WWII Begins

European Axis Leadership

Benito Mussolini Duce of Fascism () Adolf Hitler , 1925 –July 25, 1943 Führer of Germany April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945 Allied Leaders

Winston Churchill Prime Minister of Franklin D. Roosevelt the United Kingdom President of the US

Joseph Stalin General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

General Dwight Eisenhower 1st Supreme Allied Commander Europe

Eisenhower with U.S. paratroopers of the 502d Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division on June 5, 1944

British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery nicknamed "Monty" Eyes the Pacific

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World War II in Asia and the Pacific, 1941–1945 Alaska (U.S.)

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160 s SOVIET UNION 120 nd Is l a Aleutian Sakhalin Attu May 1943 Karafuto Japan’s military leaders had dreams of empire MONGOLIA MANCHURIA il Is. Kur

Hokkaido 40 N ° Beijing N (Peking) KOREA Honshu 1931: Japanese troops took over Manchuria Hiroshima JAPA Tokyo PACIFIC Aug. 1945 Shikoku OCEAN Nanking Shanghai Nagasaki, Aug. 1945 Kyushu Midway Island (in northeastern China) Iwo Jima Feb.–Mar. 1945 Okinawa Hawaiian Apr.– Islands Taiwan Tropic of Cancer 1945 Pearl Harbor Hong Kong (U.S.) INDIA BURMA Wake Island Dec. 1941 (Br.) 1945 Mariana (Br.) 1945 Islands Dec. 1941 Luzon 1937: Japanese armies attack the heartland of China, Saipan 1943 THAILAND PHILIPPINES June–July 1944 FRENCH 1945 1944 INDOCHINA Leyte Gulf 1944 Oct. 1944 Guam Japanese empire, 1931 July–Aug. 1944 1943 Japanese gains by 1942 expecting a quick victory Marshall Mindanao MALAYA Caroline Islands Extent of Japanese expansion 1944 Islands Allies Tarawa Singapore Nov. 1943 Sumatra Neutral nations 0° Equator D 1 Borneo 94 Gilbert Allied advances U 1943 3– 1 T 9 Islands Celebes Moluccas –1944 4 Battle INDIAN C 4 H NEW GUINEA Ellice Chinese resistance placed a strain on Japan’s economy E Solomon AST Islands OCEAN Java INDIES Islands

Guadalcanal Coral Sea Aug. 1942–Feb. 1943 1 May 1942 9 4 0 1,000 Miles 2 Coral Japanese eyed the rich European colonies of Southeast Asia 0 2,000 Kilometers Sea

Battle of Midway, June 1942 W W W W ° ° ° ° From 180 177 178 179 Hornet & Enterprise Pearl Harbor The Japanese warship Mikuma 1940: Americans cracked Japanese code: Hiryu Yorktown lists and begins to sink after (sinks June 5) From Japan being struck by bombs from 31° N American aircraft during the Soryu Enterprise (sinks June 4) Battle of Midway. learned the Japanese wanted colonies in Southeast Asia Hiryu Yorktown Akagi (sinks June 7) (sinks June 5)

Kaga (sinks Japanese fleet movements June 4) worried they might take Philippines and Guam U.S. fleet movements 30° N Japanese air strikes U.S. air strikes Japanese aircraft carriers (American-controlled at that time) U.S. aircraft carriers PACIFIC 29° N OCEAN 0 50 Miles

Kure 0 100 Kilometers US sent aid to the Chinese Atoll Midway Islands GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps 1. Location Which battle was fought in the most northern Some Japanese search aircraft were late getting into the air. As a result, region? the Japanese were completely unaware that U.S. ships were nearby. 2. Movement From what two general directions did Allied forces move in on Japan?

World War II 933 1941: Japanese overran French Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) Roosevelt cut off oil shipments to Japan the Japanese planned massive attacks on European and American interests in Southeast Asia Japanese naval strategist Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto called for an attack on the U.S. fleet in Hawaii

Surprise Attack on Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941: Japanese attacked the American Naval Base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii U.S. military leaders knew from a coded Japanese message that an attack might come but didn’t know when or where it would occur. within two hours, the Japanese had sunk or damaged 19 ships, including 8 battleships more than 2,300 Americans were killed and over 1,100 were wounded On , President Roosevelt addressed Congress, declaring the 7th as “a date which will live in infamy” Congress quickly accepted his request for a declaration of war on Japan and its allies Halting Hitler’s Advance

German u-boats traveled in what they called “wolfpacks” and were proving to be very effective in locating and destroying British and American vessels. The German "enigma code" was broken thanks to spies' actions and lives sacrificed to get an enigma machine to decode messages. These messages helped locate German u-boat wolfpacks.

German Gen. Erwin Rommel nicknamed the "Desert Fox" because he was so clever was having great success in North Africa was almost to the Suez Canal in Egypt (this would link Italy and Germany to Japan through the Mediterranean and the Indian & Pacific Oceans)

the Battle of Stalingrad (Sep. 1942) Soviets stopped the German westward advance

the Battle of El Alamein (Oct. 1942) Brit. Gen. Bernard Montgomery stopped the Germans in Egypt

The Fighting Continues the Soviet Union wanted the Allies to start a second front against Germany Russia had been paying a heavy share of the fighting (20 million Russians would die by the end of the war) America wanted to attack the Nazis through Britain wanted to lure the war away from England suggested they hit Germany's "soft underbelly:" up from North Africa and through Italy

Gen. Eisenhower attacked North Africa (Nov. 1942) Casablanca Conference (Jan. 1943) Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to seek the "unconditional surrender" of Germany Germans were pushed out of Africa (May 1943) Allies moved across North Africa and up to Sicily Mussolini overthrown; Italy surrenders (Sept. 1943) the Tehran Conference, November-December 1943 Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill met in Tehran, Iran Britain and the US agreed to the open a second front against Nazi Germany The Second Front D-Day, June 6, 1944