DOCSLIB.ORG

The Enema Project: Taking It Past the Limit?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Enema Project: Taking It Past the Limit? VOLUME XIII, NUMBER 2 SUMMER SOLSTICE 2004 THE ENEMA PROJECT: TAKING IT PAST THE LIMIT? by JUSTIN CASE, FUNGAL, and R. STUART Widely-held mores and other societal constraints can cause In the early 1980s, Dutch botanist PETERA.G.M. DESMET avenues of scientific inquiry to be neglected or deliberately published an article on intoxicating enema rituals in theJour- avoided. This creates opportunities for researchers who nal ofEthnopharmacology (DESMET1983), and later compiled boldly go where few have wanted to go before. We recently a book on the subject titled Ritual Enemas and Snuffs in the explored one such area: namely, assessing the efficacy of the Americas (DESMET1985). Despite containing a wealth offas- retention enema as a means for visionary drug administration. cinating tidbits, the book didn't provide much data regard- ing the effectiveness of enemas or the mechanics of absorp- Our primary focus was on Trichocereus cacti. Did the scant tion. The possibility of dried and ground peyote being ad- indications of mescaline-containing cacti taken via enema ministered rectally as an aqueous suspension was reported hold any merit? Could cactus-based enemas have been by DESMET,who described a bone affixed to a deer bladder, employed as an effective route of administration by non- suggesting that the use of such enemas could have preceded technological cultures? Would such enemas afford any ad- the Spanish invasion. But it is really only certain that peyote vantage to people who had trouble orally consuming cactus? enema administration has occurred in the U.S. in modern times. Nevertheless, DESMETtheorized that mescaline would Little has been written on the topic of visionary plant ad- make a reasonable candidate for enema administration: ministration via enema, despite its clear antiquity. Nearly 90 years ago,USDA botanist WILLIAMEDWINSAFFORDpub- The solubilityprofileofmescaline (MERCK 1983) and the lished a piece on the snuffs derived from Anadenanthera sp. reported good absorption ofthis hallucinogen after oral seeds (SAFFORD1916). In that work, he mentions French sci- ingestion (CHARALAMPOUSet al. 1966) suggeststhat sub- entist CHARLESMARIEDELACONDAMlNE'S1749description stantial absorption can be possible after rectal applica- of the Omagua-an Amazonian Indian tribe-using rubber tion. This is a theoretical viewwhich still awaits experi- mental confirmation, for in the only rectal experiment syringes to ritually administer similar substances preceding known to me, 200 mg of mescaline in a suppository "the repasts of ceremony." He also mentions that extracts caused nothing but adubious mydriasis (MOLLER 1935). believed to have been made from these same seeds were used as enemas by other people. This route was described as be- Anthropologist WESTONLA BARREbelieved that a Chavin ing less powerful than when the material was used as a snuff. ceramic relic represented a San Pedro enema (LA BARRE 1989). A number of stirrup bottles are known which show An anecdotal account of peyote enema use among the clear depictions of San Pedro (SHARON2001). In her book Huichol was presented in PETERFURST'sHallucinogens and The Mochica: A Culture of Peru, art historian ELIZABETH Culture (1976). However, in an early issue of The Entheogen BENSONpresents a scene (shown below) from a Moche ce- Review, editor JIMDEKoRNE suggested that this anorrialous ramic relief that has been interpreted as portraying a stirrup account might have represented a Huichol informant pull- vessel being used to administer an enema (BENSON1972). ing the leg of a gullible anthropologist (DEKoRNE 1995). THE ENTHEOGEN REVIEW, POB 19820, SACRAMENTO, CA 95819-0820, USA 41 VOLUME XIII, NUMBER 2 SUMMER SOLSTICE 2004 RALPH E. CANE(1988) also mentions that enema adminis- More than you need to know? tration may be depicted in Moche ceramics, referencing a book by archeologist FEDERICOKAUFFMANN-DOIG(1979), but that book apparently refers to the same scene described by BENSON(1972). ROUT'S NOT __... DESMET(1983; 1985) clearly detailed the use of enemas in pre-Columbian societies. Indigenous tribes of the New World employed the rectal route of administration for some psy- choactive drugs used as religious inebriants, recreational in- toxicants, and medical treatments. The Maya left ceramic artifacts documenting the ritual use of enemas that may have contained alcohol, tobacco, and flowering plants such as a water lily. As our evaluation was concerned with visionary drugs taken as an enema, we will not concern ourselves further with nicotine, caffeine, alcohol, or any of the medicinal substances C-2 The Cultivation & Propagation of Cacti - $13 that are better known for their rectal applications. C-1 OA Cactus Chemistry by Species - $20 Curiously, once we had our project underway and began dis- cussing our research with other people, the most common D-1 Cultivation of Desmanthus by Case & Trout - $11 response was some variation on a short look of addled horror, followed by a rapid change of topics. LIMITED TIME OFFER: Just Doing Our Job the entertaining video about Australia's As it turned out, it appears as though (in some circles), en- War on Drugs by Aussie film-maker Neil Pike - $22 ema administration is currently practiced on occasions as a Send a self-addressed stamped envelope to be informed of route of administration in modern times. However, this prac- the publication of our forthcoming work: San Pedro (Trichocer- tice is generally kept out of sight. One individual remarked: eus pachanol) and related species. 302 pages; over 850 "Isn't that rather intimate? I mean why would you want to photos & color cover. write about that? Everybody knows it works. Lots of us have Preview a work in progress: "Trout's Notes on Some other Suc- done it that way." A surprising number of friends expressed culents," chapter 5 in the forthcoming third edition of Sacred similar comments. Cacti. Download this and other PDF with 72 dpi resolution color images from http://trout.yage.net!sc)TNinfo.htm. Such remarks left us perplexed for two reasons. First, enema administration was considered by some to be an "intimate" Prices include postage within the U.S. Foreign orders please inquire for shipping costs. Note that some items are limited. act. And second, these otherwise intelligent, thoughtful, ar- We will gladly hold any item for 14 days to await payment ticulate, and moderately liberal people were not only not talk- if you send us an e-mail request to do so. Payment by check, ing about something that they actually did themselves, but cash, or money order payable to Trout's Notes. California apparently they did not want other people talking about it residents please add 7.25% sales tax. either. This was not due to their fear of revealing a secret prac- tice, but apparently to avoid discussing something "un- seemly." One reporter of good effects even prefaced his In- TROUT'S NOTES ternet post by apologizing for discussing such an "unsavory" POB 12 (Dep t, ER) subject. In Australia, enemas are a well-known route of in- Boonville, CA 95415, USA gestion for many substances, but reporting on such use is trout@yage,net + www.troutsnotes.com similarly considered beneath what is acceptable for public discussion-it is quietly reserved for those with taste aver- sions, weak stomachs, or delicate constitutions. 42 THE ENTHEOGEN REVIEW, POB 19820, SACRAMENTO, CA 95819-0820, USA VOLUME XIII, NUMBER 2 SUMMER SOLSTICE 2004 Of course, there were still the "normal" open-minded people (like one might encounter at BURNINGMAN), whose response when we mentioned our research project was generally some variant of,"Wow, cool!" PREPARATION The first and third brews were prepared the same way, as described below. The second brew was cooked-up by some- one else and we lack precise preparation details. The plant material was chopped into a salsa-like consistency and an excess of water was added. It was brought to boiling then reduced to a simmer for 2-3 hours. The solution was allowed to cool. A colander was used to rapidly drain off whatever liquid would pour through it, and this liquid was then fil- tered through a winemaker's straining bag. The pulp was not squeezed at this point. This process was repeated two addi- tional times. A final, fourth simmer at a lower temperature overnight was used to exhaust the marc. In the morning it was filtered with the winemaker's straining bag, and this time the pulp was squeezed. Each of the solutions was separately reduced in volume over gentle heat, without boiling, until they reached consistency of a light oil.' At this point the solutions were combined and the volume was further reduced to what we projected our dose would be: approxi- mately 130 ml. We used this preparation method in order to remain within the parameters reported for most traditional societies' ap- proaches to cactus extraction for direct consumption. Our own normal approach would have been to use less liquid, and to include citric acid in order to more efficiently extract the material. ADMINISTRATION PROCEDURE We used prepackaged enema bottles manufactured by FLEET (and similar brands). These held around 130 ml and could be easily emptied and rinsed before filling with our solution. With our first evaluations, we found that unless a small bit of air was permitted to remain in the bottle, it was impos- sible to squeeze out the last bit of solution without remov- ing the bottle and adding some air. Hence, we used 120 ml as our dose for all subsequent evaluations. Before adminis- tration, we made an effort to ensure our bowels were empty. We took turns administering the enemas to each other. Due to the thickness of the liquid, this sometimes took up to ten minutes. Following complete administration of the dose, we lay on our stomachs for the next 2-3 hours, after which we expelled the remainder.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan
    The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Institutional Review Board PROJECT SUMMARY Study Title: Ultrasound-guided fascia iliaca compartment block versus periarticular infiltration for pain management after total hip arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial Principal Investigator: Irina Gasanova, MD Sponsor/Funding Source: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, UT Southwestern Medical School IRB Number: STU 122015-022 NCT Number: NCT02658240 Date of Document: 01 April 2016 Page 1 of 7 Purpose: In this randomized, controlled, observer-blinded study we plan to evaluate ultrasound-guided fascia iliaca compartment block with ropivacaine and periarticular infiltration with ropivacaine for postoperative pain management after total hip arthroplasty (THA). Background: Despite substantial advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of pain and availability of newer analgesic techniques, postoperative pain is not always effectively treated (1). Optimal pain management technique balances pain relief with concerns about safety and adverse effects associated with analgesic techniques. Currently, postoperative pain is commonly treated with systemic opioids, which are associated with numerous adverse effects including nausea and vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, pruritus, urinary retention, and respiratory depression (2). Use of regional and local anesthesia has been shown to reduce opioid requirements and opioid-related side effects. Therefore, their use has been emphasized (3, 4, 5, 6). Fascia Iliaca compartment block (FICB) is a field block that blocks the nerves from the lumbar plexus supplying the thigh (i.e., lateral femoral cutaneous femoral and obturator nerves). The obturator nerve is sometimes involved in the FICB but probably plays little role in postoperative pain relief for most surgeries of the hip and proximal femur.
    [Show full text]
  • Intravenous Therapy Procedure Manual
    INTRAVENOUS THERAPY PROCEDURE MANUAL - 1 - LETTER OF ACCEPTANCE __________________________________________ hereby approves (Facility) the attached Reference Manual as of _____________________. (Date) The Intravenous Therapy Procedure Manual will be reviewed at least annually or more often when deemed appropriate. Revisions will be reviewed as they occur. Current copies of the Intravenous Therapy Procedure Manual shall be maintained at each appropriate nursing station. I have reviewed this manual and agree to its approval. __________________________ (Administrator) __________________________ (Director of Nursing) __________________________ (Medical Director) - 2 - TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION A. Purpose 1 B. Local Standard of Practice 1 RESPONSIBILITIES A. Responsibilities: M Chest Pharmacy 1 B. Responsibilities: Administrator 1 C. Responsibilities: Director of Nursing Services (DON/DNS) 1 D. Skills Validation 2 AMENDMENTS GUIDELINES A. Resident Candidacy for IV Therapy 1 B. Excluded IV Medications and Therapies 1 C. Processing the IV Order 1 D. IV Solutions/Medications: Storage 2 E. IV Solutions/Medications: Handling 3 F. IV Solutions and Supplies: Destroying and Returning 4 G. IV Tubing 5 H. Peripheral IV Catheters and Needles 6 I. Central Venous Devices 7 J. Documentation and Monitoring 8 K. IV Medication Administration Times 9 L. Emergency IV Supplies 10 I TABLE OF CONTENTS PROTOCOLS A. IV Antibiotic 1 1. Purpose 2. Guidelines 3. Nursing Responsibilities B. IV Push 2 1. Purpose 2. Guidelines C. Anaphylaxis Allergic Reaction 4 1. Purpose 2. Guidelines 3. Nursing Responsibilities and Interventions 4. Signs and Symptoms of Anaphylaxis 5. Drugs Used to Treat Anaphylaxis 6. Physician Protocol PRACTICE GUIDELINES A. Purpose 1 B. Personnel 1 C. Competencies 1 D.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview On: Sublingual Route for Systemic Drug Delivery
    International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences ISSN: 2229-3701 __________________________________________Review Article An Overview on: Sublingual Route for Systemic Drug Delivery K. Patel Nibha1 and SS. Pancholi2* 1Department of Pharmaceutics, BITS Institute of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological university, Varnama, Vadodara, Gujarat, India 2BITS Institute of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Varnama, Vadodara, Gujarat, India. __________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Oral mucosal drug delivery is an alternative and promising method of systemic drug delivery which offers several advantages. Sublingual literally meaning is ''under the tongue'', administrating substance via mouth in such a way that the substance is rapidly absorbed via blood vessels under tongue. Sublingual route offers advantages such as bypasses hepatic first pass metabolic process which gives better bioavailability, rapid onset of action, patient compliance , self-medicated. Dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) is common among in all ages of people and more in pediatric, geriatric, psychiatric patients. In terms of permeability, sublingual area of oral cavity is more permeable than buccal area which is in turn is more permeable than palatal area. Different techniques are used to formulate the sublingual dosage forms. Sublingual drug administration is applied in field of cardiovascular drugs, steroids, enzymes and some barbiturates. This review highlights advantages, disadvantages, different sublingual formulation such as tablets and films, evaluation. Key Words: Sublingual delivery, techniques, improved bioavailability, evaluation. INTRODUCTION and direct access to systemic circulation, the oral Drugs have been applied to the mucosa for topical mucosal route is suitable for drugs, which are application for many years. However, recently susceptible to acid hydrolysis in the stomach or there has been interest in exploiting the oral cavity which are extensively metabolized in the liver.
    [Show full text]
  • Vaccine Administration Joellen Wolicki, BSN, RN and Elaine Miller, RN, BSN, MPH
    Vaccine Administration JoEllen Wolicki, BSN, RN and Elaine Miller, RN, BSN, MPH This chapter summarizes best practices related to vaccine administration, a key factor in ensuring vaccination is as safe NOTES and effective as possible. Administration involves a series of actions: assessing patient vaccination status and determining needed vaccines, screening for contraindications and precautions, educating patients, preparing and administering vaccines properly, and documenting the vaccines administered. Professional standards for medication administration, manufacturer instructions, and organizational policies and procedures should always be followed when applicable. 6 Staff Training and Education Policies should be in place to validate health care professionals’ knowledge of, and skills in, vaccine administration. All health care professionals should receive comprehensive, competency- based training before administering vaccines. Training, including an observation component, should be integrated into health care professionals’ education programs including orientation for new staff and annual continuing education requirements for all staff. In addition, health care professionals should receive educational updates as needed, such as when vaccine administration recommendations are updated or when new vaccines are added to the facility’s inventory. Training should also be offered to temporary staff who may be filling in on days when the facility is short-staffed or helping during peak periods of vaccine administration such as influenza season. Once initial training has been completed, accountability checks should be in place to ensure staff follow all vaccine administration policies and procedures. Before Administering Vaccine Health care professionals should be knowledgeable about appropriate techniques to prepare and care for patients when administering vaccines. Assess for Needed Vaccines The patient’s immunization status should be reviewed at every health care visit.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 Controlling Drug Delivery
    chapter 1 Controlling drug delivery Overview In this chapter we will: & differentiate drug delivery systems according to their physical state & differentiate drug delivery systems according to their route of administration & differentiate drug delivery systems according to their type of drug release & discuss drug transport across epithelial barriers. Introduction KeyPoints & Continued developments in Pharmacotherapy can be defined as the treatment chemistry, molecular biology and prevention of illness and disease by means of and genomics support the drugs of chemical or biological origin. It ranks discovery and developments among the most important methods of medical of new drugs and new drug treatment, together with surgery, physical targets. & treatment, radiation and psychotherapy. There The drug delivery system are many success stories concerning the use of employed can control the pharmacological action of a drugs and vaccines in the treatment, prevention drug, influencing its and in some cases even eradication of diseases pharmacokinetic and (e.g. smallpox, which is currently the only subsequent therapeutic human infectious disease completely profile. eradicated). Although it is almost impossible to estimate the exact extent of the impact of pharmacotherapy on human health, there can be no doubt that pharmacotherapy, together with improved sanitation, better diet and better housing, has improved people’s health, life expectancy and quality of life. Tip Unprecedented developments in genomics Combinatorial chemistry is a way to and molecular biology today offer a plethora of build a variety of structurally related new drug targets. The use of modern chemical drug compounds rapidly and synthetic methods (such as combinatorial systematically. These are assembled chemistry) enables the syntheses of a large from a range of molecular entities number of new drug candidates in shorter times which are put together in different ‘ ’ than ever before.
    [Show full text]
  • Drug Administration
    Chapter 3: Drug Administration 2 Contact Hours By: Katie Ingersoll, RPh, PharmD Author Disclosure: Katie Ingersoll and Elite do not have any actual or Questions regarding statements of credit and other customer service potential conflicts of interest in relation to this lesson. issues should be directed to 1-888-666-9053. This lesson is $12.00. Universal Activity Number (UAN): 0761-9999-17-079-H01-P Educational Review Systems is accredited by the Activity Type: Knowledge-based Accreditation Council of Pharmacy Education (ACPE) Initial Release Date: April 1, 2017 as a provider of continuing pharmaceutical education. Expiration Date: April 1, 2019 This program is approved for 2 hours (0.2 CEUs) of Target Audience: Pharmacists in a community-based setting. continuing pharmacy education credit. Proof of participation will be posted to your NABP CPE profile within 4 to 6 To Obtain Credit: A minimum test score of 70 percent is needed weeks to participants who have successfully completed the post-test. to obtain a credit. Please submit your answers either by mail, fax, or Participants must participate in the entire presentation and complete online at Pharmacy.EliteCME.com. the course evaluation to receive continuing pharmacy education credit. Learning objectives After completion of this course, healthcare professionals will be able Discuss the administration of medications in patients using enteral to: and parenteral nutrition. Describe the eight rights of medication administration. Discuss special considerations for administering medications in Explain the administration of enteral and parenteral medications. pediatric and geriatric patients. Introduction Medication errors that occur at the point of drug administration poised to reduce the frequency of medication administration errors.
    [Show full text]
  • Inhalation Therapy - Approaches and Challenges
    Online - 2455-3891 Vol 11, Issue 4, 2018 Print - 0974-2441 Review Article INHALATION THERAPY - APPROACHES AND CHALLENGES SAYANI BHATTACHARYYA*, BHARANI S SOGALI Department of Pharmaceutics, Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, No: 12/1 Carmelaram Road, Chikka Bellandur, Varthur, Hobli, Carmelaram Post, Bengaluru – 560 035, Karnataka, India. Email:[email protected] Received: 05 December 2017, Revised and Accepted: 02 January 2018 ABSTRACT Inhalation therapy is an effective way for local and systemic delivery of miscellaneous drugs for pulmonary and non-pulmonary diseases. The inhalation therapy aims to target specific cells or regions of the lung, bypassing the lung’s clearance mechanisms and thereby providing high retention of the drug for longer periods. It helps in improved penetration of intravenously administered antibiotics into lung parenchymal tissue and bronchial secretions, and as a result, their potential systemic toxicity is reduced when given over prolonged periods of time. The advancement in device technology supports the development of more efficient therapy in the form of delivering finer particles into the lung in large doses. Therefore, meticulous daily management of lung disease, together with prompt, aggressive treatment of exacerbations can be achieved through inhalation to preserve lung function. This review summarizes the features of inhalation delivery devices, their advantages and limitations, challenges in formulation and brief description of novel technologies currently marketed. Keywords: Lung, Inhalation, Target, Local delivery, Systemic delivery, Novel technologies. © 2018 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4. 0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i4.24117 INTRODUCTION while drug localized at the upper airways are removed by ciliated cells in the epithelial region.
    [Show full text]
  • Medication Administration Manual
    Medication Administration Course HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL Notes to the instructor have been incorporated into instructor’s note pages that follow the chapter format of the manual and are located at the end of the section. Testing forms are provided for the practicum as well as the written test. There are two versions of the written test with corresponding answer sheets and answer keys. MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION COURSE BACKGROUND Innovations Nursing & Residential Medication Administration Course is designed to accurately administer medications to individuals in DIDD/CDPHE Services approved programs: Group Residential Services and Supports (GRSS), Individual Residential Services and Supports (IRSS), Day Habilitation Services and Supports (DHSS), State certified adult day programs, Adult Supported Living Services (SLS), Children’s Extensive Services (CES). Residential Child Care Facilities Assisted living residences and Alternative care facilities. Any paid staff or provider who administers medications must complete this course and pass the competency evaluation that has been approved. This Medication Administration course will prepare participants for this testing. The course also allows each agency to add agency specific materials and procedures to the information provided. If you work for a different agency, some materials may not apply to you. The material also includes a chapter on ‘Medication Administration from Medication Reminder Boxes.’ This chapter will be taught as part of the initial Medication Administration Course. The training for paid staff or providers that will be filling medication reminder boxes is a separate packet and may only be taught to staff or providers that have passed the Medication Administration Course. INSTRUCTOR REQUIREMENTS To teach this course, the instructor must: • Be a Licensed Nurse (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 4: Medication Administration Fundamental of Nursing
    Unit 4: Medication Administration Fundamental of Nursing Unit 4: Medication Administration: Medication: Is a substance administered for the diagnosis, cure, treatment, relief, or prevention of disease. Six Rights of Medication Administration After paramedics have received the medication or fluid order, they should then administer the drug in question. In performing drug administration, pre-hospital care providers adhere to the six rights of medication administration: 1. Right patient 2. Right medication 3. Right dose 4. Right route 5. Right time 6. Right documentation Basic principle of nurse on drugs administration 1. The nurse must know the drug's prescribed dose, method of administration, actions, expected therapeutic effect, possible interactions with other drugs, and adverse effects. 2. The nurse must know the institution's administration procedures for the client's welfare and the nurse's legal protection. 3. The nurse must Review physician's order for completeness the client's name, date of the order, name of the drug, dose, rout, time of administration, and the physician's signature. 1 Unit 4: Medication Administration Fundamental of Nursing 4. The nurse discusses the medication and its actions with the client; recheck the medication order if the client disagrees with the dose or the physician's order. 5. The nurse must check the physician's order against the client's medication administration record for accuracy. 6. The nurse gives the patient the right to know about the medication he is receiving and the right to refuse it. Routes of Administration A: Enteral Tract Routes The common enteral routes of administration used in general medical practice are as follows: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Medication Administration
    MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS A. Before administering any medication, the EMT should know: 1. What is the medication being used? 2. Does the patient have an allergy to this medication? 3. What is the safe and effective dose? 4. What is the correct administration route? 5. What are the indications? (Why are you using is?) 6. What are the contraindications? (Why or when would you NOT use this medication?) 7. What are the expected effects? 8. What are the adverse effects / side effects? 9. Is the medication expired? B. The “Six Rights” of medication administration: 1. Right patient – is the medication indicated for this patient; no contraindications; no allergies 2. Right drug – the correct name (trade name vs. generic name); correct concentration 3. Right dose 4. Right route 5. Right time – slow IVP vs. rapid IVP 6. Right documentation C. Correct documentation of medications administered and/or IV/IO placement will include: 1. Time of medication administration; IV/IO placement 2. Route of administration 3. Size of catheter (IV/IO) 4. Site location for IV/IO and SQ, IM medication (include unsuccessful IV/IO attempt locations) 5. Dose or volume infused 6. Time of infusion as indicated (e.g., rapid IVP, infused over 10 minutes, etc.) 7. Name of EMT responsible 8. Any complications and steps made to correct 9. Patient’s response to treatment D. Use of a medication simply because it is in the protocol is not an acceptable standard of medical care. When there are questions about medication administration, consult medical control. ORAL ADMINSTRATION To administer an oral (PO) medication ensure that the patient has an intact gag reflex and place the patient in a seated or semi-seated position.
    [Show full text]
  • Inhalation Studies with Drugs of Abuse
    Inhalation Studies With Drugs of Abuse Yun Meng, Aron H. Lichtman, D. Troy Bridgen, and Billy R. Martin INTRODUCTION In recent years, smoking or inhalation of drugs has become a popular route of administration among drug users. Various drugs of different classes have been abused by inhalation or smoking, including phencyclidine (PCP), cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, and marijuana. This increased popu-larity of smoking drugs has resulted from the fast onset of drug action and fears related to contracting acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or other infectious diseases from intravenous (IV) injections. In particular, heroin smoking has increased dramatically; approximately 74 percent of the heroin addicts in India use this method of administration, and it is also popular in the United States (Griffiths et al. 1994). The shift toward smoking heroin has also been associated with an increased availability of illicit heroin on the streets, which has declined in price and increased in purity (Huizer 1987). Consequently, there is an increased risk of overdose. Inhalation is a very potent route of drug administration, and is characterized by fast absorption from the nasal mucosa and the extensive lung capillaries. Inhalation results in an immediate elevation of arterial blood drug con- centration and a higher bioavailability due to avoiding drug metabolism by the liver. The fact that smoking or inhalation provides rapid delivery of drugs to the brain may result in an immediate reinforcing effect of the drug and further contribute to its abuse liability or risk of dependency. Smoking or inhalation of drugs may also lead to other adverse effects, such as pulmonary diseases or deleterious cardiovascular consequences.
    [Show full text]
  • Transitions Between Routes of Administration Among Caucasian and Indochinese Heroin Users in South-West Sydney
    TRANSITIONS BETWEEN ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION AMONG CAUCASIAN AND INDOCHINESE HEROIN USERS IN SOUTH-WEST SYDNEY Wendy Swift, Lisa Maher, Sandra Sunjic and Vincent Doan NDARC Technical Report No. 42 TRANSITIONS BETWEEN ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION AMONG CAUCASIAN AND INDOCHINESE HEROIN USERS IN SOUTH WEST SYDNEY Wendy Swift1, Lisa Maher1, Sandra Sunjic2 and Vincent Doan3 1 National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, The University of New South Wales 2 South Western Sydney Area Health Service, Liverpool Hospital 3Cabramatta Community Centre, Cabramatta ©NDARC 1997 This research was funded by a grant from the Drug and Alcohol Directorate, NSW Health NDARC Technical Report No. 42 ISBN 0 947 229 70 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................ i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... ii 1.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Review of the literature ............................................................................................ 2 A brief history of routes of opiate administration .............................................. 2 Opiate use in Australia ....................................................................................... 4 Factors influencing routes of administration ..................................................... 6 The diffusion of non-injecting
    [Show full text]