General Anesthesia by Dentists
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Handheld Devices and Informatics in Anesthesia Prasanna Vadhanan,MD1, Adinarayanan S., DNB2
COMMENTRY Handheld devices and informatics in anesthesia Prasanna Vadhanan,MD1, Adinarayanan S., DNB2 1Associate Professor, Department of Anaesthesiology, Vinayaka Missions Medical College & Hospital, Keezhakasakudimedu, Kottucherry Post, Karaikal, Puducherry 609609, (India) 2Associate Professor, Department of Anaesthesiology & Critical Care. The Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Dhanvantri Nagar, Gorimedu, Puducherry, 605006, (India) Correspondence: Dr. Prasanna Vadhanan, MD, No. 6, P&T Nagar, Mayiladuthurai 609001 (India); Phone: +919486489690; E-mail: [email protected] Received: 02 April 2016; Reviewed: 2 May 2016; Corrected: 02 June 2016; Accepted: 10 June 2016 ABSTRACT Handheld devices like smartphones, once viewed as a diversion and interference in the operating room have become an integral part of healthcare. In the era of evidence based medicine, the need to remain up to date with current practices is felt more than ever before. Medical informatics helps us by analysing complex data in making clinical decisions and knowing recent advances at the point of patient care. Handheld devices help in delivering such information at the point of care; however, too much reliance upon technology might be hazardous especially in an emergency situation. With the recent approval of robots to administer anesthesia, the question of whether technology can replace anesthesiologists from the operating room looms ahead. The anesthesia and critical care related applications of handheld devices and informatics -
Hallucinogens - LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, and PCP
Information for Behavioral Health Providers in Primary Care Hallucinogens - LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, and PCP What are Hallucinogens? Hallucinogenic compounds found in some plants and mushrooms (or their extracts) have been used— mostly during religious rituals—for centuries. Almost all hallucinogens contain nitrogen and are classified as alkaloids. Many hallucinogens have chemical structures similar to those of natural neurotransmitters (e.g., acetylcholine-, serotonin-, or catecholamine-like). While the exact mechanisms by which hallucinogens exert their effects remain unclear, research suggests that these drugs work, at least partially, by temporarily interfering with neurotransmitter action or by binding to their receptor sites. This InfoFacts will discuss four common types of hallucinogens: LSD (d-lysergic acid diethylamide) is one of the most potent mood-changing chemicals. It was discovered in 1938 and is manufactured from lysergic acid, which is found in ergot, a fungus that grows on rye and other grains. Peyote is a small, spineless cactus in which the principal active ingredient is mescaline. This plant has been used by natives in northern Mexico and the southwestern United States as a part of religious ceremonies. Mescaline can also be produced through chemical synthesis. Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine) is obtained from certain types of mushrooms that are indigenous to tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Mexico, and the United States. These mushrooms typically contain less than 0.5 percent psilocybin plus trace amounts of psilocin, another hallucinogenic substance. PCP (phencyclidine) was developed in the 1950s as an intravenous anesthetic. Its use has since been discontinued due to serious adverse effects. How Are Hallucinogens Abused? The very same characteristics that led to the incorporation of hallucinogens into ritualistic or spiritual traditions have also led to their propagation as drugs of abuse. -
Local Anesthetic Half Life (In Hours) Lidocaine 1.6 Mepivacaine 1.9 Bupivacaine 353.5 Prilocaine 1.6 Articaine 0.5
Local Anesthetics • The first local anesthetics History were cocaine and procaine (Novacain) developed in ltlate 1800’s • They were called “esters” because of their chemical composition • Esters had a slow onset and short half life so they did not last long History • Derivatives of esters called “amides” were developed in the 1930’s • Amides had a faster onset and a longer half life so they lasted longer • AidAmides quiklickly repldlaced esters • In dentistry today, esters are only found in topical anesthetics Generic Local Anesthetics • There are five amide anesthetics used in dentistry today. Their generic names are; – lidocaine – mepivocaine – bupivacaine – prilocaine – artica ine • Each is known by at least one brand name Brand Names • lidocaine : Xylocaine, Lignospan, Alphacaine, Octocaine • mepivocaine: Carbocaine, Arestocaine, Isocaine, Polocaine, Scandonest • prilocaine : Citanest, Citanest Forte • bibupivaca ine: MiMarcaine • articaine: Septocaine, Zorcaine About Local Anesthetic (LA) • Local anesthetic (LA) works by binding with sodium channels in neurons preventing depolarization • LA is inactivated at the injection site when it is absorbed into the blood stream and redistributed throughout the body • If enough LA is absorbed, sodium channels in other parts of the body will be blocked, causing systemic side effects About LA • A clinical effect of LAs is dilation blood vessels, speeding up absorption and distribution • To counteract this dilation so anesthesia is prolonged, , a vasoconstrictor is often added to LAs • However, vasoconstrictors have side effects also Metabolism and Excretion • Most amide LAs are metabolized (inactivated) by the liver and excreted by the kidneys. • Prilocaine is partially metabolized by the lungs • Articaine is partially metabolized by enzymes in the bloo d as well as the liver. -
Monitoring Anesthetic Depth
ANESTHETIC MONITORING Lyon Lee DVM PhD DACVA MONITORING ANESTHETIC DEPTH • The central nervous system is progressively depressed under general anesthesia. • Different stages of anesthesia will accompany different physiological reflexes and responses (see table below, Guedel’s signs and stages). Table 1. Guedel’s (1937) Signs and Stages of Anesthesia based on ‘Ether’ anesthesia in cats. Stages Description 1 Inducement, excitement, pupils constricted, voluntary struggling Obtunded reflexes, pupil diameters start to dilate, still excited, 2 involuntary struggling 3 Planes There are three planes- light, medium, and deep More decreased reflexes, pupils constricted, brisk palpebral reflex, Light corneal reflex, absence of swallowing reflex, lacrimation still present, no involuntary muscle movement. Ideal plane for most invasive procedures, pupils dilated, loss of pain, Medium loss of palpebral reflex, corneal reflexes present. Respiratory depression, severe muscle relaxation, bradycardia, no Deep (early overdose) reflexes (palpebral, corneal), pupils dilated Very deep anesthesia. Respiration ceases, cardiovascular function 4 depresses and death ensues immediately. • Due to arrival of newer inhalation anesthetics and concurrent use of injectable anesthetics and neuromuscular blockers the above classic signs do not fit well in most circumstances. • Modern concept has two stages simply dividing it into ‘awake’ and ‘unconscious’. • One should recognize and familiarize the reflexes with different physiologic signs to avoid any untoward side effects and complications • The system must be continuously monitored, and not neglected in favor of other signs of anesthesia. • Take all the information into account, not just one sign of anesthetic depth. • A major problem faced by all anesthetists is to avoid both ‘too light’ anesthesia with the risk of sudden violent movement and the dangerous ‘too deep’ anesthesia stage. -
Statement on Safe Use of Propofol 2019
Statement on Safe Use of Propofol Committee of Origin: Ambulatory Surgical Care (Approved by the ASA House of Delegates on October 27, 2004, and amended on October 23, 2019) Because sedation is a continuum, it is not always possible to predict how an individual patient will respond. Due to the potential for rapid, profound changes in sedative/anesthetic depth and the lack of antagonist medications, agents such as propofol require special attention. Even if moderate sedation is intended, patients receiving propofol should receive care consistent with that required for deep sedation. The Society believes that the involvement of an anesthesiologist in the care of every patient undergoing anesthesia is optimal. However, when this is not possible, non-anesthesia personnel who administer propofol should be qualified to rescue* patients whose level of sedation becomes deeper than initially intended and who enter, if briefly, a state of general anesthesia.** • The physician responsible for the use of sedation/anesthesia should have the education and training to manage the potential medical complications of sedation/anesthesia. The physician should be proficient in airway management, have advanced life support skills appropriate for the patient population, and understand the pharmacology of the drugs used. The physician should be physically present throughout the sedation and remain immediately available until the patient is medically discharged from the post procedure recovery area. • The practitioner administering propofol for sedation/anesthesia should, at a minimum, have the education and training to identify and manage the airway and cardiovascular changes which occur in a patient who enters a state of general anesthesia, as well as the ability to assist in the management of complications. -
Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens What Are Hallucinogens? Hallucinogens are a diverse group of drugs that alter a person’s awareness of their surroundings as well as their thoughts and feelings. They are commonly split into two categories: classic hallucinogens (such as LSD) and dissociative drugs (such as PCP). Both types of hallucinogens can cause hallucinations, or sensations and images that seem real though they are not. Additionally, dissociative drugs can cause users to feel out of control or disconnected from their body and environment. Some hallucinogens are extracted from plants or mushrooms, and others are synthetic (human-made). Historically, people have used hallucinogens for religious or healing rituals. More recently, people report using these drugs for social or recreational purposes. Hallucinogens are a Types of Hallucinogens diverse group of drugs Classic Hallucinogens that alter perception, LSD (D-lysergic acid diethylamide) is one of the most powerful mind- thoughts, and feelings. altering chemicals. It is a clear or white odorless material made from lysergic acid, which is found in a fungus that grows on rye and other Hallucinogens are split grains. into two categories: Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) comes from certain classic hallucinogens and types of mushrooms found in tropical and subtropical regions of South dissociative drugs. America, Mexico, and the United States. Peyote (mescaline) is a small, spineless cactus with mescaline as its main People use hallucinogens ingredient. Peyote can also be synthetic. in a wide variety of ways DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a powerful chemical found naturally in some Amazonian plants. People can also make DMT in a lab. -
Intravenous Sedation and Preparing for Your Procedure
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Intravenous sedation and preparing for your procedure Information for patients Please ensure that you read this leaflet before you come to hospital for your operation What is sedation? Sedation is a way of using drugs (sedatives) to make you feel relaxed and sleepy during your procedure. We will give you your sedatives through an injection into a vein. Sedation is not a general anaesthetic and you will not be unconscious. You may not remember much of what happens during the procedure and directly afterwards. This is quite normal. Local anaesthetic will be given once you have been sedated. Do not drive, operate machinery or sign important documents for at least 24 hours after your procedure. You must make sure that you have a responsible adult with you who can stay in the department for a couple of hours and take you home by car or taxi. Someone must also stay with you for at least 24 hours after your procedure. Your procedure will be cancelled if you do not bring someone with you who can do this. Preparation for your procedure and what to bring with you • Patients having a procedure under sedation must follow the current fasting guidelines for general anaesthesia. You must not eat or drink for 6 hours before your procedure but you may have water up to 2 hours before. If you do eat or drink after these times your surgery will be cancelled. • Avoid alcohol for 24 hours before your procedure. • Bring with you a list of any medication or drugs you are taking. -
Moderate Sedation Study Guide 11-17-10
PROCEDURE RELATED SEDATION Outline I Introduction II Definitions: The 5 Levels of Sedation and Anesthesia III Emergency Procedures, Critical Care Areas and Policy Exclusions IV The Pre-Sedation Assessment V NPO: The Timing of Eating and Drinking before Sedation VI Review of Some Agents Used for Sedation VII Orders for Procedure Related Sedation VIII Environmental Requirements and Monitoring During Sedation IX Post-Procedure Monitoring and the PAR Score X Discharge Criteria and Concluding Post-Procedure Monitoring 1 PROCEDURE RELATED SEDATION Lance Brown, MD, MPH I. Introduction The purpose of this tutorial is to familiarize the reader with the Loma Linda University Medical Center Policy M-86 for Procedure Related Sedation. Procedure related sedation is used to make necessary medical procedures as comfortable as possible for patients and to facilitate the performance of necessary medical procedures by health care providers (typically physicians). It is important for health care providers performing procedure related sedation to be familiar with the pharmacologic characteristics of the agents being used, to understand the risk factors for complications related to procedure related sedation, and to individually plan the sedation for each patient. Each health care practitioner privileged to provide procedure related sedation takes responsibility for both the comfort and safety of the patients in their care. II. Definitions At Loma Linda University Medical Center, we have defined five distinct levels of sedation and anesthesia. Familiarity with the definitions of these levels of sedation is important for safely providing procedure related sedation and for complying with the policy of the Medical Center. It must be recognized, however, that sedation occurs along a continuum and that individual patients may have different degrees of sedation for a given dose and route of medication. -
Pharmacology – Inhalant Anesthetics
Pharmacology- Inhalant Anesthetics Lyon Lee DVM PhD DACVA Introduction • Maintenance of general anesthesia is primarily carried out using inhalation anesthetics, although intravenous anesthetics may be used for short procedures. • Inhalation anesthetics provide quicker changes of anesthetic depth than injectable anesthetics, and reversal of central nervous depression is more readily achieved, explaining for its popularity in prolonged anesthesia (less risk of overdosing, less accumulation and quicker recovery) (see table 1) Table 1. Comparison of inhalant and injectable anesthetics Inhalant Technique Injectable Technique Expensive Equipment Cheap (needles, syringes) Patent Airway and high O2 Not necessarily Better control of anesthetic depth Once given, suffer the consequences Ease of elimination (ventilation) Only through metabolism & Excretion Pollution No • Commonly administered inhalant anesthetics include volatile liquids such as isoflurane, halothane, sevoflurane and desflurane, and inorganic gas, nitrous oxide (N2O). Except N2O, these volatile anesthetics are chemically ‘halogenated hydrocarbons’ and all are closely related. • Physical characteristics of volatile anesthetics govern their clinical effects and practicality associated with their use. Table 2. Physical characteristics of some volatile anesthetic agents. (MAC is for man) Name partition coefficient. boiling point MAC % blood /gas oil/gas (deg=C) Nitrous oxide 0.47 1.4 -89 105 Cyclopropane 0.55 11.5 -34 9.2 Halothane 2.4 220 50.2 0.75 Methoxyflurane 11.0 950 104.7 0.2 Enflurane 1.9 98 56.5 1.68 Isoflurane 1.4 97 48.5 1.15 Sevoflurane 0.6 53 58.5 2.5 Desflurane 0.42 18.7 25 5.72 Diethyl ether 12 65 34.6 1.92 Chloroform 8 400 61.2 0.77 Trichloroethylene 9 714 86.7 0.23 • The volatile anesthetics are administered as vapors after their evaporization in devices known as vaporizers. -
Femoral Nerve Block Versus Spinal Anesthesia for Lower Limb
Alexandria Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 44 Femoral Nerve Block versus Spinal Anesthesia for Lower Limb Peripheral Vascular Surgery By Ahmed Mansour, MD Assistant Professor of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University. Abstract Perioperative cardiac complications occur in 4% to 6% of patients undergoing infrainguinal revascularization under general, spinal, or epidural anesthesia. The risk may be even greater in patients whose cardiac disease cannot be fully evaluated or treated before urgent limb salvage operations. Prompted by these considerations, we investigated the feasibility and results of using femoral nerve block with infiltration of the genito4femoral nerve branches in these high-risk patients. Methods: Forty peripheral vascular reconstruction of lower limbs were performed under either spinal anesthesia (20 patients) or femoral nerve block with infiltration of genito-femoral nerve branches supplemented with local infiltration at the site of dissection as needed (20 patients). All patients had arterial lines. Arterial blood pressure and electrocardiographic monitoring was continued during surgery, in PACU and in the intensive care units. Results: Operations included femoral-femoral, femoral-popliteal bypass grafting and thrombectomy. The intra-operative events showed that the mean time needed to perform the block and dose of analgesics and sedatives needed during surgery was greater in group I (FNB,) compared to group II [P=0.01*, P0.029* , P0.039*], however, the time needed to start surgery was shorter in group I than in group II [P=0. 039]. There were no block failures in either group, but local infiltration in the area of the dissection with 2 ml (range 1-5 ml) of 1% lidocaine was required in 4 (20%) patients in FNB group vs none in the spinal group. -
AORN Guideline for Patients Receiving Local-Only Anesthesia Evidence Table
AORN Guideline for Patients Receiving Local-Only Anesthesia Evidence Table SAMPLE SIZE/ CONTROL/ OUTCOME CITATION EVIDENCE TYPE INTERVENTION(S) CONCLUSION(S) POPULATION COMPARISON MEASURE(S) SCORE CONSENSUS REFERENCE # REFERENCE 1 Lirk P., Picardi S. and Hollmann, M. W. Local Literature Review n/a n/a n/a n/a The mechanism of action and VA anaesthetics: 10 essentials. 2014 access pathways of local anesthetics and their pharmokinetics are increasingly understood and appreciated. 2 Calatayud, Jesús, M.D.,D.D.S., Ph.D., González, Õngel, Expert Opinion n/a n/a n/a n/a A review of the discovery and VA M.D., D.D.S., Ph.D. History of the development and evolution of local anesthesia evolution of local anesthesia since the coca leaf. from the Spanish discovery of Anesthesiology. 2003;98(6):1503-1508. the coca leaf in America. 3 Gordh T, M.D., Gordh, Torsten E.,M.D., Ph.D., Lindqvist Literature Review n/a n/a n/a n/a Before the introduction of VA K, M.Sc. Lidocaine: The origin of a modern local lidocaine, the choice of local anesthetic. Anesthesiology. 2010;113(6):1433-1437. anesthetics was limited. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181fcef48. doi: Lidocaine's onset was 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181fcef48. substantially faster and longer lasting than procaine. 4 Volcheck G.W., Mertes, P. M. Local and general Literature Review n/a n/a n/a n/a Whether to test the local VA anesthetics immediate hypersensitivity reactions. 2014 anesthetic causing the allergic reaction or an alternative agent depends on the expected future need of the specific local anesthetic. -
The Use of Buffering Solutions in the Pediatrics Local Anesthesia to Reduce the Pain of Minor Procedures
Volume 2- Issue 1 : 2018 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2018.02.000695 Eduardo de Oliveira Duque-Estrada. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res ISSN: 2574-1241 Mini Review Open Access The Use of Buffering Solutions in the Pediatrics Local Anesthesia to Reduce the Pain of Minor Procedures Eduardo de Oliveira Duque-Estrada MD* Received: January 17, 2018; Published: January 25, 2018 *Corresponding author: Eduardo de Oliveira Duque-Estrada, Ex-Professor of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Teresópolis Schoolof Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Rua Jose da Silva Ribeiro 119 apt 11 São Paulo, SP Brazil CEP: 05726-130, Email: Abstract The local anesthetics are widely u sed in minor pediatric surgical procedures. The major problem with their use is the resulted pain experienced by the patients at the time of injection. To discuss those situations in the light of the medical literature we present this mini-review. Key words: Local Injection; Pain; Buffer; pH; Lidocaine; Pediatric Surgery Procedure Introduction Table 1: Techniques for injection pain control*. a eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine (EMLA) cream [17] S.No Techniques for injection pain control before infiltration, and local external cooling (cryoanalgesia) have 1. Warming the anesthetic solution [18,19] (Table 1). also been used to reduce the pain of infiltration of local anesthetic 2. Buffering the anesthetic Buffering the Anesthetic 3. Injection technique 4. Distraction Local anesthesia is extremely useful either as the sole method the best results on the minor surgery in general [3,6]. Blocking 5. Combination anesthetic technique the pain pathway with local anesthetic solution will also reduce 6. Cooling of skin the family stress response to the surgical procedure.