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Off-Grid Renewable Energy Systems: Status and Methodological Issues

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Off-Grid Renewable Energy Systems: Status and Methodological Issues OFF-GRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS: STATUS AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES WORKING PAPER Copyright © IRENA 2015 Unless otherwise indicated, the material in this publication may be used freely, shared or reprinted, so long as IRENA is acknowledged as the source. About IRENA The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future, and serves as the principal platform for international cooperation, a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge on renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity. Acknowledgements This working paper is the result of the collective input from IRENA staff members working on different aspects of off-grid renewable energy systems. The final report has benefited from valuable comments provided by external reviewers Asad Ali Ahmed, Gabriela Elizondo Azuela and Morgan Bazilian (World Bank), Paul Bertheau and Catherina Cader (Reiner Lemoine Institut), Erik Lysen (International Energy Agency – Photovoltaics Power Systems), and Sandor Szarbo (European Commission). Authors: Ruud Kempener, Olivier Lavagne d’Ortigue, Deger Saygin, Jeffrey Skeer, Salvatore Vinci, and Dolf Gielen (IRENA) For further information or to provide feedback, please contact: IRENA, Innovation and Technology Centre (IITC). E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]. Disclaimer While this publication promotes the adoption and use of renewable energy, IRENA does not endorse any particular project, product or service provider. The designations employed and the presentation of materials herein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Renewable Energy Agency concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������I LIST OF TABLES��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������II LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 1 INTRODUCTION �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3 2 METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5 2�1 What are off-grid renewable energy systems and why do they matter? �������������������������������������������������5 2�2 Where are these systems used, and what are their components? ��������������������������������������������������������������7 2�3 How can off-grid renewable energy systems be compared? ������������������������������������������������������������������������8 2�4 What data sources are available for off-grid renewable energy systems? ���������������������������������������������10 3 STATISTICAL DATA ON OFF-GRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS ��������������������������������������������������������������13 3�1 Global statistics ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������13 3�2 Country statistics �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������14 3�3 Statistics by resource ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������19 4 CONCLUSIONS AND NEXT STEPS ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23 REFERENCES ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25 List of Figures Figure 1: Renewable mini-grid and off-grid systems, status 2012/13 ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6 Figure 2: Data sources for off-grid renewable energy systems ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12 Figure 3: Ratio of off-grid versus grid-connected solar PV deployment between 1993-2012 (IEA PVPS, 2013a)� �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������13 Off-grid Renewable Energy Systems i List of Tables Table 1: Proposed categorisation of off-grid applications ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9 Table 2: Proposed grid categorisation ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������11 Table 3: Off-grid renewable energy projects in Bangladesh (IDCOL, 2013; IDCOL, 2014)� �������������������������������16 Table 4: Overview of isolated diesel grid operators in Tanzania (Bertheau, et al�, 2013) ���������������������������������� 17 Table 5: Small Hydropower Operational Capacities below 10 MW for 2011/2012 (ICSHP/UNIDO, 2014) ��20 Table 6: Global status of off-grid solar home system markets (IRENA, 2013c) ����������������������������������������������������21 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AC Alternating current kWp Kilowatt-peak CES Collective Electrification System LED Light Emitting Dioide CHP Combined Heat and Power plant MWp Megawatt-peak DC Direct current NIS National Interconnected System (Brazil) DOE Department of Energy (United States) PV Photovoltaics EPIA European Photovoltaic Industry Association REA Rural Electrification Agency (Tanzania) REDP Rural Energy Development Programme ESAP Energy Sector Assistance Programme (Nepal) (Nepal) REMP Rural Electrification Master Plan (Laos) ESCO Energy Service Companies SHP Small Hydropower and also Small Hydro GDP Gross Domestic Product Plants GSMA Groupe Speciale Mobile Association (in SHS Solar Home System sub-Saharan Africa) SIDS Small Island Developing States GW Gigawatt SREP Scaling Up Renewable Energy Programme IEC International Electrotechnical Commission SWT Small Wind Turbines IES Individual Electrification System UPS Uninterrupted Power Supply IS Isolated Systems (Brazil) WHR Waste Heat Recovery JNNSM Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission WSHDR World Small Hydropower Development kVA Kilovolt-amperes Report ii Off-grid Renewable Energy Systems EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Renewable energy deployment in off-grid systems is the US (Hawaii) are expected to be comprise the most growing steadily in both developed and developing promising early markets (RMI, 2014)� countries, but there are only limited data available on their scope and extent� With declining costs and Despite the growing attention and market opportuni- increasing performance for small hydro installations, ties, there are to date only limited data available and solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind turbines, as well only inadequate definitions of what exactly constitutes as declining costs and technological improvements an off-grid renewable energy system� Furthermore, data in electricity storage and control systems, off-grid sources are scarce and inconsistent across countries and renewable energy systems could become an important regions� To address this challenge, IRENA has identified growth market for the future deployment of renewables a number of key areas where methodological improve- (IRENA, 2013a)� In the short- to medium-term, the mar- ments are needed� These methodological improvements ket for off-grid renewable energy systems is expected include: 1) an overview of systems; 2) a categorisation to increase through the hybridisation of existing diesel of off-grid renewable energy systems based on their grids with wind, solar PV, biomass gasification and small application and system design; 3) consistent indicators hydropower, especially on islands and in rural areas� to differentiate, evaluate, compare and aggregate data Furthermore, renewables in combination with batteries on off-grid renewable energy systems, including hybrid allow stand-alone operations and batteries are now a systems; and 4) measures to compile existing data standard component of solar PV lighting systems and sources, identify their limitations and create consistency� solar home systems� The impact of off-grid renewable energy systems will not only be measured in terms of Based on these methodological suggestions, the key their usage or reduced costs for electricity consumption results of this status update are summarised below: in rural areas, but also in
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