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Medicinal Mushrooms ©2009 Huntington College of Health Sciences Literature Education Series on Dietary Supplements Medicinal Mushrooms ©2009 Huntington College of Health Sciences Literature Education Series On Dietary Supplements By Gene Bruno, MHS Smart Supplementation™ is a free series of How did these Chinese runners achieve these educational literature created by Huntington incredible records—new and improved training College of Health Sciences (HCHS) as a public techniques, dedication, etc? Certainly these service. Although copyrighted, it may be freely were important factors, but there was one other photocopied and distributed, but may not be vital factor: Cordyceps sinensis . The winning altered in any way. Smart Supplementation™ Chinese distance runners trained on a diet that is not intended as medical advice. For included Cordyceps. 10 diagnosis and treatment of any medical condition, consult your physician. Cordyceps history Cordyceps is a mushroom found on the high Edible mushroom extracts, especially those plateaus of western China. Cordyceps’ used in Chinese and Japanese natural medicines Mandarin name, dong chong zia cao , literally (Cordyceps sinensis, Agaricus blazei, Grifola means “winter bug, summer herb. This frondosa, Trametes versicolor and Ganoderma accurately describes the fact that the worm dies lucidum), are a rich source of naturally occuring in the summer, and a mushroom grows on it. It polysaccharides; especially beta glucans. These was discovered 1,500 years ago when Tibetan polysaccharides in the aforementioned herdsman found that their yaks were much mushrooms can directly stimulate immune livelier after eating this worm-mushroom from reactions by primarily modulating immune mountain pastures. 11 Eventually, Cordyceps responsive cytokines such as IL-1, IL-2, IL-6 found its way into the hands of the Emperor’s 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 and INF-gamma. This article will physicians who considered it to have ginseng- discuss the various health properties of these like properties. 12 medicinal mushrooms. Clinical trials Cordyceps sinensis There are some clinical trials supporting the efficacy of cordyceps, particularly for liver, Endurance properties kidney, and immune problems. A number of In April of 1993, eight Chinese women runners studies indicate that cordyceps may have anti- broke 2:27 in the Tianjin (China) Marathon, by cancer, anti-metastatic, immuno-enhancing, and far the greatest on-nation showing ever for 26.2 antioxidant effects. 13 14 15 16 17 miles. In August, Chinese women won every track distance event in the Stuttgart World Agaricus blazei Championships. They easily took first in the 1500, 1-2-3 in the 3000 and 1-2 in the 10,000. Background In September, Chinese women ran their most Agaricus blazei ("Kawariharatake" in Japan, astonishing race yet, demolishing the world "Cogmelo de Deus" in Brazil) was first records for 1500, 3000 and 10,000 meters in discovered in Florida, USA, in 1944. Its main their National Games in Beijing. Almost natural habitat is the mountainous district of overnight, they became by far the greatest Piedade in Sao Paulo, Brazil. It was found that female distance runners the world has every the rate of occurrence of adult diseases in the 9 seen. Piedade region is extremely low since people 1 Huntington College of Health Sciences • 800-290-4226 • www.hchs.edu took A. blazei as a part of their regular diet. The conversion of normal C 3H10 T1/2B2C1 cells into mushroom was brought to Japan in 1965. An adipocytes. 26 The question, of course, is will this artificial cultivation process was established in inhibition process actually translate into 1978, and since then this mushroom has been beneficial results in overweight individuals. In a well evaluated in terms of biochemical and least one human study, this does seem to have medicinal properties. 18 been the case. Many animal studies and clinical experience Thirty-two overweight subjects were given 10 have demonstrated that A. blazei shows grams of maitake powder for two months. antitumor activity, immunological enhancement, Without changing their diets, all subjects lost an and also the fungus is effective for treatment of average of 12 pounds. 27 AIDS, diabetes, hypotension, and hepatitis. 19 Trametes versicolor Grifola frondosa The mushroom Trametes versicolor (also known as Coriolus versicolor), and its components, Background have been shown to affect the immune system of Grifola frondosa, commonly known as maitake, the host (i.e., an immunomodulator) and is a mushroom which is famous for its taste and therefore some researchers have suggested it health benefits. It is also known as the “dancing could be used to treat a variety of disease mushroom”; since legend holds that those who states. 28 found it began dancing with joy. 20 For example, in one cell line study a Trametes In any case maitake has been used historically as extract was considered to have promise as an a tonic and adaptogen; that is a substance that adjuvant therapy in the treatment of hormone invigorates/strengthens the system and helps it responsive prostate cancer; and to have adapt to stress. Along with other “medicinal” chemopreventive potential to restrict prostate mushrooms, such as shiitake and reishi, maitake tumorigenic progression from the hormone- is used as a food to help promote wellness and dependent to the hormone-refractory state. 29 vitality. These results make sense when considering the An immunomodulator fact that Trametes versicolor has the distinction Maitake contains complex polysaccharides of being the mushroom from which one of the which act as immunomodulators, helping to world’s leading anticancer drugs is derived. The support immune system function. The drug is called Krestin. Although Krestin has not polysaccharides present in maitake have a been approved for use by the United States’ unique structure and are among the most F.D.A, it was the best-selling anticancer drug in powerful studied in test tubes to date. 21 The Japan for much of the 1980s, with sales toping primary polysaccharide, beta-D-glucan, is well $500 million annually. Krestin was the first absorbed when taken orally and is being studied mushroom-derived anticancer drug to be as a potential tool for prevention and treatment approved by the Japanese government’s Healthy of cancer and as an adjunctive treatment for HIV and Welfare Ministry, the equivalent of the infection. 22 23 F.D.A. All healthcare plans in Japan cover members’ purchases of Krestin. 30 Serum lipids Animal studies suggest maitake may also lower In addition, Trametes versicolor has serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. 24 25 demonstrated activity against the pathogenic microorganism Plasmodium falciparum. 31 Obesity Japanese scientists undertook an in vitro Ganoderma lucidum experiment to see what effect maitake had on the C3H10 T1/2B2C1 cell. This cell is normal in most Background aspects, but it has the potential to balloon and Ganoderma lucidum, commonly know as reishi turn into an adipocyte, a fat cell. The results of mushrooms, grow wild on decaying logs and the experiment showed that maitake inhibits the tree stumps in the coastal provinces of China. 32 2 Huntington College of Health Sciences • 800-290-4226 • www.hchs.edu Reishi has been used in Traditional Chinese 4 Hsieh, TC, Wu, JM. Cell growth and gene modulatory Medicine for at least 2,000 years. 33 The Chinese activities of Unzhi (Winds Wunxi) from mushroom name ling zhi translates as the “herb of spiritual Trametes versicolor in androgen-dependent and andro- insensitive human prostata cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2001; potency” and was highly prized as an elixir of 18(1):81-88. 34 immortality. Its Traditional Chinese Medicine 5 Kiho T, Ookubo K, Usui S, et al. Structural features and indications include treatment of general fatigue hypoglycemic activity of a polysaccharide (CS-F10) from 35 the cultured mycelium of Coryceps sinesis. Biol Pharm and weakness, asthma, insomnia, and cough. Bull 1999; 22(9):966-970. 6 Mayell, M. Maitake extrcacts and their therapeutic Cardiovascular benefits potential. Altern Med Rev 2001; 6(1):48-60. Reishi contains several major constituents which 7 Wang YY, Khoo KH, Chen ST, et al. Studies on the may lower blood pressure as well as decrease immuno-modulating and antitumor activities of Ganoderma LDL cholesterol. These constituents also help lucidum (Reishi) polysacharrides: functional and proteomic analyses of a fucose-containing glycoprotein fraction reduce blood platelets from sticking together— responsible for the activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; an important factor in lowering the risk for 10(4):1057-1062. coronary artery disease. Two controlled clinical 8 Wasser SP, Weiss AL. Therapeutic effects of substances trials have investigated the effects of reishi on ocurring in higher Basidomycetes mushrooms: a modern prespective. Crit Rev Immunol 1999; 19(1):65-96. high blood pressure in humans and both found it 9 Halpern GM, Miller AH. Medicinal Mushrooms. New could lower blood pressure significantly York: M. Evans & Company; 2002:59-74. compared to a placebo or controls. 36 37 The 10 Halpern GM. Cordyceps: China’s Healing Mushroom. people with hypertension in the second study Garden City Park, New York: Avery Publishing; 1999:91- . had previously not responded to medications, 98 11 Halpern GM. Cordyceps: China’s Healing Mushroom. though these were continued during the study. Garden City Park, New York: Avery Publishing; 1999:7- 14 . Other benefits 12 Hobbs C. Medicinal Mushrooms: An exploration of Some human research has been reported that tradition, healing and culture . Santa Cruz, CA: Botanica Press; 1995. demonstrates some efficacy for the herb in 13 treating altitude sickness and chronic hepatitis B. Nakamura K, Yamaguchi Y, Kagota S, et al. Activation of in vivo Kupffer cell function by oral administration of Nonetheless, these uses still need to be 38 Cordyceps sinensis in rats. Jpn J Pharmacol 1999; 79:505- confirmed in well-designed human trials. 8. 14 Nakamura K, Yamaguchi Y, Kagota S, et al. Inhibitory Animal studies and some very preliminary trials effect of Cordyceps sinensis on spontaneous liver in humans suggest reishi may have some metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma beneficial action in people with diabetes mellitus cells in syngenic mice.
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