Tanintharyi Conservation Programme (TCP)

SUMMARY REPORT: MARINE PROTECTED AREA TRAINING 13-17th February 2017

PHILIP DEARDEN, PhD MAY 2017

TCP Report No. 47 This is a report of the FFI Myanmar “Tanintharyi Conservation Programme”

With funding from:

FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme

The The Tanintharyi Conservation Programme is an initiative of Fauna & program Flora International (FFI) Myanmar Programme, implemented in collaboration with the Myanmar Forest Department, Fisheries Department and a number of local, national and international collaborators and stakeholders. FFI Myanmar operates the programme under a MoU with the Forest Department and LOA with the Department of Fisheries specifically for marine and terrestrial conservation activities in Tanintharyi Region.

Funding This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Commission, Helmsley Charitable Trust, and Segre Foundation.

Dearden, P. (2016). Summary Report: Marine Protected Area Suggested Training 13-17th February 2017. Report No.47 of the Tanintharyi citation Conservation Programme, a joint initiative of Fauna & Flora International (FFI), Myanmar Department of Fisheries and the Myanmar Forest Department. FFI, Yangon

Author Philip Dearden is Leader of the Marine Protected Area Research details Group at the University of Victoria, Canada and has extensive international experience in MPA planning and management

Copyright Reproduction of this report in full or in part is granted for the purposes of education, research or awareness, with the sole provision that the authors and authoring organisations be properly credited.

Cover Front: Class Photo. © Myeik University/FFI images Rear: Coral reef, Myeik Archipelago. © Michelangelo Pignani/FFI

Disclaimer The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of Fauna & Flora International and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union or other donors.

Page 2 of 29 FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS 3

1. BACKGROUND AND PURPO SE OF TRAINING 4

2. INSTRUCTORS AND FACI LITATORS 5

3. COURSE CONTENTS 6

4. OUTCOMES 8

5. APPENDICES 13

Appendix I Course Participants 13

Appendix II PowerPoint Presentations 14 Appendix III Priority Sites 15

Appendix IV MPA Establishment Process Draft 16 A p p e n d i x VI Participant Worksheets on Myeik Marine Resources and Affected Stakeholder 22 Appendix VII Participant Assessment of Stakeholde r Position on Interest and Influence Axes 24

Appendix VIII Draft Table Contents For an MPA Proposal 25 Appendix IX Selected Photographic Record 26

Page 3 of 29 FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme 1. BACKGROUND AND PURPO SE OF TRAINING

Myanmar is a place of exceptional significance for its potential contribution to marine biodiversity and ecosystem service conservation. However, over recent times, impacts from human activities such as overfishing, dynamite fishing, land conversion, and pollution have had rapid and widespread negative impacts on marine ecosystems. This is especially true in the Myeik Archipelago (MA), where more than 800 islands are recognized as a Key Biodiversity Area of global importance. There is urgent need to curtail these threats and at the same time move quickly to protect sites of high ecological value. Establishing an ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management and developing a network of marine protected areas (MPAs) are critical management tools in this regard. To this end FFI has been undertaking a programme of data collection, consultation, planning and capacity raising in conjunction with government agencies and universities in Myanmar. Following on from a national workshop on MPA establishment (August 2017) and a suggested blueprint for the development of an MPA network in the MA1, this training course was conceived to develop further understanding of MPAs in Myanmar amongst government officials and university personnel (see Appendix I for course participants).

The overall goal of this course was to assist in building towards establishment of an MPA network in Myanmar, and specifically in the MA. This was accomplished primarily through creation of a knowledge base amongst participants of international best practice and by examining and discussing the process for MPA establishment in Myanmar.

Specific objectives were to: 1. Build understanding and capacity for improved marine conservation in the MA, for all participants. 2. Discuss and further develop policy aspects of MPA network establishment in Myanmar 3. Provide a catalyst for creation of an MPA network in the MA. 4. Further assist the government of Myanmar to fulfill its international treaty and national policy objectives. 5. Refine suggested processes for MPA creation in the MA.

1 Dearden, P. (2016). Blueprint for a Network of Marine Protected Areas in the Myeik Archipelago, Myanmar. Report No.39 of the Tanintharyi Conservation Programme, a joint initiative of Fauna & Flora International (FFI), Myanmar Department of Fisheries and the Myanmar Forest Department. FFI, Yangon.

Page 4 of 29 FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme 2. INSTRUCTORS AND FACI LITATORS

Professor Philip Dearden PhD, Leader, Marine Protected Area Research Group (MPARG), University of Victoria, Canada

Petch Manopawitr, Deputy Head, SE Asia Group, IUCN, Bangkok, and PhD Student, MPARG.

Meira Mizrahi, PhD Student, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Australia and FFI, Cambodia.

Zau Lunn, Marine Programme Manager, FFI, Yangon

Robert Howard, Marine Programme Advisor, FFI, Yangon

Page 5 of 29 FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme 3. COURSE CONTENTS

The course was organized around three key components. The first established the reason why we need to implement improved ocean management at both the international and national levels, and finished with a discussion on marine trends in Myanmar. The second component focused on policy needs and content and established a knowledge base on which participants could draw to make informed contributions to discussion on the third component, the process for MPA establishment in Myanmar. This policy component reviewed international best practice in MPA legislation and policy and compared this to the situation in Myanmar. In particular, best practices in site selection and system planning, stakeholder consultation, governance and institutional arrangements, MPA management and tourism were described and discussed. These two first components provided the platform for informed discussion on the process for MPA establishment that could be followed in the MA and particularly helped focus attention on appropriate stakeholder involvement. A more detailed outline of the contents is given below and the power points for each session are provided in Appendix II.

Day 1 – Why do we need MPAs? 1. Course opening (Professor Dr Si Si Hla Bu, Rector, Myeik University) 2. State of the Oceans (ppt1PD) 3. Role of MPAs (ppt 2PD) 4. The Myanmar context (ppt 3PD) a. Discussion on participant experience with Myanmar marine biodiversity b. Discussion of policy goals for Myanmar. c. Discussion of MPA establishment process (Appendix III)

Day 2 – Legislation, Policy and Site Selection.

1. Role of legislation in MPA establishment in Myanmar (ppt 4PD) a. Discussion on legislative needs 2. Site Selection, system planning, networks and site selection criteria (ppt 5a/b PM) a. Discussion on site selection in Myeik. b. Review maps and new site identification (RH/ZL)

Day 3 – Policies on Stakeholder Consultation, Governance and Institutions.

1. Stakeholder consultation (ppt 6a/b MM) a. Discussion on potential process in the MA.

Page 6 of 29 FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme 2. Policy, Governance and institutional arrangements (ppt 7 PD) a. Discussion on Myanmar context

Day 4 – Management Policies on Planning and Tourism

1. Management policies (ppt 8 PD), zoning, plans, prohibitions, compliance a. Discussion on Myanmar situation 2. Management policies for tourism management (ppt 9 PD) a. Discussion on Myeik Archipelago 3. Consultation discussion on power and influence (MM).

Day 5 – Stakeholder Involvement and the Declaration process in Myanmar

1. Role play on MPA establishment in Myeik Archipelago (RH/ZL) 2. Video of corals of from archipelago taken by FFI field team 3. Closing Ceremony (Professor Dr Si Si Hla Bu, Rector, Myeik University) 4. Field Trip to visit the shrimp farm and Naval Base on Kyunsu (King) Island.

Page 7 of 29 FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme 4. OUTCOMES

Some of the outcomes of the Training Course (TC) are summarized below. a. Report familiarity FFI commissioned a report2 that identified many of the challenges and necessary steps to be taken to establish a network of MPAS in the MA. However, the success of such a strategy is highly dependent upon effective consultation with all affected stakeholders including the government agencies who will be responsible for implementation. The TC included discussion of the main elements and recommendations of the report in order to provide greater understanding of the rationale for recommendations and to facilitate involvement of affected stakeholders. b. Familiarity with the National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan (NBSAP) There was considerable discussion of the Government of Myanmar’s official policy on biodiversity conservation3 and hence a wider range of understanding about international agreements, Myanmar commitments and the ways in which course participants can assist in achieving these goals. c. Policy Needs A strong focus on policy needs throughout the TC plus review of NBSAP allowed participants to gain an appreciation of the need to formulate an MPA policy document for Myanmar. d. Participant connections The wide variety of agencies and stakeholders represented at the TC allowed for a rich exchange of viewpoints amongst stakeholders and the making of new personal connections that will facilitate future working relationships. In particular there was an opportunity for university and government personnel to meet and share information e. Navy involvement. Although long term success of the MPA network will be closely related to building awareness amongst local communities and resource users of the purpose of the network in the short term there is a need for a strong enforcement presence to ensure that current regulations are

2 Dearden, P. (2016). Blueprint for a Network of Marine Protected Areas in the Myeik Archipelago, Myanmar. Report No.39 of the Tanintharyi Conservation Programme, a joint initiative of Fauna & Flora International (FFI), Myanmar Department of Fisheries and the Myanmar Forest Department. FFI, Yangon. 3 MOECAF. 2015. National Biodiversity and Strategic Action Plan, 2015-2020. Republic of the Union of Myanmar

Page 8 of 29 FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme followed. Involvement of the Myanmar Navy is essential for effective enforcement. For the first time a Naval Officer attended the TC and the Naval Commander for the region was present for several sessions. The Commander subsequently invited the entire class to visit the Naval Base on the last day of training. The visit involved tours of the marine biology museum and a presentation by the Commander on the considerable enforcement activities undertaken by the Navy, particularly against illegal fishing. The Commander is very keen to support activities related to improved conservation and the establishment of the MPA network. f. Site identification FFI in consultation with stakeholders have produced a map of priority sites for conservation initiatives. This map and the presentation on site selection in the TC provided the base for further identification of key sites and discussion on existing sites (Appendix IV). g. Stakeholder consultation process The course participants were not only exposed to the principles and approaches to stakeholder consultation but also to the potential consultation steps in the proposed draft process for MPA nomination and establishment. Participants identified how various stakeholder groups were likely to be impacted by establishment of an MPA (Appendices V/VI). They also enthusiastically engaged in a role play consultation session when they were allocated a specific stakeholder role and asked to participate from that point of view. The ability to identify with the viewpoint of other stakeholders is an important attribute for successful stakeholder consultation processes.

Participants also took part in an exercise to identify the relative positions of various stakeholder groups along two axes (Appendix VII), interest and influence that helped identify and spark discussion on the attributes of various stakeholder groups with groups such as the Moken having very high interest in the outcomes of consultations, for example, but little influence on their outcomes. Other groups, government officials, for example, may have a great deal of influence but relatively little interest in the outcomes. Again, these kinds of exercises help build empathy towards understanding the views of other stakeholders.

Moving forward

This section summarises some of the possible activities to consider for moving forward with MPA network establishment. a. Policy document Preparation of a policy document is a very high priority for moving forward with MPA network establishment. Although protected area legislation in Myanmar does not meet international best

Page 9 of 29 FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme practice standards it is possible and even desirable to mitigate these deficiencies by first developing a modern policy document incorporating best practice from around the world. Such a document will not only provide a sound platform for MPA establishment in the immediate future but also provide the basis for any legislative amendments. The need for a policy document has been more fully explored in an earlier report4. There are many important questions that have to be resolved regarding MPA establishment in Myanmar. A policy document would provide guidance on answer to these questions such as:  What is the vision for MPA network establishment in Myanmar?  What are the MPA conservation targets for Myanmar?  How will MPA sites be selected?  What are the different kinds of MPAs that can be established and how will each be administered?  What is the process of establishment that should be followed?  What is the consultation process?  Who are the stakeholders involved?  What is the role of various government agencies in establishment and management?  What activities should be banned and/or restricted in MPAs?  How is compliance to be achieved?  What information should management plans contain and how should they be implemented?  What zones should be allowed in the MPAs and should these be the same for all MPAs?  What is the role of local communities and other stakeholders?  What is the role of the private sector?  How will tourism be managed in MPAs?  How will fisheries be managed?

These and many other similar questions were explored in the TC with participants having the opportunity to learn about and discuss different answers. These questions now need to be explored in a wider range of forums, answers compiled into a draft policy document that can then form the basis for a further round of consultations before submission the Government for approval. b. Training in Yangon/Na Pi Taw

4 See note 2.

Page 10 of 29 FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme Although the training in Myeik successfully exposed a wide range of government and university personnel to the questions raised above government officials at decision-making levels were mostly unable to attend due to the length and location of the training. To expose higher level officials to these questions and obtain their feedback it may be advisable to repeat a shorter version of the course (e.g. 2 days) in a more accessible location (e.g. Nay Pi Taw) as a predecessor to drafting the policy as mentioned above. c. Community consultations

Global experience suggests that successful MPAs are highly dependent upon the presence of supportive local communities, and this is no doubt also true in Myanmar. The information base on, and understanding of, communities in the MA is weak. FFI plans to strengthen this deficiency with a particular focus on areas where potential MPAs may be established in the future. These consultations should be a two-way information flow where greater understanding is achieved of community profiles and dynamics, but also where communities are introduced to conservation concepts. The challenge in the latter will be to seed this conversation for future conservation initiatives without the benefit of having specific proposals and policies to discuss. This may lead to development of false expectations if not handled appropriately. d. Public Outreach In addition to stakeholder consultations it is also important to build general public awareness and support for MPA network establishment. Such a programme has to consider the most effective ways of communicating with diverse publics and will need to employ a combination of different strategies to be successful. For some groups, for example, community meetings might be most effective whereas for others Facebook might be preferable. FFI should develop a communication strategy for these various publics with the long term goal of building awareness of, and support for conservation initiatives. e. Navy The Navy plays a special role in improving marine conservation in the MA with its ability to deter illegal activities. It was very apparent from interactions in the training course that there is considerable opportunity with the current Navy Commander to develop closer relations to the benefit of marine conservation in the MA. The Naval commander will be visiting Thailand in the near future to hold talks with his Thai counterparts. The Thai Navy has some several initiatives involving marine conservation activities and it may be worthwhile to work through IUCN contacts to arrange an invitation for the Navy Commander to visit some of these initiatives.

The Commander provided TC participants with a detailed account of some of the interception activities of the Navy related to illegal natural resource use, particularly fishing. It may be worthwhile for FFI to enquire whether it would be possible to profile these activities in a future

Page 11 of 29 FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme news release. Such publicity may be seen as beneficial by the Navy and encourage future efforts. f. Site information synthesis Recent efforts have expanded considerably the level of knowledge about important characteristics of the MA. However, this information is still quite fragmented both in terms of focus (e.g. avifauna, seagrass, sharks etc.) and source (e.g. FFI, Smithsonian, universities). It would be useful to have a searchable, central depository for this information base that can also synthesize information by site. This would assist in identification of sites for conservation initiatives and current data gaps. g. Template for MPA proposals There is currently no accepted process for MPA establishment in Myanmar. However there is a process for establishment of terrestrial parks and this process can be used as a guide to blend Myanmar and best practice. A draft Table of Contents for proposals is included in Appendix VIII. The process currently identifies several document submission stages. It would be particularly useful to produce agreed upon templates for the kinds of information to be included at each stage. Process development could be a key output of a subsequent training course with high level officials as discussed in (b) above. h. Tourism The development of tourism in the MA will have a large potential impact upon MPA network success and hence the development of tourism is of considerable interest to conservation initiatives. At its best, tourism will provide significant opportunities for local livelihood augmentation and strengthen the resolve of local communities to protect biodiversity, at its worst, tourism will destroy the very assets on which it is based through poor planning and lack of adequate management controls. Of significant interest to conservation is that premier sites for conservation are not allocated to tourism that appropriate densities of tourism development are allowed and that management protocols are in place to ensure that the tourism- conservation relationship is a positive one. These topics are usually guided by a strategic plan for tourism development in a given area. At the moment there is no such plan for the MA and this should be a high priority for the immediate future before irreversible developments take place.

Page 12 of 29 FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme 5. APPENDICES

A p p e n d i x I Course Participants

Sr. Name Organization

1 Dr. Nyo Nyo Tun Marine Science Department, Myeik University

2 U Naing Lin Zaw Department of Hotel and Tourism

3 U Kyaw Phone Wai Forest Department, Mangrove Division

4 U Tin Maung Latt Forest Department, Myeik District

5 U Kyaw Zay Htet Navy, Tanintharyi Naval Base

6 U Sein Thaung Department of Fisheries, Myeik District

7 U Than Lwin Department of Fisheries, Myeik Township

8 U Thet Soe Secretary, Myanmar Fisheries Federation, Tanintharyi Region

9 Dr. Nang Mya Han Retired Professor, Marine Science Department

10 Dr. Zin Lin Khaing Marine Science Department, Myeik University

11 U Soe Thiha Fauna & Flora International

12 Dr. War War Soe Marine Science Department, Myeik University

13 Daw Lett Wai Nwe Marine Science Department, Myeik University

14 Daw Hnin Hnin Maw Marine Science Department, Myeik University

15 Daw Kay Khine Soe Marine Science Department, Myeik University

16 Daw Tin Tin Kyu Marine Science Department, Myeik University

17 Daw Moe Lwin Lwin Marine Science Department, Myeik University

18 Daw Chaw Su Lwin Marine Science Department, Myeik University

Page 13 of 29 FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme Appendix II P o w e r P o i n t P r e s e n t a t i o n s

All presentations in pdf format are available at the below link: https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B0Tb-MLYcmghUXhMUnpoYWRkd0U

Page 14 of 29 FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme Appendix III P riority Sites

Page 15 of 29 FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme Appendix IV M PA Establishment Process Draft

Page 16 of 29 FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme

Page 17 of 29 FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme

Page 18 of 29 FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme

Page 19 of 29 FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme

A p p e n d i x V Potential Impact of MPA Establishment on V a r i o u s Stakeholder Groups Stakeholder Interest Affect (+,-) Affected (+,-)

Use all available + income for livelihood +Sustainable resources education, rich development of Villagers (forest, mud, fish,---) -Degradation of biodiversity Use fish and marine resources Training resources Determine limited areas -Crime, jobless, drug, wandering, transfer, work exchange decrease income due to restrict areas Owners (Fishermen, High catch rate, + standardized, +Sustainable buyer, vendors) high income, High income, development of seeking fishing gear, Improve business biodiversity prosperity -Biodiversity degradation -Crime, jobless, Disappear grounds, drug, deforestation wandering, Pollution by using transfer, dynamite work exchange no fish Local authority Sustainable +For every places + biodiversity development standardized -Crime, jobless, Communication -busy to fulfill the drug, Transportation responsibility wandering, Education transfer, Both formal and work exchange informal - conflicts monk education Health Socio-economic Government Enact rules and +increase incomes for +increase resources, departments regulations country New opportunities for Impose taxes -conflicts between local people Decision makers governments and local - negatively people affected by enforcement NGOS Protecting +Financial support +Conserve resources resources/areas Training Public awareness Scientists from other -sometimes conflicts with countries to share local people Researchers Research, + high technology + biodiversity (University) conservation, Transfer, conservation methods sustainable Improve human share knowledge development, resources +Educate to local people monitoring, public Awareness Conservation methods awareness, educated The study of biodiversity Share knowledge the public, training, Demographic of local Educate to local people rich biodiversity, people -Crime, jobless, cooperate with -weak technology and drug, NGOs, INGOs, human resources wandering, enhance human capacity transfer, resources by getting work exchange the scholarship from foreign university, joint research with

Page 20 of 29 FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme

other foreign university Survey biodiversity Socio-economic survey

Government Authority Tax + good governess + peace and Development Law enforcement development living Law enforcement Public awareness and standard participation Socio economic Transparency and development cooperation and Local collaboration _decrease in institutional cooperation _Miss management _decrease capacity Corruption building Burden on local people _delay local development Investors (brokers, Income (profit) +Accountability +Trust with local people retailers, SMEs, Cottd Market bangaining Good relationship with More profits local and international local people public -Against from local oriented appoorach difficult to withstand - Greedy No trust - Market oriented No relationship - recklessness of No good feedback real situation

Stakeholder Interest Affect (positive &/or Affected (positive &/or negative) negative) Fishing Fishing (to get +ve -ve +ve -ve communities more fish) Increase Degradation Get benefit in Low income of resources long term income in short time Different buyers Fish Increase Degradation Get benefit in Low income of resources long term income in short time Sellers Good Increase Degradation Get benefit in Low income of resources long term income in short time Navy Security, Defense Control Low Well control - illegal awareness illegal activities activities high awareness Police Security, Defense Control Low - - illegal awareness activities Local Products Increase Low Get benefit in Low communities income awareness long term income in short time Department Policy - - - management Aquaculture Fish+pearl Export Sewage to Export income - income environment Awareness on conservation Tourism Tour trip Conserve Sewage to High income Low resources environment Job income opportunistic Logging/ Wood - Degradation - - Charcoal of resources

Page 21 of 29 FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme A p p e n d i x V I Participant Worksheets on Myeik Marine Resources and Affected Stakeholder

Resources Functions Stakeholders -Coral reefs -Dive site, tourism, fish habitats, fishing -Ministry of tourism -Nursery ground, feeding ground, products -local fishers, DOF, Navy -Mangroves -Ecotourism, charcoal -University scientists -Nursery ground, feeding ground, bivalves, -Tourists, Business community, -Seagrass octopus, squilla collection -Resource users, -Department of forestry, local -Mudflats people, -Village leader, Min. of tourism, -Tourists, University scientists, -Navy, -NGOs

-Fish -Fishing, fishery products - Dept. of fishery, fishermen, -Crab -Farming, Food exports fishing processing /plants, fish buy/sell, Researchers -Shrimp - Household head in village -Bivalves - Village leader, Navy -NGOs, (MFF,FFI,IUCN,WCS) -Gastropods - Fish gear, equipment shops -Squid -Agriculture, Aquaculture -Marine turtles -Dive site, tourism - Ministry of Tourism,tourists -Sea cucumbers -Clean environment, Dry -DOF, Fishermen, Household -Buy , sell wife, -Seahorse -Buy , sell - Seafood vendors -Chiton -Tourism - Moken leader, Ma-Kyye-galat -Ethnic village - Jalan Is.

Resources Functions Stakeholders -Corals -Fishery, Tourisms, Ecosystem, Habitants, -local fisher, -Mangroves Household use, commercial use, -outside fisher(fishing by net) -Rain forest -Tourisms, Ecosystem, Habitants, -village buyer -Seagrass Household use, commercial use, -fishing by light -Mud flats Ecotourism, food chain, -trawler(captain ,owner) -feeding ground, Bird catching -middle buyer -fish-process factory -Tourism -ice plant -Sea turtles -Exporter -Dugong -administration department -Dolphin -fishery department -jewelry -forest department -Pearl oysters -navy -fishery -police -Fish -respectable people in village -Crabs -farmer, agriculture, seaweed -Prawns farmer, -Squids -Buyer by other country -Jelly fish -villager(10 household, 100 -Molluscs household) -recreation, tourism -Pearl farm -Sea Birds -commercial -Tourism( include tour guide) -Sharks and Rays -sellers -Moken -Charcoal sellers -Bird Nest -logging (household use, boat)

Page 22 of 29 FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme

-souvenir sellers -MFF -Different ethnic groups

Resources Function Stakeholder Mangrove Boat, home, construction, charcoal, timber, Villagers, owner, fisherman, sesarma, mud crab, shrimp, fish larvae, buyer, vendors, local authorities, seabird, seahorse chief of villages person, forestry Department Seagrass Medicine, cosmetic, sea cucumber, king University researchers, NGO, crab, seahorse, star fish, dugong, turtle diving Seaweed Medicine, Caragenean, export, cosmetic, Aquaculture, fishery, industry, smooth oil, food, dynes Researcher Coral Tourism scuba, souvenir, fishing Souvenir, owner, fishing boat, Tourisms, researchers, Navy Mudflat Crabs, sea bird, clam, lime production, Industry export, Researcher, invertebrate, gastropod export, animal villagers foods Fish Fin fish, shell fish, invertebrate, trawler Offshore and nearshore fishermen, Dof, forestry, artisanal fisherman or commercial, fishery business, canning seller.

Resources Functions Stakeholders Coral reefs Tourism Industry Tourism Industry (MOHT) Endangered species(turtles, Tourist attractions sports (hotel, travel agencies, tour dugong, shark etc) guide, tourists, restaurants, boat owners) Mangroves Support for fish Forestry (job opportunities for Marine tourism related communities) Ecotourism Sea grass Bird Watching Private company related Bird species government Pearl Pearl production Commercial fish Fishery Private, Local community Moken people Tourist attraction Tourism Industry Local government State government DPs (NGO, INGOs) Local community Media Professional related subjects Parliament members

Page 23 of 29 FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme Appendix VI I Participant Assessment of Stakeholder Position on Interest and Influence Axes

High Influence/Low Interest High Influence/High Interest Government Navy Local authority Government Forestry Dept. Forestry Dept. Local inhabitants Dept. Fishery Navy Tourists Owners of fishing boats NGO Low Influence/Low Interest Low Influence/Low Interest Fishermen NGO/INGOs Shopkeeper Researchers Vendors Teachers & students Villagers Moken Buyers Resort owners Students, children Staff of health Local people Fisherman

Page 24 of 29 FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme Appendix VI I I Draft Table Contents For an MPA P r o p o s a l

The MPA proposal document is the trigger that sets in motion the formal review process for MPA establishment. Its fundamental purpose is to communicate clearly the rationale for this particular seascape to be designated for special protective status. It should also demonstrate that the proposal has been carefully thought-out and prepared and is not a frivolous or cursory suggestion but one deserving of the considerable time and effort that will be expended on ascertaining its veracity. There is, however, every expectation that changes will be made to the proposal following review by the government and other stakeholders.

1. Introduction a. Geographical description (Lat/Long, township)

b. Type of MPA proposed

c. Proposed management authority

d. Proponents and contact information

2. Biophysical attributes and conservation value Provides main rationale for protection (including completeness of data), proposed boundaries, potential buffer zone (if any), links to and role in MPA network and site integrity. Should reference available data sources.

3. Social and economic attributes Provides human history and current use of the area, including any potential cultural features within the area that would benefit from protection within a PA. Should reference available data sources.

4. Consultations undertaken Details the stakeholder consultations undertaken and their outcomes, providing date, location and list of attendees of meetings

5. Institutional arrangements Describes the proposed institutional arrangements for management activities

6. Suggested management strategies a. Threats (identified and potential)

b. Zoning (especially related to location and extent of most highly protected zone).

c. Suggested prohibitions

d. Compliance strategies

7. Any other relevant information

8. Signatures of proponent representatives

Page 25 of 29 FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme A p p e n d i x IX Selected Photographic Record

Page 26 of 29 FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme

Page 27 of 29 FFI Myanmar, Tanintharyi Conservation Programme

Page 28 of 29

IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS OR WOULD LIKE MORE INFORMATION, PLEASE CONTACT:

FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL, MYANMAR PROGRAMME Office: No 35, 3rd Floor, Shan Gone Condo (Corner of Shan Gone Street and Myaynigone Zay Street), San Chaung Township, Yangon. Tel: +95 (0)973 194 749 www.fauna-flora.org