TELHADOS VERDES EM CLIMA TROPICAL UMA NOVA TÉCNICA E SEU POTENCIAL DE ATENUAÇÃO TÉRMICA Bruno Rezende Silva Tese De Doutorad

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TELHADOS VERDES EM CLIMA TROPICAL UMA NOVA TÉCNICA E SEU POTENCIAL DE ATENUAÇÃO TÉRMICA Bruno Rezende Silva Tese De Doutorad TELHADOS VERDES EM CLIMA TROPICAL UMA NOVA TÉCNICA E SEU POTENCIAL DE ATENUAÇÃO TÉRMICA Bruno Rezende Silva Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil, Coppe, da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do Título de Doutor em Engenharia Civil. Orientadores: Maria Claudia Barbosa André Mantovani Rio de Janeiro Julho 2016 TELHADOS VERDES EM CLIMA TROPICAL UMA NOVA TÉCNICA E SEU POTENCIAL DE ATENUAÇÃO TÉRMICA Bruno Rezende Silva TESE SUBMETIDA AO CORPO DOCENTE DO INSTITUTO ALBERTO LUIZ COIMBRA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO E PESQUISA DE ENGENHARIA (COPPE) DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO COMO PARTE DOS REQUISITOS NECESSÁRIOS PARA A OBTENÇÃO DO GRAU DE DOUTOR EM CIÊNCIAS EM ENGENHARIA CIVIL, ÁREA DE MEIO AMBIENTE. Examinada por: ________________________________________________ Profa. Maria Claudia Barbosa, D.Sc. ________________________________________________ Prof. Andre Mantovani Oliveira, D.Sc. ________________________________________________ Prof. Marcelo Gomes Miguez, D.Sc. ________________________________________________ Prof. João Marcelo Alvarenga Braga, D.Sc. ________________________________________________ Profa. Sylvia Meimaridou Rola, D.Sc. RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ - BRASIL JULHO DE 2016 iv Silva, Bruno Rezende Telhados verdes em clima tropical: uma nova técnica e seu potencial de atenuação térmica/ Bruno Rezende Silva. – Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ/COPPE, 2016. XV, 168 p.: il.; 29,7 cm. Orientadores: Maria Claudia Barbosa e André Mantovani Tese (doutorado) – UFRJ/ COPPE/ Programa de Engenharia Civil, 2016. Referências Bibliográficas: p. 131-147. 1. Telhado verde. 2. Hidropônico. 3. Sem substrato. 4. Tropical. 5. Epífita. 6. Litófita. I. Barbosa, Maria Claudia et al. II. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, COPPE, Programa de Engenharia Civil. III. Título. iii AGRADECIMENTOS Aos meus orientadores Maria Claudia Barbosa e Andre Mantovani pelo incentivo constante, as inúmeras sugestões metodológicas e a paciente e minuciosa revisão dos manuscritos. À pesquisadora de telhados verdes e demais sistemas de naturação, Sylvia Meimaridou Rola pelas inúmeras e valiosas informações e sugestões fornecidas. À pesquisadora e professora de Fisiologia Vegetal, Dulce Mantuano que, apesar de não ser oficialmente orientadora, em momentos decisivos atuou como tal, revisando minuciosamente manuscritos e contribuindo significativamente com seu conteúdo. Além disso também participou ativamente de diversos experimentos relacionados à fisiologia vegetal desta Tese. Ao Professor Fernando Danziger pelas sugestões metodológicas e por custear, através de fundos de projeto próprio, os materias para a instalação do telhado verde na Favela do Arará. À Maria Claudia Barbosa e Helcio Sousa por custearem, através de fundos de projetos próprios, os equipamentos para avaliação térmica do experimento do Cap. 4. Agradecimentos especiais, neste ponto, ao pesquisador Andre Mantovani, que custeou com fundos pessoais as modificações de última hora que se fizeram necessárias nestes equipamentos. A Helcio Sousa e Gilberto Martins pelas sugestões metodológicas para o experimento de avaliação térmica, seus equipamentos e aferição. A Gilberto Martins por confeccionar e dar apoio técnico aos esquipamentos de avaliação térmica. A Cid Almeida Dieguez por participar ativa e criticamente do tratamento e interpretação dos dados térmicos. A Luiz Cassiano, morador da Favela do Arará, por gentilmente ter permitido a instalação do telhado verde experimental em sua casa e por realizar a manutenção e irrigação do mesmo. À Isis Gomes Dantas de Oliveira pelos desenhos técnicos. À Mayara Ietto pela indispensável ajuda na instalação do telhado verde na favela do Arará e pelos cálculos de área recoberta utilizando o programa ImageJ. Às alunas e ao aluno de iniciação científica do Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro Carolina Reis, Juliana Silva e Lawrence Rocha, além da aluna de iniciação científica Ligia Bicalho do Curso de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade iv Federal do Rio de Janeiro, pela ajuda durante as coletas de amostras para avaliação morfo-fisiológica e análise das mesmas. À Ligia Bicalho pela ajuda nos cálculos de área recoberta utilizando o programa ImageJ e nas pesquisas bibliográficas. v Resumo da Tese apresentada à COPPE/UFRJ como parte dos requisitos necessários para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências (D.Sc.) TELHADOS VERDES EM CLIMA TROPICAL UMA NOVA TÉCNICA E SEU POTENCIAL DE ATENUAÇÃO TÉRMICA Bruno Rezende Silva Julho/2016 Orientadores: Maria Claudia Barbosa André Mantovani Programa: Engenharia Civil Telhados verdes conferem diversas vantagens para as edificações e cidades, como a redução de calor interno de moradias, mitigação da poluição do ar e maior conforto visual. Apesar disso, no Brasil ainda são relativamente pouco utilizados devido ao custo elevado em relação às coberturas convencionais, ao aumento da sobrecarga e potenciais problemas de impermeabilização. Uma nova técnica de telhado verde é proposta, a qual não utiliza substrato por se destinar a cultivar prioritariamente espécies litófitas e epífitas, naturalmente adaptadas ao enraizamento superficial sobre rochas e cascas de árvores. Seu funcionamento tem por base a hidroponia com enraizamento superficial em material fibroso sintético. A viabilidade de espécies vegetais e atenuação térmica gerada sob esta nova técnica de telhado verde é testada em escala real, em edificação unifamiliar, por mais de um ano contínuo. Diferentes e significativas capacidades de atenuação térmica foram investigadas numa comparação entre duas espécies vegetais e um controle não vegetado. Paralelamente a nova técnica é também testada em residência de baixa renda em edificação unifamiliar na favela do Arará, Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados indicam que a técnica proposta é viável por apresentar: i) redução de custo financeiro de instalação em menos da metade do sistema convencional de telhados verdes com substrato através de menor complexidade de materiais e instalação; ii) condições de sobrevivência de grande número de espécies (218) porém em ciclos de fotoinibição dinâmica e com elevada suculência; iii) redução de mais de 11oC da temperatura da superfície interna do telhado sob vegetação em comparação ao controle sem vegetação; iv) viabilidade de aplicação e sobrevivência de espécies vegetais em moradias de baixa renda com telhado convencional. Um amplo potencial é indicando para investigação e uso da rica flora litófita e epífita para instalação de telhados verdes tropicais. vi Abstract of Thesis presented to COPPE/UFRJ as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) GREEN ROOFS UNDER TROPICAL CLIMATE A NEW TECHNIQUE AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR THERMAL ATTENUATION Bruno Rezende Silva July/2016 Advisors: Maria Claudia Barbosa André Mantovani Department: Civil Engineering Greenroofs provide several advantages for buildings and cities, such as reducing internal heat of housing, air pollution mitigation and increased visual comfort. Nevertheless, in Brazil are still relatively little used due to the high cost compared to conventional roofing, increased weight overload and potential waterproofing problems. A new green roof technique is proposed, which does not use substrate for it is intended to grow primarily rupicolous and epiphytic species, naturally adapted to rooting superficially on rocks and tree barks. Its operation is based on hydroponics with shallow rooting in synthetic fibrous material. The viability of plant species and thermal attenuation generated under this new green roof technique is tested in full scale in a single family building, for over one continuous year. Different and significant thermal mitigation capabilities were investigated on a comparison between two plant species and a non-vegetated control. In Parallel the new technique is also tested in a low-income single-family residence building at the Arará slum, Rio de Janeiro. Results indicate that the proposed technique is feasible for presenting: i) reduction of financial costs of installation in less than half of the conventional greenroof system with substrate through a lower materials and installation complexity, ii) conditions for survival of many species (218) but in cycles of dynamic photoinhibition and high succulence; iii) reduction of more than 11oC in temperature for the inner surface of the roof under vegetation compared to the control without vegetation; iv) viability of application and survival of plant species in low-income homes with conventional roof. A broad potential is indicated for research and use of the rich rupicolous and epiphytic flora for the installation of tropical green roofs. vii ÍNDICE Capítulo 1: Introdução....................................................................................................1 1.1 Motivação da pesquisa.................................................................................................3 1.2 Premissas do estudo.....................................................................................................3 1.3 Objetivos da Tese........................................................................................................4 1.4 Organização da tese.....................................................................................................4 Capítulo 2: Revisão bibliográfica...................................................................................5 2.1 Definição, tipologia e benefícios dos telhados verdes.................................................5
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