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Applying Secure Coding Standards Securing the IoT © 2015 LDRA Ltd 1 Characteristics of Secure Systems Dependable • Executes predictably Dependability • Operates correctly Trustworthiness Trustworthiness Survivability • Minimal vulnerabilities that can be exploited • No malicious logic Survivability • Resists or tolerates known Secure and novel attacks Software • Quick recovery Survivability Software Dependability Trustworthiness (Resilience) Security 2 Standards/Organizations • Common Criteria for Information Technology Common Criteria Security Evaluation IEC 62443 • Industrial Network and System Security ISO 27001 • Information Security Management • Information Security for Power System Control IEC 62351 Operations (Smart Grids) • Systems and software engineering. Replaced IEEE 12207 MIL-STD-498 • Security techniques – Message Authentication ISO/IEC 9797-1 Codes 3 Standards/Organizations • Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT C CERT and CERT Java) CWE/CVE • Common Weakness Enumeration OWASP • Open Web Application Security Project • Defense Information Assurance Certification and DIACAP Accreditation Process • Information assurance DOD • National Institue of Standards and Bodies NIST • Risk management framework Common Criteria • Information Technology Security Evaluation 4 Global Market Revenue, USD 140 Billion in 2012 – 214 Billion by 2020 Source: Grand View Research - Embedded System Market Analysis And Segment Forecasts To 2020 5 Embedded System Market Dynamics Technology Trends • Steady growth of devices connected to IP networks • Continued miniaturization of silicon chips, coupled with decreasing prices of components • Wearable wireless sensors as well as in-body sensors are expected to witness increased demand over the next six years Buyer Trends Regulatory Trends • Demand for consumer electronics • Considerable regulatory initiatives for expected to continue increasing, smart grid development, which is particularly in developing markets expected to drive embedded system adoption • Mitigation of security risks due to high • Energy efficiency directives, degree of connectivity is essential for particularly in Europe and North America market growth Embedded Governmental Oversight System Market Source: Grand View Research - Embedded System Market Analysis And Segment Forecasts To 2020 6 Technology Roadmap: The Internet of Things Software agents and advanced sensor fusion T Miniaturisation, power efficient electronics, and Tele operation and telepresence: Ability e available spectrum Physical- c to monitor and control distant objects World Web h n Ability of devices located indoors to receive geolocation signals o Locating people and everyday objects l Ubiquitous Positioning o Cost reduction leading to diffusion into g 2ndwave of applications Surveillance, security, healthcare, transport, y food safety, document management Vertical-Market Applications Demand for R expedited e logistics RFID tags for facilitating routing, Supply-Chain Helpers a inventorying, and loss prevention c h 2000 2010 2020 Source: SRI Consulting Business Intelligence 7 IEEE 12207 Secure by Design: (6.4.2.4 d) • Architect, designed, and implemented to protect itself and the information it processes • Resist attacks Secure by Default: (6.4.2.3) • Design to assume security flows are present • Default state promotes security Secure in Deployment: (6.4.2.5) • Deployed to be administered correctly and securely • Securely deploy updates Communications: (6.6) • End user and developer channels to discover vulnerabilities 8 Software Security Exploits in the Wild • Prior to Windows proliferation: – 1971; Creeper Virus – 1987; Jerusalem Virus – 1988; Morris Worm • Post Windows proliferation: – 1995; Concept Virus – 2000; ILOVEYOU worm – 2002; Beast Trojan Horse – 2010; Stuxnet – 2014; Heartbleed 9 HeartBleed Memory allocated in the line above adds payload + padding, the latter being user controlled Omission of a length check allowed attackers to force the OpenSSL server to read arbitrary memory locations. OpenSSL is used by several hundred thousand widely tested websites Illustrates the importance of authentication of third party software 10 Pervasive Problems • Input Validation • Buffer Overflows • Data Type Overflows SQL Injection • Errors and Exceptions 11 Smart Grid • Host of new devices such as smart meters entering the market • Code is often unsecure • Smart meters are often a gateway to data concentrators that aggregate meter data • Breaches include monitoring power usages by burglars • ISO/IEC 61850 edition 2 defines communication protocol for exchanging messages between nodes of a power grid 12 Consumer Products • Machine to Machine (M2M) devices such as RFID tags, sensors, and growing complexity and automation pose new challenges • Leverages commercial off the shelf (COTS) software and networking technologies (Wi-Fi, ZigBee, 4G, LTE, WiMax) and associated risks and vulnerabilities 13 Automotive • Very large rapidly changing code bases, dramatic increases in infotainment code and difficult to avoid security flaws • Increasingly connected, V2V communication, autonomous driving, steer by wire • Layers of third party software and systems must be integrated and authenticated • Weakness in Bluetooth stack for instance can result in intruder’s access to the CAN bus which can effect driving behavior dramatically • Need for layered in-vehicle security to isolate risk and promote reusability 14 Industrial • ICS-CERT • Network security monitoring • Importance of publishing Zero-Day Vulnerabilities and encouraging security updates (i.e.. Rockwell Automation) • NIST 800-82 Guide to Industrial Control Systems Security focuses on SCADA, DCS, and PLCs 15 Medical Devices • Content of Premarket Submissions for Management of Cybersecurity in Medical Devices (issued on Oct 2, 2014) • Recommends IEC 80001-2-2 and IEC 62443 • Rapid growth of the number of devices, network technologies, and amount of software 16 Understanding Quality and Security Software Software Security quality Reliability Security Safety Security Processes Processes Critical Critical Thinking Safety vs Security • Does the application perform reliably as designed? • Is the application resistant to external attacks Failing Functionality vs Attack Surface 17 Applicability in Embedded Systems Security Risk Assessment Drives Priorities • Acceptable risk • Value of the asset • Level of protection • Capabilities of the adversary Tried and Tested Practices • Understand security analysis and penetration • Harden and assess an environment • Role-based access in an embedded environment • Understand networking related vulnerabilities • Ongoing security vulnerabilities Variety within the Embedded Space 18 Tracking Security Vulnerabilities & Exposures • CVE database Repositories • NIST National Vulnerability Database of • Open Source Vulnerability Database Information • SANS Institutes’ Top 20 list • OWASP Top 10 Repositories • CERT C coding standard • CWE database of • ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG14 C Secure Weaknesses Coding Rules study group 19 Typical Decomposition within DOORS 20 Traceability Throughout the Lifecycle Traceability from high system requirements through lower level requirements, code, and tests ensures that requirements are properly implemented and verified Essential for reliability and ensures security requirements are properly implemented and verified 21 Developing, Executing, and Reviewing Tests 22 Returning Data Back to DOORS 23 Applying Secure Coding Standards Requirements Design Implementation Unit Test System Test Deployment Pre-empt security and reliability issues early when its much cheaper Reduce cost of verification early in the process by developing more verifiable software Focus on higher order issues on peer reviews Consistent coding style and form across teams Apply coding standard both at the developers desktop and prior to peer reviews 24 CERT - Computer Emergency Response Team CERT analysed • Project through Carnegie Mellon more than 1000 University vulnerabilities Addresses • S/W that is being developed vulnerability of • S/W already deployed • Easily avoided defects Primary cause • Common programming errors • Uniform set of rules and guidelines Follow the • Determined by requirement of project and organisation Standard • Programmers familiarity or preference doesn't matter 25 CERT C Example • MEM30-C - Do not access freed memory Non compliant code : for (p = head; p != NULL; p = p->next) free(p); Compliant Solution : for (p = head; p != NULL; p = q) { q = p->next; free(p); } head = NULL; 26 Risk Assessment for Rule MEM30-C • Reading memory that has already been freed can lead to abnormal program termination and denial- of-service attacks • Writing memory that has already been freed can lead to the execution of arbitrary code with the permissions of the vulnerable process – Severity – High – Likelihood – Likely – Remediation Cost – Medium 27 EXP34-C. Ensure a Null Pointer is Not Dereferenced Non compliant Code Example: Ensure a null pointer is not de- size_t size = strlen(input_str)+1; referenced str = (char *) malloc(size); memcpy(str, input_str, size); /* ... */ free(str); str = NULL; Compliant Solution: size_t size = strlen(input_str)+1; Dereferencing a null pointer str = (char *) malloc(size); results in undefined behavior, if (str == NULL) { typically abnormal program /* Handle Allocation Error */ termination. In some situations, } however, dereferencing a null memcpy(str, input_str, size); pointer can lead to the /* ... */ execution of arbitrary code free(str); str = NULL; 28 What is Undefined/ Unspecified
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