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Optical Measurements, Morphology, and the Faraday Effect Xunshan Liu, Emigdio E

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Optical Measurements, Morphology, and the Faraday Effect Xunshan Liu, Emigdio E www.acsami.org Research Article Finely Designed P3HT-Based Fully Conjugated Graft Polymer: Optical Measurements, Morphology, and the Faraday Effect Xunshan Liu, Emigdio E. Turner, Valerii Sharapov, Dafei Yuan, Mohammad A. Awais, Jeffrey J. Rack,* and Luping Yu* Cite This: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 30856−30861 Read Online ACCESS Metrics & More Article Recommendations *sı Supporting Information ABSTRACT: In this work, our group synthesized and charac- terized a fully conjugated graft polymer comprising of a donor− acceptor molecular backbone and regioregular poly(3-hexylthio- phene) (RRP3HT) side chains. Here, our macromonomer (MM) was synthesized via Kumada catalyst transfer polycondensation reaction based on ditin-benzodithiophene (BDT) initiator. The tin content of MM was then investigated by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), which allowed for accurate control of donor/acceptor monomer ratio of 1:1 for the following Stille coupling polymerization toward our graft polymer (BP). The structures of the polymers were then characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), NMR, and elemental analysis. This was followed by the characterization of optical, electrochemical, and physical properties. The magneto-optical activity of graft polymer BP was then measured. It was found that, despite the presence of the acceptor backbone, the characteristic large Faraday rotation of RRP3HT was maintained in polymer BP, which exhibited a Verdet constant of 2.39 ± 0.57 (104) °/T·m. KEYWORDS: synthesis, conjugated grafting polymer, grafting through, P3HT, Faraday effect 1. INTRODUCTION molecular backbone may be not active enough to initiate the growth of the side chains because of the electrical properties of Architectural design and control of polymer structures is a 11 continuously pursued research effort. One is looking for new the backbone. Second, the side chains may grow randomly and thus causing differences in the degree of polymerization properties from different structures because the function could (DP). Third, it is almost impossible to ensure that all of the also follow form. Recent years have witnessed a rapid active sites along the molecular backbone are fully reacted, and development of numerous organic semiconducting polymers 1−3 thus generating structural defects. For the grafting through for applications in a wide range of areas. Among these, − method, a macromonomer with two functional groups is Downloaded via UNIV OF NEW MEXICO on August 31, 2020 at 02:33:20 (UTC). donor acceptor copolymers have been extensively inves- prepared for copolymerization. However, since the macro- tigated. While the majority of efforts have been devoted monomer’s molecular weight is not fixed (different lengths for toward developing new building blocks for these polymers, See https://pubs.acs.org/sharingguidelines for options on how to legitimately share published articles. side chains), one can only roughly estimate the number of the developing novel chemistry to synthesize new architectures of functional groups by NMR or gel permeation chromatography conjugated polymers has been seldom reported. For instance, (GPC) and hence making it impossible to control a 1:1 ratio developing fully conjugated graft copolymers comprising of for the two monomers leading to a low degree of polymer- different types of polymers in the backbone and side chains has 4 ization. Another key reason of limited developments in this been rarely reported.4,5 The ability to combine two kinds of field might be the lack of related applications. The reported polymers with different properties in a single graft polymeric graft polymers did not show promising properties for their system offers potentials not available in each individual 6−8 potential application. For example, the authors tried to apply material. these materials to organic field-effect transistors; however, the To the best of our knowledge, there are only two papers to obtained charge mobilities were too low for good device have studied conjugated graft polymers that may be because of some inherent limitations of these two methods. Kumada catalyst transfer polycondensation (KCTP) has been widely Received: May 4, 2020 − used for synthesizing graft polymers.9 11 Previous studies have Accepted: June 15, 2020 already demonstrated both “grafting from” and “grafting Published: June 15, 2020 through” methods for synthesizing fully conjugated graft polymers employing KCTP polymerization.4,5 As for the grafting from method, the functionalized reactive sites on the © 2020 American Chemical Society https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c08170 30856 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 30856−30861 ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces www.acsami.org Research Article performance. Therefore, a well-designed method to synthesize ratio of MM to the other monomer for the Stille polymers with high DP, less traps, and fixed side chain length is polycondensation. The structures of the resulting brush needed; appropriate applications for this kind of materials are polymers were investigated, and their thermal, photophysical, demanded. and electrochemical properties were studied. More impor- In this work, we developed a new method for synthesizing tantly, a new application, Faraday rotation, induced by polymer fully conjugated graft polymers (BP), as shown in Figure 1.A BP was investigated. It was found that the regioregular P3HT side chains in polymer BP maintained the large magneto- optical activity previously demonstrated for pure RRP3HT. The specific packing morphology of RRP3HT that yields large magneto-optical activity is still a subject of on-going − study.12 15 Furthermore, the effect of an acceptor domain on the thin-film “giant Faraday rotation” has previously not been studied. The maintained Faraday rotation implies that the packing of RRP3HT side chains forms extended domains, which exhibit properties similar to pure RRP3HT. Figure 1. Synthetic routes for the brush polymer. 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 2.1. Synthesis and Characterization. The polymer ditin-benzodithiophene (BDT) unit with two chlorothio- structure and synthetic route are shown in Scheme 1. The phenes as pendant groups was functionalized with two structures of the monomers and copolymers were confirmed trimethyltin groups. Then, regioregular P3HT (RRP3HT) by 1H NMR, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time- chains were grown from the chlorothiophene unit by the of-flight (MALDI-TOF), and elemental analysis. The two KCTP method to yield a macromonomer (MM) showing a polymers exhibited excellent solubility in common organic low polydispersity index (Đ) of 1.25. The trimethyltin groups solvents such as chloroform, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and survived the Kumada condition, and the tin content of MM chlorobenzene. Table 1 summarizes the polymerization results was investigated with inductively coupled plasma-mass and thermal properties of the copolymers. The molecular Đ spectrometry (ICP-MS) allowing us to accurately control the weights (Mw) and of the two copolymers were Mw = 16.9 Scheme 1. Synthetic Routes of the Macromonomer and Brush Copolymer 30857 https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c08170 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 30856−30861 ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces www.acsami.org Research Article Table 1. Polymerization Results and Thermal Properties of 2.2. Optical Properties. The photophysical properties of Copolymers the two polymers (MM and BP) were investigated using ultraviolet−visible (UV−vis) spectroscopy. The key physical · −1 a Đ ° b copolymers yields (%) Mn Mw (kg mol ) Td ( C) properties are summarized in Table 2. Both of our polymers MM 87 13.5 16.9 1.25 352 showed a very similar absorption spectrum from 300 to 500 BP 83 39.5 102.0 2.58 386 nm in the visible region (Figure 2). This is very similar to that aDetermined by GPC in THF based on polystyrene standards. bDecomposition temperature, determined by TGA in nitrogen, based on 5% weight loss. Đ kg/mol with a = 1.25 for MM and Mw = 102.0 kg/mol with a Đ =2.58forBP, as determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using polystyrenes standard and CHCl3 as the eluent. The thermal properties of the copolymers were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) under a nitrogen atmosphere at a heating rate of 10 °C/min. The two Figure 2. UV−vis absorption spectra of the copolymers in the film polymers (MM and BP) showed good thermal stability with states. onset decomposition temperatures (Td) corresponding to a 5% ° weight loss at 352 and 386 C, respectively, as shown in Table of regioregular P3HT.16 The two polymers showed the same 1. absorption maxima at 448 nm. Since the content of the The synthesis of the macromonomer via KCTP is the crucial backbone is relatively low compared to the P3HT side chains, step in our synthesis. Normally, this polymerization is backbone absorption might be overlapped with that of P3HT quenched with HCl; however, since the macromonomer has leading to almost identical spectra. Absorption maxima for thin trimethyltin groups attached that are sensitive to acidic films were shifted from 448 to 518 nm for both the polymers. conditions, the reaction was just quenched with MeOH. The 70 nm red shift indicated a very strong aggregation in NMR spectrum (Figure S6)ofMM showed a clear signal at solid state, which is reasonable because the major component 0.43 ppm, which is consistent with the trimethyltin signal of of the polymers is a regioregular17 P3HT chain. the initiator compound 4 at 0.41 ppm (Figure S4). The 2.3. Electrochemical Properties. Electrochemical spectra integration ratio of the methyl groups with the aromatic of the two polymers MM and BP were investigated by cyclic protons on the thiophenes indicated that the DP of the P3HT voltammetry (CV). The CV curves and their corresponding chains is around 20, which is in good agreement with the data (Figure 3 and Table 2) indicate that these polymers are starting material ratio of the thiophene Grignard reagents and the initiator of 38. Theoretically, each side of the BDT unit should attach 19 thiophenes, plus one from the initiator itself totaling 20. ICP-MS was employed to investigate the tin content that was found to be 2.13% by weight.
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