Author Title 1 A. DAVID REDISH. BEYOND the COGNITIVE MAP
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Pathogens, Personality, and Culture: Disease Prevalence Predicts Worldwide Variability in Sociosexuality, Extraversion, and Openness to Experience
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Copyright 2008 by the American Psychological Association 2008, Vol. 95, No. 1, 212–221 0022-3514/08/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.212 Pathogens, Personality, and Culture: Disease Prevalence Predicts Worldwide Variability in Sociosexuality, Extraversion, and Openness to Experience Mark Schaller and Damian R. Murray University of British Columbia Previous research has documented cross-cultural differences in personality traits, but the origins of those differences remain unknown. The authors investigate the possibility that these cultural differences can be traced, in part, to regional differences in the prevalence in infectious diseases. Three specific hypotheses are deduced, predicting negative relationships between disease prevalence and (a) unrestricted sociosex- uality, (b) extraversion, and (c) openness to experience. These hypotheses were tested empirically with methods that employed epidemiological atlases in conjunction with personality data collected from individuals in dozens of countries worldwide. Results were consistent with all three hypotheses: In regions that have historically suffered from high levels of infectious diseases, people report lower mean levels of sociosexuality, extraversion, and openness. Alternative explanations are addressed, and possible underlying mechanisms are discussed. Keywords: culture, disease prevalence, extraversion, openness to experience, sociosexuality People’s personalities differ, and some of that individual vari- For example, Schmitt (2005) and his collaborators in the Inter- ability is geographically clumped. But why is that so? How are we national Sexuality Description Project assessed worldwide vari- to understand the origins of regional differences in personality? A ability in chronic tendencies toward either a “restricted” or “unre- complete response to that question will surely require attention to stricted” sociosexual style. -
Outline of Michael Tomasello, a Natural History of Human Morality (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2016)
Outline of Michael Tomasello, A Natural History of Human Morality (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2016). John Protevi LSU HNRS 2030.2: “Evolution and Biology of Morality” I Chapter 1: The Interdependence Hypothesis A) Parallels of natural and moral cooperation 1) Natural cooperation (a) Altruistic helping (b) Mutualist collaboration 2) Human morality (a) Parallel human morality types: (i) Altruistic helping via compassion, concern, benevolence: ethic of the good / sympathy (ii) Mutualist collaboration via fairness: ethic of right / justice (b) Simplicity vs complexity (i) Sympathetic altruism is simpler and more basic: (i) Pure cooperation (ii) Proximate mechanisms: based in mammalian parental care / kin selection (ii) Fair collaboration is more complex: interactions of multiple individuals w/ different interests (i) “cooperativization of competition” (ii) Proximate mechanisms: moral emotions / judgments 1. Deservingness 2. Punishment: feelings of resentment / indignation toWard Wrong-doers 3. Accountability: judgments of responsibility, obligation, etc B) Goal of the book: evolutionary account of emergence of human morality of sympathy and fairness 1) Morality is “form of cooperation” (a) Emerging via human adaptation to neW social forms required by neW ecological / economic needs (b) Bringing With it “species-unique proximate mechanisms” or psychological processes (i) cognition (ii) social interaction (iii) self-regulation 2) Based on these assumptions, tWo goals: (a) Specify hoW human cooperation differs from other primates -
Testing Working Memory: an Experimental and Analytical Approach
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Supervised Undergraduate Student Research Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects and Creative Work Spring 5-2005 Testing Working Memory: An Experimental and Analytical Approach Nicholas Duane Bennett University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj Recommended Citation Bennett, Nicholas Duane, "Testing Working Memory: An Experimental and Analytical Approach" (2005). Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj/820 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Supervised Undergraduate Student Research and Creative Work at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Running head: TESTING WORKING MEMORY Testing Working Memory: An Experimental and Analytical Approach 2005 Senior Honors Project Nicholas D. Bennett Mentor: Dr. Srinivasan Mahadevan The University of Tennessee Knoxville Abstract The following paper is basically a brief review of my studies in the concentration of cognition under the guidance of Dr. Mahadevan. In addition to demonstrating laboratory procedures, Dr. Mahadevan recommended many of the subsequent references to literature pertaining to various memory constructs. Having acquired a broad taste (but admitted novice skill) for many interpretations, clarifications by and conversations with Dr. Mahadevan have enabled me to document some conclusions here. My hope is to convey some understanding of the history, methods, theories and models I have found to be instrumental to the present-day empirical study of memory. -
Empathy and Altruism. the Hypothesis of Somasia
A Clinical Perspective on “Theory of Mind”, Empathy and Altruism The Hypothesis of Somasia Jean-Michel Le Bot PhD, University Rennes 2, Rennes doi: 10.7358/rela-2014-001-lebo [email protected] ABSTRACT The article starts by recalling the results of recent experiments that have revealed that, to a certain extent, the “ability to simultaneously distinguish between different possible perspec- tives on the same situation” (Decety and Lamm 2007) exists in chimpanzees. It then describes a case study of spatial and temporal disorientation in a young man following a cerebral lesion in order to introduce the hypothesis that this ability is based on a specific process of somasia. By permitting self-other awareness, this process also provides subjects with anchor points in time and space from which they can perform the mental decentring that enables them to adopt various perspectives. This process seems to be shared by humans and certain animal species and appears to be subdivided into the processing of the identity of experienced situa- tions, on the one hand, and of their unity on the other. The article concludes with a critique of overly reflexive and “representational” conceptions of theory of mind which do not distin- guish adequately between the ability to “theorise” about the mental states of others and the self-other awareness ability (which is automatic and non-reflexive). Keywords: Social cognition, theory of mind, empathy, altruism, neuropsychology, somasia, humans, animals, mental states, decentring. 1. INTRODUCTION In their seminal paper published in 1978, Premack and Woodruff stated that “an individual has a theory of mind [ToM] if he imputes mental states to himself and others” (Premack and Woodruff 1978). -
Memory Bang for the Attentional Buck
Social Psychological and Personality Science 1(2) 182-189 More Memory Bang for the Attentional ª The Author(s) 2010 Reprints and permission: Buck: Self-Protection Goals Enhance sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1948550609359202 Encoding Efficiency for Potentially http://spps.sagepub.com Threatening Males D. Vaughn Becker1, Uriah S. Anderson1, Steven L. Neuberg1, Jon K. Maner2, Jenessa R. Shapiro3, Joshua M. Ackerman4, Mark Schaller5, and Douglas T. Kenrick1 Abstract When encountering individuals with a potential inclination to harm them, people face a dilemma: Staring at them provides useful information about their intentions but may also be perceived by them as intrusive and challenging—thereby increasing the likelihood of the very threat the people fear. One solution to this dilemma would be an enhanced ability to efficiently encode such individuals—to be able to remember them without spending any additional direct attention on them. In two experiments, the authors primed self-protective concerns in perceivers and assessed visual attention and recognition memory for a variety of faces. Consistent with hypotheses, self-protective participants (relative to control participants) exhibited enhanced encoding efficiency (i.e., greater memory not predicated on any enhancement of visual attention) for Black and Arab male faces— groups stereotyped as being potentially dangerous—but not for female or White male faces. Results suggest that encoding efficiency depends on the functional relevance of the social information people encounter. Keywords encoding, memory, visual attention, threat, evolutionary psychology If you spent an hour people watching in a large city, which of second line of research builds on the premise that there are fun- the many passersby would you later be able to identify? Com- damental, recurring problems that humans have long faced and mon sense suggests that the faces you looked at longer would that evolved motivational systems manage these challenges by be better remembered. -
Preferences Under Pressure
Eric Skoog Preferences Under Pressure Conflict, Threat Cues and Willingness to Compromise Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Zootissalen, EBC, Villavägen 9, Uppsala, Friday, 13 March 2020 at 10:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Associate Professor Thomas Zeitzoff (American University, School of Public Affairs). Abstract Skoog, E. 2020. Preferences Under Pressure. Conflict, Threat Cues and Willingness to Compromise. Report / Department of Peace and Conflict Research 121. 66 pp. Uppsala: Department of Peace and Conflict Research. ISBN 978-91-506-2805-0. Understanding how preferences are formed is a key question in the social sciences. The ability of agents to interact with each other is a prerequisite for well-functioning societies. Nevertheless, the process whereby the preferences of agents in conflict are formed have often been black boxed, and the literature on the effects of armed conflict on individuals reveals a great variation in terms of outcomes. Sometimes, individuals are willing to cooperate and interact even with former enemies, while sometimes, we see outright refusal to cooperate or interact at all. In this dissertation, I look at the role of threat in driving some of these divergent results. Armed conflict is rife with physical threats to life, limb and property, and there has been much research pointing to the impact of threat on preferences, attitudes and behavior. Research in the field of evolutionary psychology has revealed that threat is not a singular category, but a nuanced phenomenon, where different types of threat may lead to different responses. -
Tribal Social Instincts and the Cultural Evolution of Institutions to Solve Collective Action Problems
UC Riverside Cliodynamics Title Tribal Social Instincts and the Cultural Evolution of Institutions to Solve Collective Action Problems Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/981121t8 Journal Cliodynamics, 3(1) Authors Richerson, Peter Henrich, Joe Publication Date 2012 DOI 10.21237/C7clio3112453 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Cliodynamics: the Journal of Theoretical and Mathematical History Tribal Social Instincts and the Cultural Evolution of Institutions to Solve Collective Action Problems Peter Richerson University of California-Davis Joseph Henrich University of British Columbia Human social life is uniquely complex and diverse. Much of that complexity and diversity arises from culturally transmitted ideas, values and skills that underpin the operation of social norms and institutions that structure our social life. Considerable theoretical and empirical work has been devoted to the role of cultural evolutionary processes in the evolution of social norms and institutions. The most persistent controversy has been over the role of cultural group selection and gene- culture coevolution in early human populations during Pleistocene. We argue that cultural group selection and related cultural evolutionary processes had an important role in shaping the innate components of our social psychology. By the Upper Paleolithic humans seem to have lived in societies structured by institutions, as do modern populations living in small-scale societies. The most ambitious attempts to test these ideas have been the use of experimental games in field settings to document human similarities and differences on theoretically interesting dimensions. These studies have documented a huge range of behavior across populations, although no societies so far examined follow the expectations of selfish rationality. -
Michael Tomasello [March, 2020]
CURRICULUM VITAE MICHAEL TOMASELLO [MARCH, 2020] Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Duke University; Durham, NC; 27708; USA Deutscher Platz 6; D-04103 Leipzig, GERMANY E-MAIL: [email protected] E-MAIL: [email protected] EDUCATION: DUKE UNIVERSITY B.A. Psychology, 1972 UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Ph.D. Experimental Psychology, 1980 UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG Doctorate, honoris causa, 2016 EMPLOYMENT: 1980 - 1998 Assistant-Associate-Full Professor of Psychology; Adjunct Professor of Anthropology, EMORY UNIVERSITY 1982 - 1998 Affiliate Scientist, Psychobiology, YERKES PRIMATE CENTER 1998 - 2018 Co-Director, MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR EVOLUTIONARY ANTHROPOLOGY 1999 - 2018 Honorary Professor, Dept of Psychology, University of Leipzig 2001 - 2018 Co-Director, WOLFGANG KÖHLER PRIMATE RESEARCH CENTER 2016 - James Bonk Professor of Psychology & Neuroscience, DUKE UNIVERSITY - Director of Developmental Psychology Program - Secondary App’ts: Philosophy, Evol. Anthropology, Linguistics 2016 - Faculty of Center for Developmental Science, UNC AD HOC: 1987 - 1988 Visiting Scholar, HARVARD UNIVERSITY 1994 (summer) Instructor, INTERNATIONAL COGNITIVE SCIENCE INSTITUTE 1994 (summer) Visiting Fellow, BRITISH PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1995 (spring) Visiting Professor, UNIVERSITY OF ROME 1996 (spring) Visiting Professor, THE BRITISH ACADEMY 1998 (spring) Visiting Scholar, MPI FOR PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 1999 (summer) Instructor, INTERNATIONAL COGNITIVE SCIENCE INSTITUTE 2001 (winter) Instructor, LOT (DUTCH GRADUATE -
An Introduction to Threat-Heuristic Theory Marika Landau-Wells June 18, 2018 Version
Old Solutions to New Problems: An Introduction to Threat-Heuristic Theory Marika Landau-Wells June 18, 2018 version Abstract The world is a dangerous place. This adage underlies many of the justifications for government. At a more granular level, protecting citizens from potential dangers serves as the justification for many of the measures governments undertake in the domains of foreign and domestic policy. Despite the relevance of danger writ large as a motivating force for outcomes of interest, political science has not yet interrogated the domain of dangers as a coherent space within which to study political preferences, attitudes and behaviors. In this paper, I develop Threat-Heuristic Theory (THT), a new individual-level model of the psychological processes connecting the detection of danger to preferences for reducing that danger through political action. I provide an extensive review of the threat perception literature in biology and cognitive science on which the theory is built. I argue that THT’s model is general enough to apply across the space of dangers writ large and that its mechanisms are species-typical and so apply both to ordinary citizens and to political elites. I also present observational and experimental data from two original surveys to support: (1) THT’s core concept of threat classification; (2) the distinctiveness of threat classification from other relevant constructs, including disposition and political ideology; and (3) the existence of a set of issue areas where THT is likely to outperform existing theories linking threat perception to political behavior. I show that this set includes topics of current relevance, including immigration, fundamentalism, and climate change. -
Rehabilitation Information Pack a Range of Products from Pearson Assessment for Professionals Working in the Area of Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation Information Pack A range of products from Pearson Assessment for professionals working in the area of rehabilitation The Functional UK Administration and Scoring Manual TFL S Living Scale UK Edition Examiner’s Manual C. Munro Cullum Myron F. Weiner Kathleen C. Saine www.pearsonclinical.co.uk Welcome... Introducing our 2013 Rehabilitation Information Pack Dear Colleague, Pearson (Assessment) is one of the UK’s leading publishers of standardised assessments. Our tests are used by a number of professionals in both health and education settings and we strive to develop and distribute tools that are timely and in line with good practice guidelines. For example, we are mindful of targets set by the Department of Health, for the early recognition of debilitating neurological and cognitive disorders including dementia and the aim for ‘two-thirds of people with dementia [to be] identified and given appropriate support by 2015’. In this pack you will find a range of products that can aid you inidentifying cognitive impairments and assist you in the evaluation of your clients; helping you to plan intervention strategies and enhance your evidence- based practice. Among these assessments is the new Brief Cognitive Status Exam (BCSE) which is designed to assess a client’s cognitive ability quickly and reliably, and the RBANS™ - Update which can be used as a stand-alone “core” battery for the detection and characterization of dementia in the elderly. Together with early diagnosis, assessment of activities of daily living can be vital in assisting service users maintain independence or return to everyday life. The UK-normed Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test- Third Edition, Rookwood Driving Battery and The Functional Living Scales – UK Version all have excellent ecological validity which places assessment in real life context; making the results more meaningful to you as a professional, and your clients. -
Understanding and Sharing Intentions: the Origins of Cultural Cognition
BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (2005) 28, 000–000 Printed in the United States of America Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition Michael Tomasello, Malinda Carpenter, Josep Call, Tanya Behne, and Henrike Moll Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract: We propose that the crucial difference between human cognition and that of other species is the ability to participate with others in collaborative activities with shared goals and intentions: shared intentionality. Participation in such activities requires not only especially powerful forms of intention reading and cultural learning, but also a unique motivation to share psychological states with oth- ers and unique forms of cognitive representation for doing so. The result of participating in these activities is species-unique forms of cultural cognition and evolution, enabling everything from the creation and use of linguistic symbols to the construction of social norms and individual beliefs to the establishment of social institutions. In support of this proposal we argue and present evidence that great apes (and some children with autism) understand the basics of intentional action, but they still do not participate in activities involving joint intentions and attention (shared intentionality). Human children’s skills of shared intentionality develop gradually during the first 14 months of life as two ontogenetic pathways intertwine: (1) the general ape line of understanding others as animate, goal-directed, and intentional agents; and (2) a species-unique motivation to share emotions, experience, and activities with other persons. -
Alec T. Beall
Alec Beall Curriculum Vitae 1 CURRICULUM VITAE ALEC T. BEALL UBC Department of Psychology email: [email protected] 2136 West Mall (Office: 2206) phone: (604) 551.6915 Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z4 website: www.AlecBeall.com FOCUS OF RESEARCH Evolutionary psychology, social psychology and sexual attractiveness. My research goal is to further scholarly knowledge of human attraction, social judgment and mate selection. My love of evolutionary psychology and emotion expression will continue to guide my endeavors in these areas. Specific project information and research interests available at: http://www.alecbeall.com EDUCATION Ph.D. The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., (expected 2016) Social/Personality Psychology Supervisors: Dr. Mark Schaller, Dr. Jessica Tracy M.A. The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., (2012) Social/Personality Psychology (Thesis grade: A+) Supervisors: Dr. Mark Schaller, Dr. Jessica Tracy B.A. The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., (2010) Psychology PUBLICATIONS Beall, A.T. & Tracy, J.L. (in press). Women more likely to wear red or pink at peak fertility. Psychological Science. Elliot, A.J., Tracy, J.L., Pazda, A.D., Beall, A.T. (2013). Red enhances women’s attraction to men: First evidence of universality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 165-168. Tracy, J. L., & Beall, A.T. (2011). Happy guys finish last: The impact of emotion expressions on sexual attraction. Emotion, 11, 1379-1387. Alec Beall Curriculum Vitae 2 MANUSCRIPTS UNDER REVIEW AND IN PREPARATION Beall, A.T., & Tracy, J.L. (in prep.) Attractiveness of the shame expression varies across culture and ovulatory cycle. Beall, A.T., & Schaller, M.