Directing Voluntary Temporal Attention Increases Fixational Stability
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Visual Fixation Development in Children
Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol (2007) 245:1659–1665 DOI 10.1007/s00417-007-0585-6 CLINICAL INVESTIGATION Visual fixation development in children Eva Aring & Marita Andersson Grönlund & Ann Hellström & Jan Ygge Received: 12 December 2006 /Revised: 2 March 2007 /Accepted: 31 March 2007 / Published online: 24 April 2007 # Springer-Verlag 2007 Abstract there were no significant differences with regard to gender Background The ability to keep steady fixation on a target or laterality in any of the investigated variables. No is one of several aspects of good visual function. However, nystagmus was observed. there are few reports on visual fixation during childhood in Conclusion This study establishes values for visual fixation healthy children. behaviour in a non-clinical population aged 4–15 years, Methods An infrared eye-tracking device (Orbit) was used which can be used for identifying children with fixation to analyse binocular fixation behaviour in 135 non-clinical abnormalities. participants aged 4–15 years. The children wore goggles and their heads were restrained using a chin and forehead Keywords Blinks . Drifts . Intruding saccades . rest, while binocularly fixating a stationary target for 20 s. Centre of gravity Results The density of fixations around the centre of gravity increased with increasing age (p<0.01), and the time of fixation without intruding movements increased Introduction with increasing age (p=0.02), while intruding saccades decreased with increasing age (p<0.01). The number of The ability to visually fixate a target is one of several blinks and drifts did not differ between 4 and 15 years, and aspects of good visual function [1]. -
Subliminal Afterimages Via Ocular Delayed Luminescence: Transsaccade Stability of the Visual Perception and Color Illusion
ACTIVITAS NERVOSA SUPERIOR Activitas Nervosa Superior 2012, 54, No. 1-2 REVIEW ARTICLE SUBLIMINAL AFTERIMAGES VIA OCULAR DELAYED LUMINESCENCE: TRANSSACCADE STABILITY OF THE VISUAL PERCEPTION AND COLOR ILLUSION István Bókkon1,2 & Ram L.P. Vimal2 1Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary 2Vision Research Institute, Lowell, MA, USA Abstract Here, we suggest the existence and possible roles of evanescent nonconscious afterimages in visual saccades and color illusions during normal vision. These suggested functions of subliminal afterimages are based on our previous papers (i) (Bókkon, Vimal et al. 2011, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B) related to visible light induced ocular delayed bioluminescence as a possible origin of negative afterimage and (ii) Wang, Bókkon et al. (Brain Res. 2011)’s experiments that proved the existence of spontaneous and visible light induced delayed ultraweak photon emission from in vitro freshly isolated rat’s whole eye, lens, vitreous humor and retina. We also argue about the existence of rich detailed, subliminal visual short-term memory across saccades in early retinotopic areas. We conclude that if we want to understand the complex visual processes, mere electrical processes are hardly enough for explanations; for that we have to consider the natural photobiophysical processes as elaborated in this article. Key words: Saccades Nonconscious afterimages Ocular delayed bioluminescence Color illusion 1. INTRODUCTION Previously, we presented a common photobiophysical basis for various visual related phenomena such as discrete retinal noise, retinal phosphenes, as well as negative afterimages. These new concepts have been supported by experiments (Wang, Bókkon et al., 2011). They performed the first experimental proof of spontaneous ultraweak biophoton emission and visible light induced delayed ultraweak photon emission from in vitro freshly isolated rat’s whole eye, lens, vitreous humor, and retina. -
Dependence of the Stimulus-Driven Microsaccade Rate Signature on 2 Visual Stimulus Polarity 3 4 Tatiana Malevich1,2,3*, Antimo Buonocore1,2, & Ziad M
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.23.112417; this version posted May 25, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Dependence of the stimulus-driven microsaccade rate signature on 2 visual stimulus polarity 3 4 Tatiana Malevich1,2,3*, Antimo Buonocore1,2, & Ziad M. Hafed1,2 5 6 1Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Tuebingen University, Tuebingen, Germany 7 72076 8 2Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tuebingen University, Tuebingen, Germany 72076 9 3Graduate School of Neural and Behavioural Sciences, International Max-Planck Research School, 10 Tuebingen University, Tuebingen, Germany 72076 11 12 * Correspondence to: 13 [email protected] 14 15 Abbreviated title: 16 Black versus white stimulus onset effects on microsaccades 17 18 Corresponding author address: 19 Tatiana Malevich 20 Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience 21 and 22 Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research 23 Otfried-Mueller Str. 25 24 Tuebingen, 72076 25 Germany 26 Phone: +49 7071 29 88821 27 28 29 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.23.112417; this version posted May 25, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 30 Abstract 31 Microsaccades have a steady rate of occurrence during maintained gaze fixation, 32 which gets transiently modulated by abrupt sensory stimuli. -
Steinbach (1972) Release of Pursuit Eye Movements Using After-Images
VisionRcs. Vol. 12, pp. 1307-1311.Pergamon Prss 1972.Printed in Great Britain. LElTER TO THE EDITORS RELEASE OF PURSUIT EYE MOVEMENTS USING AFTER-IMAGES’ (Receioed 8 October 1971) IT IS frequently asserted that a moving visual target is necessary in order for the eyes to make slow, conjugate pursuit movements (e.g. ROBINSON,1968). There are, however, viola- tions to this fiat (see, e.g. RICHARDSand STEINBACH,1972; YOUNG, 1971). Some subjects can smoothly track their own moving hand in complete darkness (STEINBACH,1969; VON NMRDEN and MACKENSEN,1962), indicating that an internal proprioceptive motion signal may be sufficient for pursuit. Another far more commonly observed exception concerns images rendered stable with respect to the retina. Several investigators (HEDLUNand WHITE, 1959; RIGGS and TULUNAY,1959; TEN DOESSCHATE,1954) have shown that optically stabi- lized images may produce smooth oscillations of the eyes. After-images provide another example where smooth movements can be made without any moving visual target (MACK and BACHANT,1969). Why should stable images on the retina allow the release of pursuit eye movements? This poses a conceptual problem because, when done over a homogeneous or dark back- ground, no retinal signal for motion can be present. What then is the stimulus for pursuit with a stabilized image? How can the pursuit movement begin? One testable hypothesis concerns the “outflow” or “corollary discharge” model postu- lated to account for the stability of the visual world during eye movements (see, e.g. TEUBER, 1960). It is assumed that for voluntary eye movements, a corollary discharge is issued along with the efferent signal sent to the eye muscles so that the visual reafference resulting from the movement can be cancelled. -
Bayesian Microsaccade Detection
Journal of Vision (2017) 17(1):13, 1–23 1 Bayesian microsaccade detection * Center for Neural Science, New York University, Andra Mihali New York, NY, USA $ * Center for Neural Science, New York University, Bas van Opheusden New York, NY, USA $ Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA Department of Psychology, New York University, Wei Ji Ma New York, NY, USA $ Microsaccades are high-velocity fixational eye Introduction movements, with special roles in perception and cognition. The default microsaccade detection method is to determine when the smoothed eye velocity Even when people attempt to fixate, their eyes are exceeds a threshold. We have developed a new always in motion. Fixational eye movements are often method, Bayesian microsaccade detection (BMD), categorized as drift, tremor, and microsaccades (Ciuf- which performs inference based on a simple freda & Tannen, 1995). During most of the fixation statistical model of eye positions. In this model, a time, the eye is in a drift state, which is low-amplitude, hidden state variable changes between drift and low-velocity motion, sometimes modeled as a random microsaccade states at random times. The eye walk (Cornsweet, 1956; Ditchburn & Ginsborg, 1953; position is a biased random walk with different Ratliff & Riggs, 1950). A few times a second, the eye velocity distributions for each state. BMD generates makes a microsaccade, which is a high-velocity samples from the posterior probability distribution movement along a relatively straight trajectory (Corn- overtheeyestatetimeseriesgiventheeyeposition sweet, 1956; Engbert & Kliegl, 2003; Engbert, Mer- timeseries.Appliedtosimulateddata,BMDrecovers genthaler, Sinn, & Pikovsky, 2011; Rolfs, 2009). the ‘‘true’’ microsaccades with fewer errors than Microsaccades have been implicated in several alternative algorithms, especially at high noise. -
Localization of Borrelia Burgdorferi in the Nervous System And
0023-6837/00/8007-1043$03.00/0 LABORATORY INVESTIGATION Vol. 80, No. 7, p. 1043, 2000 Copyright © 2000 by The United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. Printed in U.S.A. Localization of Borrelia Burgdorferi in the Nervous System and Other Organs in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Lyme Disease Diego Cadavid, Tim O’Neill, Henry Schaefer, and Andrew R. Pachner Department of Neuroscience (DC, ARP), University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and the Registry of Comparative Pathology (TO) and the Department of Neuropa- thology (DC), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, and the Department of Neurology (DC, HS, ARP), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC SUMMARY: Lyme borreliosis is caused by infection with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Nonhuman primates inoculated with the N40 strain of B. burgdorferi develop infection of multiple tissues, including the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system. In immunocompetent nonhuman primates, spirochetes are present in low numbers in tissues. For this reason, it has been difficult to study their localization and changes in expression of surface proteins. To further investigate this, we inoculated four immunosuppressed adult Macaca mulatta with 1 million spirochetes of the N40 strain of B. burgdorferi, and compared them with three infected immunocompetent animals and two uninfected controls. The brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, skeletal muscle, heart, and bladder were obtained at necropsy 4 months later. The spirochetal tissue load was first studied by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-ELISA of the outer surface protein A (ospA) gene. Immunohistochemistry was used to study the localization and numbers of spirochetes in tissues and the expression of spirochetal proteins and to characterize the inflammatory response. -
An Adaptive Algorithm for Fixation, Saccade, and Glissade Detection in Eyetracking Data
Behavior Research Methods 2010, 42 (1), 188-204 doi:10.3758/BRM.42.1.188 An adaptive algorithm for fixation, saccade, and glissade detection in eyetracking data MARCUS NYSTRÖM AND KENNETH HOLMQVIST Lund University, Lund, Sweden Event detection is used to classify recorded gaze points into periods of fixation, saccade, smooth pursuit, blink, and noise. Although there is an overall consensus that current algorithms for event detection have serious flaws and that a de facto standard for event detection does not exist, surprisingly little work has been done to remedy this problem. We suggest a new velocity-based algorithm that takes several of the previously known limitations into account. Most important, the new algorithm identifies so-called glissades, a wobbling move- ment at the end of many saccades, as a separate class of eye movements. Part of the solution involves designing an adaptive velocity threshold that makes the event detection less sensitive to variations in noise level and the algorithm settings-free for the user. We demonstrate the performance of the new algorithm on eye movements recorded during reading and scene perception and compare it with two of the most commonly used algorithms today. Results show that, unlike the currently used algorithms, fixations, saccades, and glissades are robustly identified by the new algorithm. Using this algorithm, we found that glissades occur in about half of the sac- cades, during both reading and scene perception, and that they have an average duration close to 24 msec. Due to the high prevalence and long durations of glissades, we argue that researchers must actively choose whether to assign the glissades to saccades or fixations; the choice affects dependent variables such as fixation and sac- cade duration significantly. -
Blinks, Saccades, and Fixation Pauses During Vigilance Task Office of Aviation Medicine Washington, D.C
DOT/FAAIAM-94/26 Blinks, Saccades, and Fixation Pauses During Vigilance Task Office of Aviation Medicine Washington, D.C. 20591 Performance: I. Time on Task Accesion For John A. Stern NTIS CRA&I Donna Boyer DTIC TAB Department of Psychology Unannounced W ashington U niversity Justification .................................. St. Louis, MO 63130-4899 By ...-. -...-.-................................... David Schroeder Distribution I Mark Touchstone Availability Codes FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute Avail and/or P.O. Box 25082 Dist Special Oklahoma City, OK 73125 Nikolai Stoliarov R4 State Scientific Research Institute for Civil Aviation Volocolamskoe Hwy, 26 Moscow 123182 Russia D • ELECTE December 1994 1 Am 9 1995 Final Report This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration 19950104 027 NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. DOT/FAA/AM-94/261 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Blinks, Saccades, and Fixation Pauses During Vigilance Task December 1994 Performance: I. Time on Task 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. J.A. Stern, D. Boyer, D.J. Schroeder, R.M. Touchstone, N. Stoliarov 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Department of Psychology Human Resources Research Division Washington University FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute St. Louis, MO 63130-4899 Oklahoma City, OK 73125 11. -
Visual Vs. Spatial Contributions to Microsaccades and Visual-Spatial Working Memory
Journal of Eye Movement Research (2014) 7(2):2, 1-14 Visual vs. Spatial Contributions to Microsaccades and Visual-Spatial Working Memory Joshua T. Gaunt Bruce Bridgeman Department of Psychology University of California, Santa Cruz Microsaccade rates and directions were monitored while observers performed a visual work- ing memory task at varying retinal eccentricities. We show that microsaccades generate no in- terference in a working memory task, indicating that spatial working memory is at least par- tially insulated from oculomotor activity. Intervening tasks during the memory interval af- fected microsaccade patterns; microsaccade frequency was consistently higher during concur- rent spatial tapping (no visual component) than during exposure to dynamic visual noise (no task). Average microsaccade rate peaked after appearance of a fixation cross at the start of a trial, and dipped at cue onset and offset, consistent with previous results. Direction of stimuli in choice tasks did not influence microsaccade direction, however. Keywords: Microsaccades, attention, working memory, dynamic visual noise, concurrent spatial tapping (Tresch et al., 1993) isolated the distinction between There is extensive evidence for the existence of two visual and spatial STM from a number of alternative visual streams, where ventral projections from V1 explanations. Their spatial task measured memory for serve cognitive aspects of perception while parietal a dot location. The visual memory task in contrast had cortex serves visually guided behavior, or "what" and participants select a Chinese ideogram that had been "how" systems respectively (Bridgeman, Lewis, Heit shown previously. Both tasks had 10 sec delays and & Nagle, 1975; Bridgeman, Kirch, & Sperling, 1981; seven distractor locations or ideograms at test. -
Microsaccade Production During Saccade Cancelation in a Stop-Signal Task ⇑ David C
Vision Research 118 (2016) 5–16 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Vision Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/visres Microsaccade production during saccade cancelation in a stop-signal task ⇑ David C. Godlove, Jeffrey D. Schall Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Center for Integrative & Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA article info abstract Article history: We obtained behavioral data to evaluate two alternative hypotheses about the neural mechanisms of Received 10 July 2014 gaze control. The ‘‘fixation’’ hypothesis states that neurons in rostral superior colliculus (SC) enforce fix- Received in revised form 13 October 2014 ation of gaze. The ‘‘microsaccade’’ hypothesis states that neurons in rostral SC encode microsaccades Available online 6 November 2014 rather than fixation per se. Previously reported neuronal activity in monkey SC during the saccade stop-signal task leads to specific, dissociable behavioral predictions of these two hypotheses. When sub- Keywords: jects are required to cancel partially-prepared saccades, imbalanced activity spreads across rostral and Rostral superior colliculus caudal SC with a reliable temporal profile. The microsaccade hypothesis predicts that this imbalance will Frontal eye field lead to elevated microsaccade production biased toward the target location, while the fixation hypothesis Fixation neurons Premotor theory of attention predicts reduced microsaccade production. We tested these predictions by analyzing the microsaccades Response inhibition produced by 4 monkeys while they voluntarily canceled partially prepared eye movements in response to explicit stop signals. Consistent with the fixation hypothesis and contradicting the microsaccade hypoth- esis, we found that each subject produced significantly fewer microsaccades when normal saccades were successfully canceled. -
Comparing Fixation Location and Stability in Patients with Neovascular
Eye (2011) 25, 149–153 & 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0950-222X/11 $32.00 www.nature.com/eye 1 1 2 Comparing fixation E Pearce , S Sivaprasad and NV Chong CLINICAL STUDY location and stability in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration treated with or without Ranibizumab Abstract fixation. Majority (84.6%) of the patients in the untreated group had predominantly eccentric Purpose To compare fixation location and fixation. Fixation stability was significantly stability in patients with neovascular age- better in the ranibizumab-treated group as related macular degeneration (AMD) treated compared with the untreated group, using with or without ranibizumab. both the software provided by the MP1 Methods Patients were recruited from the machine (v2 21.8, P 0.0001) and the mean log Macular Clinic of the King’s College Hospital o bivariate contour ellipse area calculated from in London. Two groups of patients with the raw data obtained from the machine neovascular AMD with at least 12 months of (3.64 vs 4.39 in treated and untreated group follow-up were included in the study. The respectively, P 0.0001). treated group was treated with ranibizumab o Conclusion Low vision rehabilitation while the untreated group did not have any strategy for this group of patients in the treatment. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ranibizumab era will be very different from 1 with modified ETDRS chart, fixation location Laser and Retinal Research those used in untreated patients with dense Unit, King’s College and stability as measured with Nidek MP1, central scotoma. Further studies on the visual Hospital, University of central retinal thickness as measured by Zeiss rehabilitation in the ranibizumab-treated London, London, UK Cirrus SD-optical coherent tomography patients should consider fixation (OCT), and lesion size as measured by Topcon 2Oxford Eye Hospital, characteristics of the patients. -
Limitations on Fixation Stability and Acuity?
Vision Research 114 (2015) 87–99 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Vision Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/visres Characteristics of fixational eye movements in amblyopia: Limitations on fixation stability and acuity? ⇑ Susana T.L. Chung , Girish Kumar, Roger W. Li, Dennis M. Levi School of Optometry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-2020, United States article info abstract Article history: Persons with amblyopia, especially those with strabismus, are known to exhibit abnormal fixational eye Received 16 September 2014 movements. In this paper, we compared six characteristics of fixational eye movements among normal Received in revised form 22 January 2015 control eyes (n = 16), the non-amblyopic fellow eyes and the amblyopic eyes of anisometropic (n = 14) Available online 7 February 2015 and strabismic amblyopes (n = 14). These characteristics include the frequency, magnitude of landing errors, amplitude and speed of microsaccades, and the amplitude and speed of slow drifts. Fixational Keywords: eye movements were recorded using retinal imaging while observers monocularly fixated a 1° cross. Amblyopia Eye position data were recovered using a cross-correlation procedure. We found that in general, the char- Fixational eye movements acteristics of fixational eye movements are not significantly different between the fellow eyes of amblyo- Fixation stability Visual acuity pes and controls, and that the strabismic amblyopic eyes are always different from the other groups. Microsaccades Next, we determined the primary factors that limit fixation stability and visual acuity in amblyopic eyes Slow drifts by examining the relative importance of the different oculomotor characteristics, adding acuity (for fixation stability) or fixation stability (for acuity), and the type of amblyopia, as predictive factors in a multiple linear regression model.