Index

Aarhus Convention 443 Initiative 17, 87–8, 299, 300, 310, access to justice 177–8, 233, 236 451, 457–60, 465 accountability 63–6, 108 internal displacement 466 human rights 140, 150, 233 agenda-setting process see socio- World Bank Inspection Panel 217–18 political analysis of agenda-setting Africa 92–3, 418, 419 process Convention Governing the Specific agendas, coexisting 13–15 Aspects of Problems in agriculture 116, 120, 171–3, 316 194, 450 Bangladesh 38–40, 41 dryland West 29–30, 32–7 -smart initiatives 215 international migration 36, 37 hydroelectricity 210 flood events in West 37 Latin America 266 Great Lakes Protocol on the pastoralism 34, 35, 171, 172, 173 Protection and Assistance to agro- 35 Internally Displaced Persons transhumance agreements 458 112 Philippines 327 indigenous peoples 177 Sahel 34–5 climate-related projects and salinization 124, 173, 266, 323 migration 174–6 Alaska 74, 339–40, 342 identifying 170–171 Alliance of Small Island States Kampala Convention 10, 12, 105, (AOSIS) 76, 384, 430, 431 112–13, 169–70, 184–9, 453 Amnesty International 212 and migration Andean Community 276–7 172–3 Angola 173 regional groups 328 Anthropocene 2, 86, 397–8 see also individual countries in the see separate entry African Charter on Human and aquaculture: Bangladesh 38 Peoples’ Rights 184, 188 Arab Convention on Regulating Status African Commission on Human and of Refugees 93 Peoples’ Rights 188, 227, 304 Argentina 281, 284, 437 African Court of Justice and Human armed violence and Rights 188 media in UK 340 African Union 186, 187, 450 Asia 92–3, 170, 325, 418, 419 Convention for the Protection see also individual countries and Assistance of Internally Asian Development Bank 435 Displaced Persons in Africa 10, audit culture 49 12, 105, 112–13, 169–70, 184–9, Australia 199, 324, 337, 436, 456 453 asylum claims due to climate change agency 32, 140, 231, 233, 252, 298, 102–3 398–400, 407–8, 467 detention 80 context and 77–8, 81 pilot programme for low-skilled individual 79–80 migrants 325, 330 Agenda for Protection of Nansen security discourse 75–6

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Austria 111, 452 capitalism 71 aviation 243, 446 Caribbean 264, 265, 266, 268, 278, 279 Bacon, F. 65 Cartagena Declaration on Refugees Bali Action Plan (2007) 8, 385, 431, 194, 279–80 434 definition of refugee 279–80, 450 Bangladesh 78, 396, 404, 409, 436, 456 Carteret Islands 222 climate-migration nexus: floods causation 5, 15, 52–3, 69, 89, 108, 31–41 114, 117, 122, 137, 158, 202, 239, international migration 40–41 297 planned relocations 222 armed violence and climate change seasonal labour migration 125 340 Belgium 380 corrective justice 353–4 Belize 42, 43, 265 environmental migration 378, 380, beneficiary-pays principle 351, 352–3 426 Benin 175 maximalists and minimalists 181–2, best practices 17, 87, 189, 234, 299, 435 378 Geneva Pledge on Human Rights probabilistic nature of concept of and Climate Action: sharing of climate 246 knowledge and 300 state responsibility for wrongful acts relocations 222 256–8 bilateral migration agreements 308, terminological debate 293, 295, 396, 447–8 408–9 78 events and climate change plantations 174 240 Bolivarian Alliance for Peoples of our Central African Republic (CAR) 172, America (ALBA) 268–9 175 203, 265, 284–5, 286 Central America 265, 266, 268, 269 Botswana 173 climate-migration nexus: Hurricane Brazil 203, 265, 266, 282–3, 437, 462 Mitch 41–6 Brazil Declaration (2014) 267 international migration 43–5 Brexit 402 ILO: training 320 Brookings Institute 105, 111–12, 233, see also individual countries 235, 310 Central American Integration System Brookings-Bern Project on Internal (SICA) 268, 278 Displacement 233, 235 Centre for Research on the burden-sharing 253, 412 Epidemiology of Disasters 120 Burkina Faso 35 changes needed 13, 30, 46–8 Burundi 172 coexisting agendas 13–15 Butler, J. 67 new protection instruments 15–17 Cameroon 172, 175 UNFCCC camps and detention centres 76–7 climate change displacement Canada 436 facility, towards see separate Haitian earthquake 462–3 entry hydroelectricity 209–13, 235–6 Climate Migrant Protocol, Indian Ocean tsunami (2004) 95, 464 proposed 412–15, 417, 419, 243 421–2 refugee: claims based on natural Chávez, Hugo 282 disasters 96 Chernobyl 98, 100

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children 134, 135, 146, 160 trapped populations 32 Convention on the Rights of the vulnerability 31 Child 178, 179, 226 (mis)representation of climate CRC Committee 303 migrants 18–19, 67–81 Chile 266 context and agency 77–8, 81 China 246, 352, 424, 437 definitional debates 68–70 internal migrants 4 individual agency 79–80 civil society 15, 187, 213, 301, 314, 415, multiple climate migrations 70–74 460, 465 performativity theory 67, 68, 80 climate refugee 291, 337 praxiography 67, 68, 73, 80 forest and carbon certification security 70, 72, 73, 74–7, 78, 80 programs 219 coastal erosion 126, 127 organisations 186 coercion and free will 4 Clean Development Mechanism Cold War 91 (CDM) 174–5, 187, 213–14, 235, collective rights 165, 178, 183, 184 430, 446 ethical duties to climate migrants Gold Standard Rules and 358, 362–6, 371, 372, 375 Procedures 214 towards global governance system climate change displacement facility, 412, 414 towards 24–5, 420–448, 468–9 Colombia 113, 203, 227, 436 difficulties with existing proposals colonialism 260 425–6 common but differentiated mandate 439–43 responsibilities 165, 258, 412, 413, sources of funding 443–6 427 strengths of UNFCCC and Paris compensation 111, 127, 146, 229 Agreement 427–8 ethical duties to climate migrants use of funds and governance 446–7 361, 368, 369, 375 Warsaw International Mechanism indigenous peoples 178, 188, 218–19 (WIM) 428 Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait 251 adaptation under UNFCCC REDD+ Social and Environmental 428–9 Safeguards 220 history of 429–37 state responsibility for wrongful acts climate refugee see under terminology 251–3, 256–7, 259–60, 261, 430 climate-migration nexus 13–15, 18–19, directness, proximity and 239–41, 267–70, 286 foreseeability 257–8 conceptual incoherence 49–66 towards global governance system: context of questions 63–5 financial support and 416–19 problem with content of UNFCCC 439–40 arguments and answers loss and damage 8, 384, 385, 386, 50–57 390, 410, 434–5, 437, 438 problem with content of questions conceptual background 1 58–63 climate change 2–3 contemporary examples 29–32, 46–8 climate-migration nexus 4–5 Bangladesh floods 37–41 migration 3–4 Central America and Hurricane conceptual incoherence 18, 49–66, 467 Mitch 41–6 context of questions 63–5 dryland West Africa 29–30, 32–7 problem with content of arguments general considerations 30–32 and answers 50–57 adaptation, migration as 32 concessive conclusions 54–7 adaptive capacity 31–2 contradiction 52–3

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empirical substance 52–4 IDPs from cross-border equivocation 54–5 migrants 142–5 general statements 51–2 international climate change law ideational framing 51–2 perspectives see separate entry metamorphosis 54, 55–7 international refugee law see separate specific claims 52 entry tautology 52, 53–4 Latin America 265, 287 problem with content of questions Cartagena Declaration on 58–63 Refugees: definition of conditionality: financial and technical refugee 279–80, 450 support 60, 259, 261 regional forums 263, 267, 269, consensus-building, from legal 272, 275 prescriptiveness to 295–301 media in UK 335–7, 338 consent Nansen Initiative see separate entry climate change displacement facility socio-economic status 43–4 443 Cuba 265, 281 free, prior and informed 188, 212, cultural heritage 214, 243, 244 233–4, 236 customary international law 244–8, Guiding Principles on Internal 429–30, 449 Displacement 453 Czechoslovakia 251 Constitutions 227–8 consultation 228, 303, 453 Daily Express 341 climate change displacement facility Daily Mail 341 443 Darfur 122 indigenous peoples 176, 187, 188, de-politicising migration 400–402, 403, 211, 235, 236 404 contradiction 52–3 definition of refugee Convention against Torture (CAT) 1951 Refugee Convention and its 178, 179–80 1967 Protocol 8, 12, 86, 296, Convention on the Elimination of all 297, 402, 407, 450 Forms of Discrimination Against Cartagena Declaration on Refugees Women (CEDAW) 147, 226–7 279–80, 450 CEDAW Committee 303 Cuba 281 Convention on the Law of the Sea see also terminology (CLOS) 195, 243, 244 definitional approach see socio- Convention on the Rights of All political analysis of agenda-setting Migrant Workers and their process Families (CMW) 115 46, 120, 147, 378 corrective justice 349–54, 360, 369, 372 Central America 42 cosmopolitanism 404 REDD+ 174, 175–6, 187–8, 214–20, Costa Rica 43, 284, 456 442 Côte d’Ivoire 175 free, prior and informed consent Council of Europe 380 188, 233–4 Crépeau, François 137 democracy 250, 402 criminal law 176 Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) cross-border migration 104, 190–191, 172 449 Clean Development Mechanism ethical duties to climate migrants (CDM) 174–5 360–361 REDD+ 175 human rights law: distinguishing Deng, Francis 105, 109, 111, 452

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deportation 459, 463, 464, 468 earthquakes 117, 280, 282–3, 378, Convention 47 436–7, 462–3, 464 detention centres and camps 76–7 Economic Community of West African deterritorialized state 78, 364–5 States (ECOWAS) 328 development 56–7, 104, 119, 127, 128, Ecuador 265, 280, 283, 437, 462 129, 192, 241 education 313, 319, 320, 324 political interference 260, 261 -based international migration 324 right to 182–3 Kiribati 78 diplomatic protection 251, 254, 260 right to 144, 160 disability 134, 136, 160 effectiveness principle 156 displacement 291, 294 93, 328 internal see separate entry El Salvador 42, 44–5, 266 see also cross-border migration; emergencies and human rights 229–30, forced and voluntary migration 235 displacement due to responses to empathy 72 climate change: role of rights- employment see labour markets based approach 21, 205–37, 467 environmental impact assessment disaster risk and relocation (EIA) 149, 187 initiatives 220–225 Environmental Justice Foundation international human rights law 113–14, 124 prohibition of forced evictions environmental law 6–7, 192 and justification of relocation equality 133, 135, 143, 144, 152, 165, under 225–30 167 REDD+ 214–20 see also inequality/ies initiatives equivocal concept see conceptual 208–14 incoherence Displacement Solution 301 Eritrea 122, 173 diversification ethical duties to climate migrants 23, livelihood 122, 126, 313, 327, 330, 117, 347–75 399 allocation of responsibility 348, 367 do no harm and human rights 141, centralized administrative 369–73 146, 149, 231 decentralized choice by migrants domestic tribunals 367–9 asylum claims 12, 79–80, 94–5, foundations 354 102–3, 335–7 corrective justice 349–54, 360, 369, Dominican Republic 265, 266, 462 372 double-weighted decision-making rescue principle 354–6 procedures 412, 413–14 right of necessity or Lockean-type -related migration 29–30, 46, proviso 356–60 47, 137, 138, 172, 239 scope of duties 360–366 Bangladesh 41 Ethiopia 122, 173, 174, 175 definition of drought 120 European Convention on Human dryland West Africa 32–7 Rights (ECHR) cause of drought trends 33–4 Art 2: right to life 303–4 international migration 36, 37 Art 3: inhumane or degrading Guiding Principles on Internal treatment 94 Displacement 116, 119–22 European Court of Human Rights IDMC 121, 122 (ECtHR) persecution: Refugee Convention disasters and obligations of State 100 303–4

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inhumane or degrading treatment 94 G77 199, 384, 424, 437 obligation to relocate 304 Gabon 172 European Union 92–3, 246, 401–2, Gemenne, F. 86–7, 100 424 Geneva Pledge on Human Rights and internal displacement 98 Climate Action 300 mass influx of displaced persons genocide 156 97–8 Georgia 113 Parliament 379–80 Germany 300, 436, 456, 460 Refugee Convention 103 1953 Luxembourg Agreement: evictions, forced 151, 160, 179, 206, Federal Republic of 254 223, 232 Ghana 175, 321 CDM 174–5 Global Compact for Migration 314–15 human rights law: justification of Global Environment Facility 220, 416, relocation and prohibition of 418, 446 225–30 global governance system 24, 405–19, hydropower 209 421–2, 468 REDD+ 174, 216–17 climate migrants vs climate refugees UNDRIP 188 406–9 expatriates 3 constraints and limitations 418–19 extraterritoriality 143, 148–9, 156, current 409–11 161–3, 166 financial support and compensation 416–18 famine 121, 122 towards sui generis regime 411 Fiji 222, 324 institutional setting 412–15 Finland 12, 93–4, 464 organizational setting 415 flood events 47, 120, 122, 126, 220, 378 principles 411–12 Bangladesh Greece 401–2 climate-migration nexus 31–41 Grotius 357 Nigeria 303 Guatemala 42, 43, 44–5, 266 West Africa 37 Guiding Principles on Internal food Displacement 10, 17, 19–20, 105, (in)security 121, 122, 215, 266, 270, 108–30, 410, 451, 456, 465, 468 280 addendum to 129–30 right to 135, 160, 180 anticipatory displacement 123 forced evictions see evictions, forced causation 114, 117, 122 forced and voluntary migration 4, 78, climate change-induced mobility: 91, 104, 114–15, 297, 298, 337 difficulties 113–16 continuum 53, 291, 293, 294, 402 causal links 114 Guiding Principles on Internal forced or voluntary 114 Displacement 114, 121, 124–6 compensation 111, 127 UNFCCC 388–9, 390 consultation 453 forests see deforestation definition of IDPs 110, 116–17, 121, fragmentation of international law 133, 122, 124, 125–6, 453 166–7, 247 ‘easy case’: sudden-onset disasters framing, ideational 51–2 116–19 France 100, 200 intersection: natural hazards and free will and coercion 4 economic factors 121–2, 124–5 freedom of speech and association 153 national level 110, 127–8 freedom of thought, conscience and natural or human-made disasters 12 religion 230 non-discrimination 111

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Organization of American States climate refugees and IDPs: (OAS) 286 protection compared 145, 167 participation of IDPs 111 conditions to identify climate Peninsula Principles 301 refugees 139 return, resettlement and displacement due to responses to reintegration 110–111, 119, climate change: role of rights- 126–7 based approach see separate slow-onset disasters 116, 119 entry climate change 114, 116, 123–6 do no harm 141, 146, 149, 231 drought 116, 120–122 emergencies 229–30 what difference does it make equality 133, 135, 143, 144, 152, 165, 126–8 167 voluntary and involuntary mobility ethical duties, internal migration and 114, 121, 124–6 374–5 forced or voluntary movement Haiti 265, 280, 282–3, 327, 437, 462–3, 114–15, 388–9 464 group-specific conventions 297 health 313, 445 Guiding Principles 112, 126, 129 right to 135, 138, 143, 146, 160 IDPs: conflict and violations of 122 homelessness 151 impact assessments (HRIA) 152, 155 Honduras 42, 43, 44–5, 266, 284, 463 indigenous peoples 102, 134, 135, host communities 224, 249, 253–5, 302, 136, 146, 160, 161, 176–84 312–13 Kampala Convention 186–7 ethical duties to climate migrants intersectionality 133–4, 139, 143–4, centralized administrative 152 allocation 369–73 margin of appreciation 250 migrants choose host state 367–9 minimal emission States 150 housing 193 Nansen Initiative 17, 458 CERD Committee 303 nationality 145, 163, 196 evictions, forced see separate entry non-discrimination see separate right to 135, 138, 142, 143, 144, 146, entry 151, 223, 225–8 Operational Guidelines on the elements 160–161 Protection of Persons in indigenous peoples 179, 180, Situations of Natural Disasters 227 (2011) 118, 119 planned relocations 224, 234 presumption against normative UN Special Rapporteur on adequate conflict 167 housing 224, 225, 228–9 role of human rights bodies 301–5 human dignity 107, 146, 233, 236–7, sources of protection 252, 468 applicability of international human rights 4, 5, 9–11, 13, 16, 20, human rights law 141–2 131–68, 192, 449, 468 distinguishing IDPs from cross- cautionary notes 164–6 border migrants 142–5 CDM projects 175, 214 fulfil, obligation to 158–63, 167 climate change displacement facility protect, obligation to 153–8, 167, 443 194 climate change and human rights respect, obligation to 146–53, 167 law 135–7, 191–2 specifying obligations owed climate migrants 134, 137–9, 164 145–63 climate IDPs 139, 145 types of rights 146

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value added of human rights law hunter-gatherers 171, 172 140 Hurricane Matthew in Cuba and Haiti see also Refugee Convention (1951) 265 and Protocol (1967) Hurricane Mitch and Central America human security 58, 76, 78, 85 463 human trafficking 273 climate-migration nexus 41–6 humanitarian system/protection/law hydropower 209–14, 235–6 93, 191, 192, 198, 296, 301, 461–4, 468 ideational framing 51–2 climate change displacement facility identity and place 363 439, 440–441, 443 India 30, 175, 327, 352, 396, 464 cluster system 128 Indian Ocean tsunami (2004) 95, CCCM Cluster 310 223–4, 464 extraterritoriality 148 indigenous peoples 134, 135, 136, 146, Guiding Principles on Internal 160, 161, 169–89, 232 Displacement 109, 110, 112, climate change/migration nexus and 119, 129, 410, 452 170–172 host communities 253 climate-related projects and international climate regime 239, 392 migration 174–6 International Organization for land degradation and migration Migration (IOM) 289, 310 172–3 Kampala Convention 186–7, 188 consultation 176, 187, 188, 211, 235, Latin America and Caribbean 279, 236 280 criminal law 176 Brazil Plan of Action 267 hydroelectricity 210, 236 Community of Latin American Kampala Convention 10, 12, 105, and Caribbean States 277 112–13, 169–70, 184–5, 453 MERCOSUR 273–4 climate change and migration 185, national responses 281, 282–4, 189, 453 285, 286 complaint mechanisms for Organization of American States remedies 188–9 273 concrete and explicit obligations visas, humanitarian 267, 269, 280, 186–8 282–3, 285 State reports 188 minimise need for humanitarian land and 177, 178, 179, 183, 216, 304 responses 78 Kampala Convention 185, 187–8 Nansen Initiative 456 renewable energy 174, 210–213 Agenda for Protection 17, 310, Latin America 262 457–9 climate change impacts on human Platform on Disaster mobility 264 Displacement 461 meaning of 170–171 national tribunals/protection 79, 80, media in UK 339–40 94, 96, 110, 281, 282–4, 285, private and family life 178–9 286, 410 REDD+ 174, 175–6, 187–8, 216–19, Operational Guidelines 118, 119, 232 233–4 post-disaster recovery 127 Refugee Convention: persecution regional protection 94 102 responsibility to protect 153, 156–7 renewable energy 174 security frame 72, 75–6 hydroelectricity 210, 236 terminology 86 sustainable development 206

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UN Declaration on the Rights of towards global governance system (UNDRIP) 177–8, 182, 183, 414 188, 212, 227, 236 vulnerability reduction measures UN protection: normative basis and 445 deficit 176–80 internal displacement 3–4, 139, 152, climate change and migration 156, 336, 383, 407, 410, 426 180–182 in Africa: Kampala Convention 10, complaint mechanisms for 12, 105, 112–13, 169–70, 184–9, remedies 183–4 453 lack of concrete obligations Brookings Project on 111–12 182–3 definition of IDPs Indonesia 327, 464 Guiding Principles on Internal inequality/ies 92, 167, 227, 400 Displacement 110, 116–17, Bangladesh 41 121, 122, 124, 125–6 see also equality Kampala Convention 185 information 146, 153, 161, 187, 224, ethical duties 374–5 304, 459 Guiding Principles on see separate labour market 325, 326 entry Operational Guidelines on the IASC Framework for Durable Protection of Persons in Solutions for IDPs 126, 127 Situations of Natural Disasters IOM: new framework 312 (2011) 118 media 338, 342 relocation 228 Mexico 285–6 inhuman or degrading treatment 94, Monitoring Centre (IDMC) 85, 227, 230 117–18, 119, 121, 138 insurance 361, 372, 384, 430, 431, 432, drought-induced migration 121, 433, 435 122 Inter-American Commission on Latin America 265 Human Rights 136, 183–4, 267 Nansen Initiative 466 Inter-American Court of Human Organization of American States Rights 304 (OAS) 272, 286 Inter-American Program for the Peninsula Principles 132, 134, 151, Promotion and Protection of the 159, 301, 410, 427, 447 Human Rights of Migrants 270, Peru 285 272 Refugee Convention: state intergenerational equity 160 responsibility 104–6 intergovernmental organisations scenarios, displacement-triggering (IGOs) 186, 187, 307, 379, 381–2, 192 393 UN Special Rapporteur on human see also individual organizations rights of IDPs 105, 223–5, 302 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate international assistance and co- Change (IPCC) 2, 7, 75, 85, 113, operation 10, 126, 158, 161–3, 135, 137, 190, 220–221, 288 182–3, 412 indigenous knowledge 234 international climate change law media in UK 332, 337–9, 341 perspectives 20–21, 190–204, 468 national disaster reduction systems cross-border migration, law of 191–4 221 implementation of para 50 200–203 projections of changes in mobility , law of 194–6 420 UNFCCC and migration and REDD+ 214–15 displacement 196–200

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see also UN Framework Convention fair recruitment 325 on Climate Change future directions for work of 325–9 International Convention on the green jobs 319–20, 328 Elimination of All Forms of Guidelines 320–321 Racial Discrimination (ICERD) impact of climate change on labour 144, 147, 226–7 markets 317–21 CERD Committee 303 indigenous peoples 176–7, 179 indigenous peoples 178, 179 migrant workers 9, 115, 316–17, International Convention for the 321–30 Prevention of Pollution from Public Employment Programmes Ships (MARPOL) 243 (PEPs) 327 International Convention on the rights-based approach 322 Protection of the Rights of All International Law Commission (ILC) Migrant Workers and Members of 247, 251, 259 their Families 9 International Organization for International Court of Justice (ICJ) Migration (IOM) 22, 50, 51, 148–9, 245, 259 288–315, 332, 468–9 International Covenant on Civil and Brazil Visa Application Centre 462 Political Rights (ICCPR) 10, 142, climate change 382 144, 164–5, 449 migration as adaptation strategy Art 2(1): respect 144, 146, 148–9 383 Art 4: public emergency 229 environmental migration 379, 380 Human Rights Committee 144, Migration and Governance 146–7, 178–9, 183 Framework (MiGOF) 311–12 indigenous peoples 178–9 objectives 289, 311 non-discrimination 147 quest for legal framework 289 International Covenant on Economic, from legal prescriptiveness to Social and Cultural Rights consensus-building 295–301 (ICESCR) 10, 142, 143, 144, role of human rights bodies 164–5, 449 301–5 CESCR 145, 148, 156, 158–9, 161–2, rights-based approach 312 179, 180, 183, 234 role and perspectives of 289–90, displacement due to responses to 305–6, 440 climate change 213 capacity building activities 308 forced evictions 225–6 evolving 311–12 relocation: procedural protections guidelines and good practices 228 309–11 indigenous peoples 178, 179, 180, institutional developments 306–7 182 policy and legislation: support in international assistance and co- developing 308–9 operation 161–2 support provided to Member non-discrimination 147 States and others 307–11 progressive realization 158–9 WIM 309 International Disaster Database EM- terminological debate and DAT 120 positioning of 289, 290–295, international humanitarian law see 407 humanitarian system/protection/ definition of climate migration law 294–5 International Labour Organization towards global governance system (ILO) 9, 22–3, 316–30, 467–9 415

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UNFCCC 383, 390, 391–2, 393, labour markets 436–7, 440 employment United Nations 311, 312 human right 143, 144 international refugee law 19, 85–107, opportunities 313 131, 394, 468 impact of climate change on 317–21 climate change displacement facility migrant workers 115, 308, 316–17, 439 321–30, 337, 451, 465 climate refugee 86–7, 100, 113–14, labour migration schemes 298 139, 407 seasonal 4, 34–5, 36, 43, 125, 192, crisis migration 107 313, 324 Refugee Convention (1951) and see also International Labour Protocol (1967) see separate Organization (ILO) entry labour standards 214, 319, 329 survival migration 106–7 land degradation 46, 47, 378 International Union for Conservation drought 120 of Nature (IUCN) 219, 232, 235 extreme poverty and 120 intersectionality 133–4, 139, 143–4, 152 indigenous peoples: migration as Inuit rights 136, 183–4 consequence of 172–3 Iraq 251 Sahel 35–6, 37 Israel 254 land and identity 363 land and indigenous peoples 177, 178, Jamaica 284 179, 183, 216, 304 justice 359 Kampala Convention 185, 187–8 access to 177–8, 233, 236 renewable energy 174, 210–213 corrective 349–54, 360, 369, 372 Latin America 21–2, 47, 92–3, 262–87, social 317–18, 321, 330 418, 419 Cartagena Declaration on Refugees Kälin, Walter 87, 112, 116, 123, 127, 194, 279–80, 450 137, 192, 194, 196, 456 climate change impacts on human Kampala Convention 10, 12, 105, mobility 264–6 112–13, 169–70, 184–5 national responses 281–6 climate change and migration 185, regional responses 263, 266 189 Andean community 276–7 complaint mechanisms for remedies Central America and Caribbean 188–9 organizations 278 concrete and explicit obligations climate change, disasters and 186–8 migration 267–70 State reports 188 Community of Latin American Kant, I. 61 and Caribbean states 277 113, 172, 173, 174, 175, 215–19, fragmented responses 271–9 328, 456 humanitarian assistance 279 Kiribati 4, 79–80, 102–3, 151, 222 MERCOSUR 267, 273–5 Australia 102–3, 324, 325, 330 Organization of American States ethics 347–8, 374 (OAS) 269–70, 271–3, 286 media 79–80, 335–7, 342 Pacific Alliance 277–8 ‘Migration with Dignity’ policy 78 refugee definition 279–80 Pacific Climate Change and UNASUR 274, 275–6 Migration Project 323–5 least-developed countries (LDCs) 384, Kosovo 254 423–5, 437–8, 447 Kuwait 251 Expert Group 436

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legal aid 228 MERCOSUR 267, 273–5 legal framework, quest for 289 metamorphosis 54, 55–7 from legal prescriptiveness to Mexico 9, 30, 42, 47, 266, 280, 284, consensus-building 295–301 285–6, 436, 456 role of human rights bodies Migrants in Countries in Crisis 301–5 (MICIC) Initiative 300, 310–311 lex specialis derogat lege generali 247 Millennium Development Goals 10 life, right to 135, 146, 226, 230, 303–4, minorities 134, 135, 136, 139, 155–6, 305 227 Living Space for Environmental misrepresentation and representation Refugees (LISER) 379 of climate migrants 18–19, Lockean-type proviso or right of 67–81 necessity 356–60 context and agency 77–8 loss and damage (L&D) 89, 258, definitional debates 68–70 384–6, 393, 399, 410, 431 individual agency 79–80 dismantling climate migration multiple climate migrations 70–74 386–90 security 70, 74–7 loss of control by former policy Montserrat 119, 463 actors 390–392 Morocco 173, 175 Warsaw International Mechanism multinational corporations 102 (WIM) see separate entry Myers, N. 74–5, 137, 332, 339, 378, low-lying states see small-island/low- 398, 421 lying atoll states Namibia 174, 328 Madagascar 175 Nansen Initiative 16–17, 119, 129, 269, 4, 74, 136, 151, 222, 223–5, 299, 390, 410, 447, 451, 464–6 464 Agenda for Protection 17, 87–8, 299, ethics 347–8, 374 300, 310, 451, 457–60, 465 Malé Declaration on the Human internal displacement 466 Dimension of Global Climate causation 117 Change 136 conceptual incoherence 50, 51–2 margin of appreciation 250, 305 Guiding Principles on Internal Marshall Islands 347–8, 374 Displacement 116, 455, 456 The Mary Robinson Foundation – origins of 454–7 300 Platform on Disaster Displacement Mauritius 328 17, 119, 129, 300, 310, 451, media 23, 290, 331–43, 467 452–4, 460–461, 465 background 332–3 National Adaptation Plans 198, 201, climate refugee 291, 336, 337, 338–9, 203, 299, 422, 442–3 394, 407 national security see security methodology 334–5 nationality 9–10, 12, 144–5, 163, observations about results 410 absence of sceptical sources right to 196 340–341, 342 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty IPCC 337–9 Organization) 254 Teitiota case 335–7 Nauru 323–5, 330 US government 339–40 necessity, right of Pacific mobility 74, 79–80, 335–7 Lockean-type proviso or 356–60 passive victims 77 neocolonialism 241 priorities when speaking to 342 neoliberalism 72, 78, 400

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Nepal 327 Norway 111, 452 Netherlands 436 Nansen Initiative 16–17, 87, 299, New Economic Foundation 379 451, 456 New York Declaration for Refugees Refugee Council 390–391 and Migrants (2016) 314 Nuclear Weapons 149, 245 324 and Protection Obama, Barack 407 Tribunal 79–80, 94–5 older people 134, 152 Pacific ‘climate migrants’ 79–80, open society 63–6 94–5, 102–3, 335–7 Operational Guidelines on the Refugee Convention: discriminatory Protection of Persons in intent 102 Situations of Natural Disasters security discourse 75–6 112, 118–19, 193, 232 UK print media: Teitiota case principles 118 335–7 volcanoes and earthquakes 117 newspapers in UK 23, 331–43 Organization of African Unity (OAU) methodology 334–5 194, 450 observations about results 335–41 Organization of American States Nicaragua 42, 43, 44–5, 266, 463 (OAS) 269–70, 271–3, 286 Niger 121 Orwell, G. 64 Nigeria 172, 175, 303 otherness 3, 70, 74, 76 El Niño 265, 266 overview of laws 6 no-harm principle 149, 157, 245–8, climate-migration nexus 11–12 249, 255–7, 259 environmental and climate law 6–8 non-discrimination 133–4, 143, 144, refugee, migration and human rights 147, 152, 167, 226–7, 466 law 8–11 derogation 230 ozone layer 6–7, 242–3, 414, 417 Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement 111 Pacific Alliance 277–8 Operational Guidelines on the Pacific States 75–6, 79, 87, 94–5, Protection of Persons in 102–3, 337 Situations of Natural Disasters in-country resettlement schemes (2011) 118 150–151 non-governmental organizations news media 77, 79–80 (NGOs) 14, 50, 76, 87, 229, 331, Pacific Climate Change and 379, 381, 392, 393, 452 Migration Project 323–5, 330 climate refugee 407 Pacific Islands Development Forum dam projects 214, 236 Suva Declaration on Climate ‘do good’ principles 231 Change (2015) 11 human rights-based approach and see also individual countries emergency relief 235 Panama 213, 264, 284 humanitarian assistance 440 Papua New Guinea 436 indigenous peoples 212 Paraguay 265, 266 internal displacement 109 participation 146, 153, 161, 177, 179, Nansen Initiative 456 232, 233–4, 235, 236 non-refoulement 86, 449–50 Cancún Safeguards 219 Nordic countries 151 CERD Committee 303 see also individual countries Maldives 224 North America 269 pastoralism 34, 35, 171, 172, 173 see also individual countries transhumance agreements 458

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paternalism 177 free, prior and informed consent Peninsula Principles on Climate 188, 233–4 Displacement within States 132, REDD demonstration projects 235 134, 151, 159, 301, 410, 427, 447 reduction systems, national disaster performance arts 72 221, 222 performativity theory 67, 68, 80 Refugee Convention (1951) and Peru 203, 265, 280, 282, 285 Protocol (1967) 8–9, 12, 19, 86, Philippines 9, 78, 321, 327, 328, 456 89–90, 143, 193–4, 239, 297, 467 Climate Change Commission 435 altering 16, 296, 336, 407, 421–2, 465 Pinheiro Principles on Housing and border-crossing condition 103–4, Property Restitution 193 115, 407 planned relocation see relocation, internal displacement and state planned responsibility 104–6 Platform on Disaster Displacement economic and social rights 91 (PDD) 17, 119, 129, 300, 310, 451, host communities 253 452–4, 460–461, 465 individual approach of 95 Poland 251 individual status attribution when politics 14, 16, 122, 343, 395, 397–8, faced with urgent and/or 404, 407, 408 mass mobility 96–8 de-politicising migration 400–402, personal threat 95–6 403, 404 migrants vs refugees 402 polluter-pays principle 385 Nansen Initiative 458 population growth and drought 120 non-refoulement 86, 449–50 populism 16, 24, 257, 396, 402, 408 outdated text 92–5 poverty 3, 5, 40, 219, 280, 325, 373, persecution, fear of 91, 96, 98–101, 400, 415, 445 193–4, 239, 395, 400–401, 407, conceptual incoherence 56 425–6, 450 human rights 133–4, 136 discriminatory intent 102 land degradation and extreme 120 recognizing environmental survival migration 106–7 persecution 101–3 travel short distances 104 well-founded 101 praxiography 67, 68, 73, 80 ‘political’ refugees 90–92, 395, 408, precautionary principle 152 409 preventive principle 245–8, 249, 255–7, stateless refugees 195 259 UNHCR: refugee status 12, 95, print media in UK 23, 331–43 96–7, 290–291, 296, 379, 388 methodology 334–5 refugees of the Anthropocene 23, 86–7, observations about results 335–41 100, 394–404 property and peaceful enjoyment of agency in migration 398–400 possessions, right to 146, 226 de-politicising migration 400–401, proportionality 144, 229 403, 404 Protection Agenda of Nansen ‘migrant’: life-threatening label 396, Initiative 17, 87–8, 299, 300, 310, 402 451, 457–60, 465 our responsibility as scholars 403 internal displacement 466 politics 397–8, 404 public goods 359 refugees vs migrants 401–2 Pulp Mills 149, 157 Regional Conference on Migration (RCM or Puebla Process) 269 REDD+ 174, 175–6, 187–8, 214–20, regional consultative processes (RPCs) 442 328

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regional economic communities multiple climate migrations 70–74 (RECs) 328–9 security 70, 74–7 regional responses: Latin America 263, rescue principle 354–6 266 responsibility to protect 153, 156–7 climate change, disasters and restitution 178, 193, 256 migration 267–70 retroactive penalty 230 fragmented responses 271–9 Rio Declaration (1992) 149, 245 Organization of American States risk management, disaster 221, 266, (OAS) 269–70, 271–3, 286 273, 275–6, 287, 308, 461 refugee definition 279–80 Robinson, Mary 113–14 relocation, planned 199, 221–4, 234, Rorty, R. 60 294, 299, 337, 424, 436, 438 rural-to-urban migration 138, 220 Agenda for Protection 457, 459 Bangladesh 39–40, 41, 125 Cancún Agreements (2010) 11, 88, Central America 42, 43 197–8, 294, 399, 429, 431, 434 West Africa 35–6 definition 304 Rwanda 172 ECtHR: States’ obligation to relocate 304 salinization of water and guidelines 310 124, 173, 194, 221, 266, 323, 385, human rights law: relocation and 387 forced evictions 225–30 scapegoating foreigners 16 human rights-based framework security 14–15, 86, 255, 261 231–2 human 58, 76, 78, 85 Maldives 208, 222, 223–4 (mis)representation of climate media in UK 339–40, 342 migrants 70, 72, 73, 74–7, 78, 80 Nansen Initiative 466 North-South axis 75 Platform on Disaster Displacement self-determination 135, 236, 358, 359, 461 360, 362–6, 389 proposed global governance system: Sen, A. 63 principle of 411 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk UNFCCC: planned migration Reduction 11 387–8 Senegal 328 remedies 228, 233 Fulani pastoralists 34, 35 compensation see separate entry Seychelles 464 indigenous peoples 178, 183, 188 slavery 230 resettlement 252, 361–6, 375 slow-onset disasters/events 426, 432, proposed global governance 433, 447, 461 system 411–12 Guiding Principles on Internal remittances 43–4, 45, 313, 322, 325, Displacement 116, 119 337, 399 climate change 114, 116, 123–6 renewable energy 174, 328 drought 116, 120–122 displacement and human rights what difference does it make issues 208–14, 235–6 126–8 reparations 241, 247, 249, 250–253, media 342 254, 255–61 UNFCCC 387–8 representation and misrepresentation small-island/low-lying atoll states 14, of climate migrants 18–19, 67–81 194–6, 197, 290, 398, 428, 468 context and agency 77–8 Alliance of Small Island States definitional debates 68–70 (AOSIS) 76, 384, 430, 431 individual agency 79–80 climate refugee 395–6

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ethical duties to climate migrants South America 265, 266 347–8, 355–6, 357–60, 361–6, UNASUR (Union of South 374 American Nations) 274, centralized administrative 275–6 allocation 369–73 see also individual countries migrants choose host state 367–9 South American Conference on loss and damage 425 Migration (CSM) 267–8 relocation 221–2 South American Network for salinization 124, 194 Environmental Migrations Small Island Developing States (RESAMA) 268 (SIDS) 429, 430, 447–8 South Sudan 175 towards global governance system Southern Africa Development 412, 414 Community (SADC) 328 voluntary and involuntary mobility sovereign equality 244–5, 246 124 sovereignty 75, 109, 355, 388–9, 413, see also Pacific States 443, 449 social justice 330 detached from territory 78, 365 ILO 317–18, 321 Soviet Union: Chernobyl 98, 100 social networks 31, 39–40, 41, 43, 45, Sri Lanka 222, 464 250, 406 state, deterritorialized 78, 364–5 social security 160, 319 state responsibility 21, 110, 115, 118, socio-economic status 238–61, 385, 429–30, 469 migration destinations and 43, 44, International Law Commission 45 (ILC) 247 socio-political analysis of agenda- primary obligations 241 setting process 24, 376–93 conventional sources 242–4 from environmental to climate de minimis threshold 246 migrants 377 general international law 244–8 exclusive consensus period lex specialis derogat lege generali 381–4 247 inclusive conflict period 378–81 Refugee Convention: internal loss and damage 384, 393 displacement 104–6 dismantling climate migration secondary obligations 248 386–90 migration and injuries 249–55 loss of control by former policy migration as injury for migrants actors 390–392 249, 250–253 new policy category under migration as injury for other UNFCCC 384–6 communities 249, 253–5 soft law 105, 106, 115, 142, 289, 299, migration as way to mitigate 306, 307, 310, 468 injuries 249–50 towards global governance system nature of remedial obligations 410–411, 419 255–60 see also Guiding Principles on statelessness 194–6, 283, 361–2, 410, Internal Displacement; 468 Operational Guidelines on statistics 3–4, 74, 85, 117–18, 137–8, the Protection of Persons in 339, 398, 405–6, 420 Situations of Natural Disasters 120 Solomon Islands 222 Hurricane Mitch 42 Somalia 122, 173, 464 Latin America 264, 265–6 South Africa 227, 327 migrant workers 317

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Stockholm Declaration (1972) 6, 149, training 245 ILO 319, 320, 326 Sudan 122, 173, 175 IOM 308, 311 sui generis regime see global transhumance agreements 458 governance system trapped populations 16, 32, 106, 240, The Sun 341 260, 302, 313, 324 sustainable development 6, 206, 214, Trump, Donald 47, 402 254–5, 381, 417 tsunami disaster (2004) 95, 223–4, 464 Goals 10–11, 277 Tunisia 175, 328 ILO 318, 320 Turkey 401–2 Suva Declaration on Climate Change 4, 74, 79, 94–5, 102–3, 151, 222 11 Australia 102–3, 324, 325, 330 Sweden 12, 93–4, 464 CEDAW Committee 303 Switzerland 464 ethics 347–8, 374 Nansen Initiative 16–17, 87, 299, Pacific Climate Change and 451, 456 Migration Project 323–5 Syria 340, 401 Uganda 113, 172, 173, 175 tabloids UK 340–341 UN Framework Convention on Tanzania 173, 174, 174–6 Climate Change 7, 11, 107, 149, tautology 52, 53–4 155, 165, 174, 188, 196–7, 204 technocratic turn 49, 65 Cancún Agreements 8, 11, 88, 190, technology transfer 259 197–8, 207, 219, 242, 376 Teitiota, Ioane 99, 102, 335–7 Adaptation Framework 199, 261, terminology 288 294, 298–9, 399, 403, 422, climate migrants 5, 68–70, 86, 139, 429, 431, 434 240, 285, 294–5, 338–9, 381, international cooperation 383–4, 406–9 385 climate refugee 86–7, 100, 113–14, IOM 306–7 139, 192, 202, 290–291, 298, loss and damage 199, 384, 385, 336, 337, 338–9, 381, 406–9, 386 425–6 variety of types of human refugees of the Anthropocene see mobility 293–4, 298–9 separate entry climate change displacement facility, debate and positioning of IOM 289, towards see separate entry 290–295, 407 Climate Migrant Protocol, proposed environmental migrant 51, 85–6, 412–15, 417, 419, 421–2 266, 291–3, 295, 378, 381, common but differentiated 464 responsibilities 165, 258, 412, environmental refugee 32, 86, 413, 427 290, 292, 379–80, 381, 395, Doha Amendment 7–8, 242 425–6 Doha Decision 198–9 terrorism 237 Durban (2011) 207, 219, 385 Thailand 320, 464 funding 443–7 think differently see conceptual Human Rights Council 205 incoherence Intended Nationally Determined Torture Convention 178, 179–80 Contributions (INDCs) 8, 242, tourism 316 299, 422–3, 440 Trail Smelter Arbitration 6, 149, 157, Kyoto Protocol 7, 174, 242, 243, 244, 245, 257 248, 430

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CDM 174–5, 187, 213–14, 430, methodology 334–5 446 observations about results 335–41 loss and damage (L&D) 89, 258, UKIP 402 384–6, 393, 399, 410, 431 United Nations 73, 233, 382, 469 dismantling climate migration Commission on Human Rights 225, 386–90 452 loss of control by former policy Development Programme (UNDP) actors 390–392 323, 382, 392, 415, 416 Warsaw International Mechanism Environment Programme (UNEP) 6, (WIM) see separate entry 7, 319, 407, 415 no-harm/preventive principle Food and Agriculture Organization 245 416 obligations 242, 243, 244 General Assembly 311, 314, 409–10, 7, 174, 208 452 adaptation 8, 174, 422–3 Guiding Principles on Internal displaced populations 88–9 Displacement see separate entry employment 317 High Commissioner for Refugees Green Climate Fund 435, 438, (UNHCR) 50, 86, 87, 122, 129, 444, 445, 446 267, 281, 332, 468–9 human rights 129, 137, 149, climate change 382, 383 159–60, 180, 206, 207 Nansen Initiative 454–6 insurance 431, 433 persecution 101–2 loss and damage 258, 309, 386, planned relocations 222–3, 231–2 389–90, 423, 424–5, 427, refugee status 12, 95, 96–7, 433–5, 436 290–291, 296, 379, 388, 407, nationally determined 409–10 contributions 8, 242, 299, revision of Geneva Convention 422–3, 440 100–101 obligations 242, 243 towards global governance system planned relocation 294 415 task-force 403 UNFCCC 383, 390, 391–2, 393 terminology 293, 294 Human Rights Council 10, 105, 129, WIM 199–203, 309, 423–5, 427–8, 136–7, 144–5, 180–181, 193, 434, 436, 438–9, 448 205 protection of people displaced indigenous peoples 169, 174–6, by climate change 197–8, 180–181, 186 296 Declaration on the Rights of climate change displacement (UNDRIP) 177–8, 182, 183, facility, towards see separate 188, 212, 227, 236 entry Office of the High Commissioner Climate Migrant Protocol, for Human Rights (OHCHR) proposed 412–15, 417, 419, 138–9, 143, 149, 152, 468–9 421–2 adequate housing 160–161 REDD+ 174, 175–6, 187, 219 Climate Justice Dialogue 300 terminology 293–4, 295 human rights-based approach 231, UNASUR (Union of South American 233 Nations) 274, 275–6 indigenous peoples 171–2, 232 United Kingdom 200, 436, 464 international cooperation 163 Brexit 402 planned relocations, report on print media 23, 331–43 222–3

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rural to urban migration 220 Warsaw International Mechanism state responsibility 221 (WIM) 8, 461 REDD Programme 219 adaptation under UNFCCC Security Council 14, 15, 251, 254, 428–9 455 climate change displacement facility, IDPs: right to return to place of proposed 199, 201, 420–425, residence 126–7 427, 428, 434, 436, 437–9 Special Rapporteurs mandate 439–43 adequate housing 224, 225, sources of funding 443–6 228–9 use of funds and governance human rights and environment 446–7 155, 302 dismantling climate migration human rights of IDPs 105, 223–5, 389 302 Doha Decision 198–9 human rights of migrants 137, financial instruments 435 272, 302, 355 history of 429–37 UNFCCC see UN Framework International Organization for Convention on Climate Migration (IOM) 307, 309 Change loss of control by former policy United States 16, 47, 183–4, 199–200, actors 391 246, 402, 424 operational role 410 Alaska 74, 339–40, 342 Paris Agreement 199–200, 309, Central America: Hurricane Mitch 423–5, 427–8, 434, 436, 438–9, 43–5, 463 448 climate refugees 407 implementation of para 50 Haitian earthquake 462, 464 200–203 45–6, 98 two-year work plan 198–9, 200–201, CERD Committee 303 433 Kyoto Protocol 243 water, right to 135, 180 media in UK weather events and climate change Alaska 339–40, 342 240 Syria 339, 340 Winch, P. 59–60 temporary protected status (TPS) Wittgenstein, L. 62 44–5, 94, 151, 463–4 women 134, 135, 146, 152, 160, 227, Vietnamese refugees 252 453 Universal Declaration of Human activists 72 Rights (UDHR) 144, 164–5, 196, Bangladesh 39, 41 226, 449 CEDAW 147, 226–7, 303 urban centres 121, 138 workers, migrant 9, 115, 308, 316–17, agro-pastoralism 35 321–30, 337, 451, 465 Central America 42 labour migration schemes 298 rural-to-urban migration see seasonal 4, 34–5, 36, 43, 125, 192, separate entry 313, 324 Uruguay 284, 321 World Bank 392 Forest Carbon Partnership Facility Venezuela 266, 282, 437 (FCPF) 219–20 Vietnam War 252 Inspection Panel 217–18 volcanoes 117, 119, 126, 378, 463 involuntary resettlement 127, voluntary migration see forced and 220 voluntary migration REDD+ 215–19

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towards global governance system xenophobia 16, 24, 255, 257, 396, 402 415, 416, 418 World Health Organization 416 Zambia 173, 175, 320 World Meteorological Organization 7 Zimbabwe 173

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