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Abundance of Mosquito Species Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2016; 4(6): 632-637 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 JEZS 2016; 4(6): 632-637 Abundance of mosquito species (diptera: © 2016 JEZS Received: 25-09-2016 culicidae) as vector of the Japanese encephalitis Accepted: 26-10-2016 disease in the pig sties in north Sulawesi, Albert J Podung Entomology Doctorate Program, Indonesia Graduate Program, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia Albert J Podung, Odi R Pinontoan, Sartje Rondonuwu-Lumanauw and Odi R Pinontoan Max Tulung Department of Entomology, Graduate Program, Sam Abstract Ratulangi University, Manado, The abundance of mosquito species in 4 locations of pig farms with different altitudes in North Sulawesi. North Sulawesi, Indonesia This study has the objectives to measure the abundance of mosquito species suspected having a role as vector JE in the pig sties of the 4 different farm locations with different altitudes in North Sulawesi. The Sartje Rondonuwu-Lumanauw result of the research indicates that the differences in the altitudes of the pig farm locations do not affect Department of Entomology, the number and abundance of the mosquitoes caught, instead it increases availability of an ideal habitat Graduate Program, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, for the breeding place of mosquitoes such as: wet rice paddies and ponds. This research also indicates North Sulawesi, Indonesia that the Cx. vishnui and Cx. gelidus mosquitoes may also have roles as vector for the spread of the JE disease to the pigs. It was found that the highest abundance of Cx. vishnui was in Lemoh (24.32%), in Max Tulung Tara-tara (24.75%) and in Talikuran (25.90%), whereas in the Kalasey farms the highest abundance was Department of Entomology, Cx. gelidus (25%). Graduate Program, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Keywords: Mosquito, abundance, pig farm, cage location, JE, North Sulawesi North Sulawesi, Indonesia 1. Introduction Vector is defined as arthropods that can spread, transfer and/or become a source of disease infection towards humans. Mosquitoes are one of the arthropod groups that become a vector of various diseases [1]. Disease groups originating from mosquitoes are still a crucial health problem in Indonesia. These diseases are: malaria, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) and Filariasis. The types of mosquitoes that become the main vector are Aedes sp., Culex sp., Anopheles sp. and Mansonia sp. Mosquitoes are included in the Diptera order of the Culicidae family, with 3 subfamilies namely: Toxorhynchites (Toxorhynchites), Culicinae (Aedes, Culex, Mansonia, Armigeres) and Anophelinae (Anopheles). There are approximately 3200 mosquitoes from 39 genus known throughout the world. Mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, Mansonia, Armigeres, Haemagogus, Sebethes, Culiseta and Psorophora suck human blood and function as a disease vector [8]. A number of mosquito types can be found everywhere such as the Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti hence are cosmopolitan. A number of mosquito types as vector or main transmitter of arbovirus disease such as the Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF), chikungunya, yellow fever, Japanese Encephalitis as well as other diseases caused by [16] nematodes, for example filariasis and diseases caused by blood protozoa such as malaria . The Japanese Encephalitis (JE) disease is a viral zoonotic transmitted by mosquitoes. This disease is caused by arbovirus (Arthropod Borne Virus) from the Flavivirus family that attacks the central nervous system (CNS). In nature, this virus is found to be sustainable living in wild poultry, such as cranes and other animals, especially in pigs. In humans, the Case Fatality Rate [3] of this disease is about 20%-40% . Correspondence The JE disease agent can be transmitted through infected mosquito bites. The pigs infected by Albert J Podung this disease will spread throughout the whole body through the blood circulation (viremia) at Entomology Doctorate Program, high levels and in a relatively long time [6]. Therefore pigs are considered an essential animal Graduate Program, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, reservoir (Amplify Host) in the spread of this virus, whereas humans are dead-ends for the North Sulawesi, Indonesia ~ 632 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies infection of the JE virus. Several countries indicate that those 2.3 Data Analysis functioning as vector for the transmission of the JE virus are After the identification, an analysis was performed on the types of mosquitoes such as: Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. abundance using the measurement of Abundance (%). The fuscocephala, Cx. gelidus and Cx. quinquefasciatus. These Abundance (%) is the number of individual of each species mosquitoes are mostly found spread throughout Asia, such as: toward the total number of individuals caught during the Japan, Korea, China, India, Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, research. There are five categories of Abundance (Abd), Vietnam and Taiwan, including Indonesia [2, 4]. namely: (1) very low Abd= < 1%; (2) low Abd= 1%-10%; (3) medium Abd = > 10%-20%; (4) high Abd = > 20%-30% and 2. Method of Research (5) very high Abd = > 30%. This research was initiated by determining 4 pig farm locations in different altitudes, namely: Farm I with an 3. Results and Discussion altitude of 0 – 200 m above sea level; farm II with an altitude The study is done in 4 locations pigsty: (1) Farm I in Kalasey of >200 – 400 above sea level; farm III with an altitude of Village, Mandolang Sub-district, Minahasa Regency, with an >400 – 600 above sea level; and farm IV with an altitude of altitude of 12 m above sea level, at the ordinates of >600 – 800 above sea level. The mosquito catching is done in 10,27’10.332” North Latitude and 1240,46’10.5132” East each pig farm location that has been determined. This Longitude; (2) Farm II in Lemoh Village, Tombariri Sub- research was carried in November 2015 and January– March district, Minahasa Regency, with an altitude of 249 m above 2016. sea level, at the ordinates of 10,27’57.6984” North Latitude and 1240,41’41.8416” East Longitude; (3) Farm III in Tara- 2.1 Mosquito Vector Observation Tara Village, West Tomohon Sub-district, Tomohon City, The observation has the objectives to measure the mosquito with an altitude of 576 m above sea level, at the ordinates of species abundance in 4 farm locations with different altitudes. 10,18’31.0716” North Latitude and 1240,47’16.7496” East Other supporting factors such as farm location, temperature, Longitude; and (4) Farm IV in Talikuran Village, Sonder Sub- and moisture during the research, as well as the weather, are district, Minahasa Regency, with an altitude of 616 m above recorded in the observation. sea level, at the ordinates of 10,15’55.8648” North Latitue The vector mosquito catching was conducted using 2 units of and 1240,46’20.316” East Longitude. light traps with ultra violet lamps. The catching was executed The locations of pig farms in North Sulawesi are spread for 12 hours, from 06:00pm-06.00am. Every two hours the throughout several regencies/cities, illustrates the mosquito trap shade is removed and replaced with empty geographical area conditions that are mountainous. In general, shades. The mosquitoes that enter the trap were killed using the farm areas are of moderate conditions with temperatures chloroform and transferred to plastic bottles labeled with the between 20 0C – 30 0C and moisture between 59% - 66.5%. time and location of the catch. These conditions are ideal for the development of mosquitoes 2.2 Mosquito Species Identification as vector of disease infection. The pig farm maintenance The mosquitoes caught were taken to the Entomology and system still dominated by the community farming kept close Plant Pest Laboratorium at the Faculty of Agriculture of Sam to the settlement areas highly support the transmission cycle Ratulangi University for identification. Each species were of the vector mosquito, including the Japanese Encephalitis counted based on the location of the farm and the time of (JE) disease agent. The habitat or place of mosquito breeding capture and identification was done according to the keys or places for the mosquitoes to rest, such as: wet paddies, given by Thielman and Hunter, 2007 [17]; J.I. Glick, 1992 [5]; ponds, contained water, water ducts, moist cage corners and Reuben et al., 1994 [14]; Rattanarithikul, 1982 [13]; Peyton et animal waste, are ideal conditions. al., 1966 [12]. Table 1: The Percentage abundance of adult female mosquitoes caught in farm I, the Kalasey Village Farm Type of Abd Kalasey Farm Total Mosquito (%) 18.00- Abd 20.00- Abd 22.00- Abd 24.00- Abd 02.00- Abd 04.00- Abd 20.00 (%) 22.00 (%) 24.00 (%) 02.00 (%) 04.00 (%) 06.00 (%) Cx. 2 12,5 1 9,1 3 15,79 3 18,75 0 0 1 25,00 10 13,89 quinquefasciatus Cx. pipiens 1 6,25 0 0 0 0 1 6,25 0 0 1 25,00 3 4,17 Cx. gelidus 5 31,25 4 36,36 3 15,79 3 18,75 2 33,33 1 25,00 18 25,00 Cx. vishnui 5 31,25 2 18,18 5 26,32 3 18,75 2 33,33 0 0 17 23,61 Cx. 0 0 2 18,18 2 10,52 3 18,75 0 0 0 0 7 9,72 pseudovishnui Cx. 1 6,25 2 18,18 6 31,57 1 6,25 0 0 0 0 10 13,89 tritaeniorhynchus Cx. fuscocephala 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6,25 1 16,67 0 0 2 2,78 An. maculatus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 16,67 0 0 1 1,39 An. crucians 2 12,5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2,78 Ae. stimulans 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6,25 0 0 1 25,00 2 2,78 16 100 11 100 19 100 16 100 6 100 4 100 72 100 In the result of the mosquito catch at the farm in Kalasey were 11 types of mosquitoes identified, consisting of 3 genus, Village, as shown in Table 1, the total number of female namely: Genus Culex 67; genus Anopheles 3; and genus mosquitoes caught between 06:00pm – 06:00am are 72.
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