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Ergonomic Models of Anthropometry, Human Biomechanics, and Operator-Equipment Interfaces: Proceedings of a Workshop

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Ergonomic Models of Anthropometry, Human Biomechanics, and Operator-Equipment Interfaces: Proceedings of a Workshop 1989017973 P589-175491 _;,: Ergonomic Models of Anthropometry, Human Biomechanics, and Operator-Equipment Interfaces: Proceedings of a Workshop National Research Council, Washington, DC Prepared for Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA 1988 1989017973-002 r - The Committee on Human Factors was established in October 1980 by the Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education of the National Research Council. The committee is sponsored by the Office of Naval Research, the Air Force Office i of Scientific Research, the Army Research Institute for the Be- havioral and Social Sciences. the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the National Science Foundation. The prin- cipal objectives of the committee are to provid_ new perspectives on theoretical and methodological issues, to identify basic research needed to expand and strengthen the scientific basis of human fac- tors, and to attract scientists both within and outside the field for ' interactive communication and to perform needed research. The goal of the committee is to provide a solid foundation of research as a base on which effective human factors practices can build. Human factors issues arise in every domain in which humans interact with the products of a technological society. In order to perform its role effectively, the committee draws on experts from a wide range of scientific and engineering disciplines. Members of the committee include specialists in such fields as psychology, en- gineering, biomechanics, physiology, medicine, cognitive sciences, machine intelligence, computer sciences, sociology, education, and human factors engineeringe'Other disciplines are represented in the working groups, workshops, and symposia. Each of these :; contributes to the basic data, theory, and methods required to :ii improve the scientific basis of human factors. 1989017973-003 1989017973-004 Ergonomic Models of Anthropometry, Human Biomechanics, and Operator-Equipment Interfaces Proceedings of a Workshop Karl H.E. Kroemer, Stover H. Snook, Susan K. Meadows, and Stanley Deutsch, edt'tor_ Thomas B. Sheridan, Chair Committee on Human Factors Committee on Hurnan Factors Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS ,; Washington, D.C. 19NN NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, who_ members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consi= ing of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute i of Medicine. The National Acz_lemy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuatlng society of distinguished scholars engaged in sclendfic and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter gra_ted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was estabJlshecl in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, 'L, a parallel organlsatlon of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research,and recognisesthe superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examlnatlon of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibilitygiven to the National Academy of Sciences by itscongressional charter to be an adviser to the t'ederal government and, upon _ts own initiative_ to identifyissuesof medical care, research,and education. Dr. Samuel O. Thler is president of the Instituteof Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Aca_lemy of Sciences in 1916 to associatethe broad community of scienceand technology w_th the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advlslng the federal government. Fuactionlng in accordance with general policiesdetermined by the Academy, the Council has become the principaloperating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the Natinna_ Academy of Englneer[ng in prov[dlng servicesto the government_ the public, and the scientificand engineerlng communities. The Council is _mlnlstered jointly by both Academies and the Instituteof Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectivelyo,f the National Research Council. Thls work relatesto Department of the Navy Grant N00014-85-G-0093 issued by the Officeof Naval Research under Contract Authorlty NR 196-167. However, the content does not necessarilyreject the positionor the policyof the Gover.iment, and no official endorsement should be inferred. The United States Government has at least a royalty-free,nonexcJuslve and ir- revocable l[ce:tsthe roughout the world for government purposes to publlsh, tr;,nslate, reproduce, dr[iver,perform, dispose of, _ud to authoriseothers sc _ to do, allor ,_ny portmn _f thiswork. Printed in the Uaited States of America ...................................... 1989017973-00 ..... " ..........................................1989017973-006 WORKSHOP ON INTEGRATF, D I_.RGONOMIC MODELING KARL H.E.KROEMER (Cochair),DepartmentofIndustrial Engineeringand OperationsResearch,VirginiaPolytechnic Institutande StateUniversity STOVER H. SNOOK (Cocha£r),HopkintonResearchCenter, LibertyMutualInsuranceCompany,Hopkinton, Massachusetts M.M. AYOUB, ErgonomicsInstitutTee,xasTechnicaUnivl ersity ALVAH C. BITTNER, JR.,Analytics,Inc.,WillowGrove, Pennsylvania BENJAMIN CUMMINGS, U.S.Army Human Engineering Laboratory,AberdeenProvingGrounds,Maryland NEVILLE HOGAN, DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, MassachusettsInstitutofeTechnology INTS KALEPS, HarryG. ArmstrongAerospaceMedical ResearchLaboratory,U.S.AirForce,Wright-PattersAiron ForceBase,Ohio ALBERT I.KING, BioengineeringCenter,Wayne State University JAMES L.LEWIS, NationalAeronauticsand Space Administration,JohnsonSpaceCenter_Houston,Texas WILLIAM S.MARRAS, DepartmentofIndustrialand Systems Engineering,Ohio StateUniversity HUGO W. McCAULEY, Crew SystemsDesign,Northrop AircrafDtivision,Hawthorne,California JOHN T. McCONVILLE, AnthropologyResearchProject,Inc., YellowSprings,Ohio JOE W. McDANIEL, HarryG. ArmstrongAerospaceMedical ResearchLaboratory,U.S.AirForce,Wright-PattersAiron ForceBase,Ohio ALBERT B.SCHULTZ, DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, UniversityofMichigan HOWARD W. STOUDT, DepartmentofCommunity Health ScienceM,ichiganStateUniversity STANLEY DEUTSCH, WorkshopOrganizer SUSAN K. MEADOWS, ResearchAssociate ELIZABETH F.NEILSEN, StaffAssistant 1989017973-007 / COMMITTEE ON HUMAN I_ACTORS I THOMAS B. SHERIDAN (Chair), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology NANCY S. ANDERSON, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland CLYDE H. COOMBS, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor JEROME I. ELKIND, Information Systems, XEROX Corporation, Palo Alto, California OSCAR GRUSKY, Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles ROBERT M. C UION, Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State Uni 7ersity DOUGLAS H. HAF.RIS, Anacapa Sciences, Santa Barbara, California JULIAN HOCHBERG, Department of Psychology, Columbia University THOMAS K. LANDAUER, Information Sciences Division, Bell Communication Research, Morristown, New Jersey JUDITH REITMAN OLSON, Graduate School of Business Administration, University of Michigan RICHARD W. PEW, Experimental Psychology Department, Computer and Information Sciences Division, Bolt Beranek and Newman Laboratories, Cambridge, Massachusetts STOVER H. SNOOK, Hopkinton Research Center, Liberty Mutual Insurance Compar, y, Hopkinton, M_ssachusetts CHRISTOPHER I. WICKENS, Aviation Research Institute, University of Illinois ROBERT C. WILLIGES, Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University HAROLD P. VAN COTT, Study Director STANLEY DEUTSCH, Study Director (1984-1987) iv 1989017973-008 Foreword The Committee on Human Factors was established in October 1980 by the Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education of the National Research Council. The committee is sponsored by the Office of Naval Research, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the Army Research Institute for the Be- havioral and Social Sciences, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the National Science Foundation. The prin- cipal objectives of the committee are to provide new perspectives on theoretical and methodological issues, to identify basic research needed to expand and strengthen the scientific
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