records at Kwolyin, Narembeen all parts of the country”. W.B. and a recent report in September Alexander (1921) listed it for the 2015 of a flock of five birds Swan River District as “only feeding in a paddock on the occasionally seen in the district, upper Darkin River (Westdale, being a bird of the inland regions Beverley Shire) within the range of the State. The reasons for the of C. b. naso. occasional visits to coastal districts are unknown”. Serventy MOVEMENTS AND CHANGES IN (1948) noted that it was “never STATUS AND ABUNDANCE reported nowadays from the Swan Coastal Plain”. Storr and The northern subspecies samueli Johnstone (1988) list it as a rare is quite dispersive undertaking visitor in flocks up to 30, regular seasonal movements (November to May) to eastern whereas naso on the other hand parts of the Swan Coastal Plain, is considered generally very presumably from the adjacent sedentary with strong fidelity to Darling Range. On the Swan home range territory. In the past Coastal Plain it is currently rare, there has been some isolated but resident at some sites vagrancy of pairs and small (although patchily distributed) flocks onto the Swan Coastal at Mundijong, Baldivis, Karnup, Plain. For example a small flock Stakehill, near Lake McLarty, was observed by A. Chapman at Pinjarra, Coolup, Meelup, Good- Lake Joondalup on 25 April 1977; ale Sanctuary, Lake Clifton area, two were observed by P. Griffin Dawesville and Wokalup (Storr- in Booragoon bushland on 27 Johnstone Bird Data Bank). May 1978; six observed drinking by J. Stuart at Rosalie Park (near Inland Red-tailed Black Cockatoo Shenton Park) on 11 March 1981; (Calyptorhynchus banksii samueli) and three seen by B. Gardiner This subspecies occurs in the over Guildford Grammar School western arid and semiarid regions in late April 1984. of Western Australia, from the Banding recoveries of 37 chicks De Grey River south to Eneabba, that were banded between 1997 197 and 2011 with some 35 re- distance of 24 km from its natal sightings of 11 birds (including area. Another bird of interest is a fledglings to adults 13 years old) male chick banded at Nest 47 at showed that juvenile-immature 31 Mile Road (Jarrahdale State birds moved on average less than Forest) in December 2003 was 3 km from their natal tree and observed at Gleneagle on 29 older birds were recorded August 2005 (a distance of 1.3 moving up to 19 km. For example km) and observed in Bungendore a male chick banded at Nest 2 on Park on 21 March 2011, a distance 23 November 1997 was re-sighted of 14 km from its natal area. ten times between January 1998 Other banding records from and November 2003 moving Department of Parks and Wild- only 1–3 km from the nest site life include immature birds over that period and in July 2004 banded at Kaarakin Conser- it was observed (with a female vation Centre in Martin on 9 and immature) at Kelmscott six June 2009 and recovered at and a half years after banding Araluen on 15 June 2009 after and a distance of 6 km from the colliding with a vehicle (a nest site. A male chick banded at distance of 7.1 km); another on 24 Nest 18 in Bungendore Park (near March 2011 and recovered at Armadale) on 4 January 1998 was Manning after colliding with a observed seven times between 6 vehicle on 5 June 2012 (a distance April 1998 and 9 March 2003 of 18 km); another banded on 27 moving between 0.2 and 3 km July 2012 recovered at Wattle from its nest site.
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