DOCSLIB.ORG

THE ROLE of METHYLATION in UROLOGICAL TUMOURS Archivos Españoles De Urología, Vol

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE ROLE of METHYLATION in UROLOGICAL TUMOURS Archivos Españoles De Urología, Vol Archivos Españoles de Urología ISSN: 0004-0614 [email protected] Editorial Iniestares S.A. España van der Heijden, Antoine G. THE ROLE OF METHYLATION IN UROLOGICAL TUMOURS Archivos Españoles de Urología, vol. 66, núm. 5, junio, 2013, pp. 432-439 Editorial Iniestares S.A. Madrid, España Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=181031087005 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative PERSPECTIVAS ACTUALES DE LA BIOLOGÍA MOLECULAR APLICADA A LA URO-ONCOLOGÍA Arch. Esp. Urol. 2013; 66 (5): 432-439 THE ROLE OF METHYLATION IN UROLOGICAL TUMOURS Antoine G. van der Heijden Department of Uorology. Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre. Nijmegen. The Netherlands. Summary.- Alterations in DNA methylation have been Resumen.- Las alteraciones de la metilación del ADN described in human cancer for more than thirty years se han descrito en el cáncer humano desde hace más now. Since the last decade DNA methylation gets more de 30 años. Desde la última década la metilación del and more important in cancer research. In this review the ADN gana más y más importancia en investigación del different alterations of DNA methylation are discussed in cáncer. En esta revisión se discuten las alteraciones de testicular germ cell tumours, Wilms’ tumours, renal cell la metilación del ADN en los tumores testiculares de carcinomas, urothelial cell carcinomas of the bladder células germinales, tumores de Wilms, carcinomas de and adenocarcinomas of the prostate. Eventually, the células renales, carcinomas de células uroteliales de potential use in diagnostics, prognostics and therapy are vejiga y adenocarcinomas prostáticos. Finalmente se discussed. discute su uso potencial en diagnóstico, pronóstico y tratamiento. Keywords: DNA methylation. Testis. Kidney. Palabras clave: ADN metilación. Riñón. Veji- Bladder. Prostate. Cancer. Wilm’s tumour. Biología ga. Próstata. Cáncer. Tumor de Wilms. Molecular molecular. biology. DNA Methylation Epigenetics is defined as the cellular information, other than the DNA sequence itself, which is heritable during cell division (1). Almost all cancer cells have multiple epigenetic abnormalities, which combine with genetic changes to affect many cellular processes, including cell proliferation and invasion, by silencing tumour-suppressor genes. Epigenetic alterations in cancer cells include DNA methylation, CORRESPONDENCIA histone modification and RNA interference. However, the most studied epigenetic alteration is DNA methylation that can occur at the cytosine that @A.G. van der Heijden MD PhD precedes the guanine in a CpG dinucleotide. While Department of Urology CpG dinucleotides are generally underrepresented in the human genome sequence, the promoter regions Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre of around half of the human genes contain CpG- Geert Grooteplein 10 rich areas termed CpG islands that are generally 6525 GA Nijmegen (The Netherlands) unmethylated in normal cells (2). [email protected] Three different types of DNA methylation have been observed in cancer, global hypomethylation, localized hypermethylation and loss of imprinting (3). 433 THE ROLE OF METHYLATION IN UROLOGICAL TUMOURS Hypomethylation represents a decrease of the overall the embryonal carcinoma is undifferentiated and methylcytosine content compared to normal tissue cells may differentiate along an embryonal lineage and is often more pronounced in advanced stages into teratomas, containing tissues from all three germ of malignant disease (4). Methylcytosine levels can layers, or they may differentiate along extra-embryonal be substantially diminished, often to less than 50% lineages into yolk sac tumours or choriocarcinomas of the normal level. To date, there are few reports (11). In general, DNA methylation seems to increase on hypomethylation of human oncogenes associated with differentiation. with activation by overexpression (5). In contrast with hypomethylation, hypermethylation is not a Smiraglia and co-workers demonstrated genome-wide event, but it is found at specific sites significant epigenetic differences between seminomas (6). Hypermethylation has often been observed in the and non-seminomas by restriction landmark genomic promoter regions of many tumour suppressor genes scanning (12). Seminomas showed almost no CpG and is correlated with decreased gene expression. island methylation, in contrast to nonseminomas that Since hypermethylation is concentrated at the promoter show CpG island methylation at a level similar to region it often does not become evident when overall other solid tumours. Furthermore, they demonstrated a DNA methylation is being measured. It has to be higher level of general hypomethylation in seminomas studied on a gene-by-gene basis (7). Hypermethylation compared to nonseminomas. The same year the is considered a key mechanism involved in silencing group of Smith-Sørensen endorsed the significantly of cancer-associated genes and occurs at genes with higher methylation frequency found in nonseminomas diverse functions related to tumorigenesis and tumour compared to seminomas, respectively 67% and 24%; progression and thereby hypermethylation needs to P=0.0003 (13). Furthermore, they discovered a high be considered as an alternative to gene mutation and frequency of MGMT promoter methylation (32/69) deletion. in patients with TGCT. Their conclusion was MGMT contributes to the development of nonseminoma The third alteration related to DNA TGCT. DNA repair genes MGMT and RASSF1A methylation is loss of imprinting (LOI). LOI includes became potential target genes also due to the partial or complete extinction of the difference studies of Koul and Honorio (14,15). Subsequently, between the expression levels of the maternal and several studies on novel hypermethylated target paternal alleles at imprinted loci, which results in an genes have been published (16-18). PRSS21, increased or decreased overall expression. In other SCGB3A1, HIC1, BRCA1, HOXA9, APC, FHIT, words, imprinted genes display a characteristic HOXB5, CDH13 and CDH1 were presented as novel parent-of-origin-specific DNA methylation pattern target genes hypermethylated at high frequencies that results in only a single allele being expressed among nonseminomas. Nevertheless, only a limited (either the paternal or maternal allele) (8). Since number of tumour suppressor genes showed to be the differences in the expression of imprinted alleles inactivated by DNA promoter hypermethylation in are associated with differential methylation, LOI is more than a minor percentage of TGCTs, including associated with alterations in DNA methylation. LOI MGMT, SCGB3A1, RASSF1A, HIC1, and PRSS21. In has been observed most often in tumours with an addition, imprinting defects, DNA hypomethylation, embryonic phenotype (9) and has been implicated in and the presence of the unmethylated XIST gene are the progression of several tumours (10). often observed in TGCTs. In this review the different alterations of DNA Aberrant DNA methylation has the potential methylation in urological tumours are discussed and to improve current TGCT diagnostics. The PRSS21 eventually followed by the potential use in diagnostics, gene can be a useful biomarker. Initially PRSS21 prognostics and therapy. showed to be hypermethylated in 8 out of 8 TGCTs (16). Nevertheless, these findings have not been validated in a larger cohort of patients since. DNA Testicular germ cell tumour methylation might also serve as a prognostic marker for treatment response. Cell line research suggests Testicular germ cell tumour (TGCT) is the most an association between differentiation, global DNA common malignancy among young males and can methylation status and response to chemotherapy be classified into two main histological subgroups: (19). The degree of methylation might explain the seminomas and non-seminomas. Seminomas are chemotherapy sensitivity of TGCT. But what is the generally undifferentiated, and morphologically underlying mechanism for this? Normally primordial they resemble the precursor stage intratubular germ germ cells and embryonic stem cells have an open cell neoplasia. Non-seminomas, on the other hand, chromatin structure that provides a good DNA access. include several histological subtypes. Among these, If TGCT carry a similar chromatic structure, this might 434 A. G. van der Heijden explain the extreme chemotherapy sensitivity; the state markers are being studied to offer patients with low of the chromatin might determine how efficiently DNA risk of relapse a therapy that minimizes the potential targeting drugs can access the DNA. Subsequently, late toxicities, without decreasing the survival rates. increased methylation results in a more condensed Maschietto and co-workers found five genes, TSPAN3, chromatin structure and a decreased chemo sensitivity NCOA6, MPP2, CDO1 and MCM2, which were (20). Koul and co-workers showed a more frequent down regulated in patients with relapse (25). promoter hypermethylation of RASSF1a and HIC1 among chemo resistant tumours (17). These findings Recently, methylation of the RASSF1A did not reach statistical significance due to the limited promoter was found predictive for poor outcome in number of patients but suggest that the promoter Wilms’ tumours (26). Methylation was more frequent
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bladder Cancer Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Staging Detection and Diagnosis
    cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 Bladder Cancer Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Staging Detection and Diagnosis Finding cancer early, when it's small and hasn't spread, often allows for more treatment options. Some early cancers may have signs and symptoms that can be noticed, but that's not always the case. ● Can Bladder Cancer Be Found Early? ● Bladder Cancer Signs and Symptoms ● Tests for Bladder Cancer Stages and Outlook (Prognosis) After a cancer diagnosis, staging provides important information about the extent (amount) of cancer in the body and the likely response to treatment. ● Bladder Cancer Stages ● Survival Rates for Bladder Cancer Questions to Ask About Bladder Cancer Here are some questions you can ask your cancer care team to help you better understand your cancer diagnosis and treatment options. ● Questions To Ask About Bladder Cancer 1 ____________________________________________________________________________________American Cancer Society cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 Can Bladder Cancer Be Found Early? Bladder cancer can sometimes be found early -- when it's small and hasn't spread beyond the bladder. Finding it early improves your chances that treatment will work. Screening for bladder cancer Screening is the use of tests or exams to look for a disease in people who have no symptoms. At this time, no major professional organizations recommend routine screening of the general public for bladder cancer. This is because no screening test has been shown to lower the risk of dying from bladder cancer in people who are at average risk. Some providers may recommend bladder cancer tests for people at very high risk, such as: ● People who had bladder cancer before ● People who had certain birth defects of the bladder ● People exposed to certain chemicals at work Tests that might be used to look for bladder cancer Tests for bladder cancer look for different substances and/or cancer cells in the urine.
    [Show full text]
  • Package Insert
    BCG LIVE (FOR INTRAVESICAL USE) TICE® BCG WARNING TICE® BCG contains live, attenuated mycobacteria. Because of the potential risk for transmission, it should be prepared, handled, and disposed of as a biohazard material (see PRECAUTIONS and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). BCG infections have been reported in health care workers, primarily from exposures resulting from accidental needle sticks or skin lacerations during the preparation of BCG for administration. Nosocomial infections have been reported in patients receiving parenteral drugs that were prepared in areas in which BCG was reconstituted. BCG is capable of dissemination when administered by the intravesical route, and serious infections, including fatal infections, have been reported in patients receiving intravesical BCG (see WARNINGS, PRECAUTIONS, and ADVERSE REACTIONS). DESCRIPTION TICE® BCG for intravesical use, is an attenuated, live culture preparation of the Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin (BCG) strain of Mycobacterium bovis.1 The TICE® strain was developed at the University of Illinois from a strain originated at the Pasteur Institute. The medium in which the BCG organism is grown for preparation of the freeze-dried cake is composed of the following ingredients: glycerin, asparagine, citric acid, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, and iron ammonium citrate. The final preparation prior to freeze drying also contains lactose. The freeze-dried BCG preparation is delivered in glass vials, each containing 1 to 8 x 108 colony forming units (CFU) of TICE® BCG which is equivalent to approximately 50 mg wet weight. Determination of in- vitro potency is achieved through colony counts derived from a serial dilution assay. A single dose consists of 1 reconstituted vial (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
    [Show full text]
  • Primary Melanoma of the Bladder at Puerperium
    ISSN: 2469-5742 Rubio et al. Int Arch Urol Complic 2020, 6:073 DOI: 10.23937/2469-5742/1510073 Volume 6 | Issue 1 International Archives of Open Access Urology and Complications CASE REPORT Primary Melanoma of the Bladder at Puerperium: Case Report Rubio Galisteo JM1*, Gomez Gomez E1, Valero Rosa J1, Salguero Segura J1, Pineda Reyes B2, Gonzalez T3, Barbudo Merino J4, Ruiz Garcia JM1 and Requena Tapia MJ1 1Urology Department, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Spain 2Ginecology Department, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Spain 3 Check for Pathological Anatomy Department, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Spain updates 4Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Spain *Corresponding author: Rubio Galisteo JM, Urology Department, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Av Menendez Pidal S/N, UGC Urología, Córdoba, CP: 14004, Spain, Tel: +3460-004-5566 of urinary bladder in a 39-years-old postpartum wom- Abstract an. Primary malignant melanoma of the urinary bladder is a sporadic disease and very little described in the literature. Case Presentation A 39-years-old female at the end of her pregnancy without previous history of skin disease was presented with hema- A healthy 39-years-old female is presented at the turia after cesarean and with constitutional syndrome. After end of her first pregnancy. The patient gives a history of the study, the patient was diagnosed with metastatic blad- 10 kg lost at the last months, and urinary tract infection der melanoma. Other locations of primary injury were ruled out. The patient died a month and a half after the diagnosis. treated with antibiotics with a urine culture positive to E.
    [Show full text]
  • Renal Transitional Cell Carcinoma: Case Report from the Regional Hospital Buea, Cameroon and Review of Literature Enow Orock GE1*, Eyongeta DE2 and Weledji PE3
    Enow Orock, Int J Surg Res Pract 2014, 1:1 International Journal of ISSN: 2378-3397 Surgery Research and Practice Case Report : Open Access Renal Transitional Cell Carcinoma: Case report from the Regional Hospital Buea, Cameroon and Review of Literature Enow Orock GE1*, Eyongeta DE2 and Weledji PE3 1Pathology Unit, Regional Hospital Buea, Cameroon 2Urology Unit, Regional Hospital Limbe, Cameroon 3Surgical Unit, Regional Hospital Buea, Cameroon *Corresponding author: Enow Orock George, Pathology Unit, Regional Hospital Buea, South West Region, Cameroon, Tel: (237) 77716045, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract United States in 2009. Primary renal pelvis and ureteric malignancies, on the other hand, are much less common with an estimated 2,270 Although transitional cell carcinoma is the most common tumour of the renal pelvis, we report the first histologically-confirmed case in cases diagnosed and 790 deaths in 2009 [6]. Worldwide statistics our service in a period of about twenty years. The patient is a mid- vary with the highest incidence found in the Balkans where urothelial aged female African, with no apparent risks for the disease. She cancers account for 40% of all renal cancers and are bilateral in 10% presented with the classical sign of the disease (hematuria) and of cases [7]. We report a first histologically-confirmed case of renal was treated by nephrouretectomy for a pT3N0MX grade II renal pelvic transitional cell carcinoma in 20 years of practice in a mid-aged pelvic tumour. She is reporting well one year after surgery. The case African woman. highlights not only the peculiar diagnosis but also illustrates the diagnostic and management challenges posed by this and similar Case Report diseases in a low- resource setting like ours.
    [Show full text]
  • Urothelial Carcinoma of Bladder and Upper Tract
    Urothelial Carcinoma of Bladder and Upper Tract Page 1 of 18 Disclaimer: This algorithm has been developed for MD Anderson using a multidisciplinary approach considering circumstances particular to MD Anderson’s specific patient population, services and structure, and clinical information. This is not intended to replace the independent medical or professional judgment of physicians or other health care providers in the context of individual clinical circumstances to determine a patient's care. This algorithm should not be used to treat pregnant women. Note: Consider Clinical Trials as treatment options for eligible patients. CLINICAL INITIAL INITIAL INITIAL SCREEN PRESENTATION EVALUATION DIAGNOSIS STAGING Negative for Treat as indicated3 bladder cancer Less than T2 See Page 2-3 ● Hematuria ● History and physical ● Transurethral resection (TUR) ● Recurrent unexplained 1 ● Office cystoscopy ● Exam under anesthesia (EUA) urinary tract infection Positive for ● Imaging: CT urogram or ● Consider single dose peri- ● Other unexplained bladder cancer 4 intravenous urogram (IVU) operative chemotherapy lower urinary tract 2 ● Lifestyle risk assessment instillation symptoms T2-4 See Page 4 (muscle invasion) Positive for See Page 6 upper tract tumor 1 Consider urinary cytology or other MD Anderson approved genitourinary biomarkers 2 See Physical Activity, Nutrition, and Tobacco Cessation algorithms; ongoing reassessment of lifestyle risks should be a part of routine clinical practice 3 If persistant microhematuria, recommend repeat of history and physical, office cystoscopy, imaging (CT urogram or IVU) in 2-3 years 4 Refer to Principles of Intravesical Treatment on Page 8 Department of Clinical Effectiveness V9 Approved by The Executive Committee of the Medical Staff on 07/21/2020 Urothelial Carcinoma of Bladder and Upper Tract Page 2 of 18 Disclaimer: This algorithm has been developed for MD Anderson using a multidisciplinary approach considering circumstances particular to MD Anderson’s specific patient population, services and structure, and clinical information.
    [Show full text]
  • Incidence and Familial Risk of Pleural Mesothelioma in Sweden: a National Cohort Study
    ERJ Express. Published on May 12, 2016 as doi: 10.1183/13993003.00091-2016 ORIGINAL ARTICLE IN PRESS | CORRECTED PROOF Incidence and familial risk of pleural mesothelioma in Sweden: a national cohort study Jianguang Ji1, Jan Sundquist1,2 and Kristina Sundquist1,2 Affiliations: 1Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. 2Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Correspondence: Jianguang Ji, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, CRC, Jan Waldenstroms gata 35, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Familial clustering of pleural mesothelioma was reported previously, but none of the reports quantified the familial risk of mesothelioma or the association with other cancers. The contributions of shared environmental or genetic factors to the aggregation of mesothelioma were unknown. We used a number of Swedish registers, including the Swedish Multigeneration Register and the Swedish Cancer Register, to examine the familial risk of mesothelioma in offspring. Standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) were used to calculate the risk. Age standardised incidence rates of mesothelioma were calculated from the Swedish Cancer Registry. The incidence of mesothelioma reached its peak rate in 2000 and decreased thereafter. Risk of mesothelioma was significantly increased when parents or siblings were diagnosed with mesothelioma, with SIRs of 3.88 (95% CI 1.01–10.04) and 12.37 (95% CI 5.89–22.84), respectively. Mesothelioma was associated with kidney (SIR 2.13, 95% CI 1.16–3.59) and bladder cancers (SIR 2.09, 95% CI 1.32–3.14) in siblings. No association was found between spouses.
    [Show full text]
  • Multilingual Cancer Glossary French | Français A
    Multilingual Cancer Glossary French | Français www.petermac.org/multilingualglossary email: [email protected] www.petermac.org/cancersurvivorship The Multilingual Cancer Glossary has been developed Disclaimer to provide language professionals working in the The information contained within this booklet is given cancer field with access to accurate and culturally as a guide to help support patients, carers, families and and linguistically appropriate cancer terminology. The consumers understand their healthand support their glossary addresses the known risk of mistranslation of health decision making process. cancer specific terms in resources in languages other than English. The information given is not fully comprehensive, nor is it intended to be used to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent Acknowledgements any medical conditions. If you require medical assistance This project is a Cancer Australia Supporting people please contact your local doctor or call Peter Mac on with cancer Grant initiative, funded by the Australian 03 8559 5000. Government. To the maximum extent permitted by law, Peter The Australian Cancer Survivorship Centre, A Richard Pratt Mac and its employees, volunteers and agents legacy would like to thank and acknowledge all parties are not liable to any person in contract, tort who contributed to the development of the glossary. (including negligence or breach of statutory duty) or We particularly thank members of the project steering otherwise for any direct or indirect loss, damage, committee and working group, language professionals cost or expense arising out of or in connection with and community organisations for their insights and that person relying on or using any information or assistance. advice provided in this booklet or incorporated into it by reference.
    [Show full text]
  • Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Urinary Bladder
    Open Access Case Report DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14067 Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Urinary Bladder Elizabeth Snajdar 1 , Andrina R. Ajo 2 , Katie Rosen 1 , Roy Miller 1 , Safi Mohammed 1 , Craig Gordon 3 , John C. Pui 4 , Gregory McIntosh 5 1. Department of Urology, McLaren Macomb Hospital, Macomb, USA 2. College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA 3. Department of Hematology and Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Farmington Hills, USA 4. Department of Pathology, Beaumont Hospital, Farmington Hills, USA 5. Department of Urology, Michigan Institute of Urology, Macomb, USA Corresponding author: Elizabeth Snajdar, [email protected] Abstract There are only 30 reported cases of primary malignant melanoma of the bladder in the literature so far. Of those, 17 cases were reported as deceased within three years of presentation. Our case reported here is that of a 78-year-old female who presented with a new-onset incontinence and intermittent hematuria. She had no evidence of primary melanoma anywhere else in her body. The patient was treated with cystectomy and ileal conduit with plans for adjuvant chemotherapy. Unfortunately, the patient succumbed to her disease with diffuse metastatic involvement within 16 months of presentation. Categories: Dermatology, Pathology, Urology Keywords: cystectomy, melanoma, primary malignant melanoma, extracutaneous melanoma, bladder cancer, transurethral resection of bladder tumor Introduction Melanoma of the skin had an incidence of roughly 23% of all new US cancer diagnoses in 2017 [1]. While the majority of melanomas are cutaneous lesions of the skin, only 4-5% of melanomas are extracutaneous [2]. One extracutaneous lesion, primary malignant melanoma (PMM) of the bladder, represents less than 0.2% of all melanomas [2-5], making this malignancy extremely rare.
    [Show full text]
  • Second Malignant Neoplasms Among Long-Term Survivors of Ovarian Cancer
    (CANCER RESEARCH 56. 1564-1570. April 1. I996| Second Malignant Neoplasms among Long-Term Survivors of Ovarian Cancer Lois B. Travis,1 Rochelle E. Curtis, John D. Boice, Jr., Charles E. Platz, Benjamin F. Hankey, and Joseph F. Fraumeni, Jr. Division of Cancer Epidemu>l(}g\ and Genetics [L. B. T.. R. E. C., J. D. B., J. F. F.¡,und Cancer Statistics Branch, Sun-eillancc Program, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control ¡B.F. H.I, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. Bethesda. Maryland 20892: and Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 1C. E. P.I ABSTRACT registries of the SEER2 program of the National Cancer Institute (197.1-1992) or to the CTR (1935-1972).' In addition to Connecticut. SEER areas include Second malignant neoplasms were evaluated among 32,251 women with Hawaii. Iowa. New Mexico, Utah, and the metropolitan regions of Atlanta ovarian cancer, including 4,402 10-year survivors, within the nine popu (1975-1992), Detroit, San Francisco and Oakland, and Seattle and Puget lation-based registries of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Sound (1974-1992). which together constitute -10% of the U.S. population. Program of the National Cancer Institute (1973-1992) and the Connect Information routinely collected by all SEER registries includes patient demo icut Tumor Registry (1935-1972). Overall, 1,296 second cancers occurred graphic data, tumor histology, and vital status. Active tracing of all living against 1,014 expected (observed/expected (O/E), 1.28; 95% confidence patients involving patient or physician contact and data linkage with files that interval (Cl), 1.21-1.35].
    [Show full text]
  • Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: AUA/SUO Guideline
    Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: AUA/SUO Guideline Sam S. Chang, Stephen A. Boorjian, Roger Chou, Peter E. Clark, Siamak Daneshmand, Badrinath R. Konety, Raj Pruthi, Diane Z. Quale, Chad R. Ritch, John D. Seigne, Eila Curlee Skinner, Norm D. Smith and James M. McKiernan From the American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc., Linthicum, Maryland Purpose: Although associated with an overall favorable survival rate, the Abbreviations heterogeneity of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) affects patients’ and Acronyms rates of recurrence and progression. Risk stratification should influence evalu- ¼ ation, treatment and surveillance. This guideline attempts to provide a clinical AUA American Urological Association framework for the management of NMIBC. BCG ¼ bacillus Calmette-Guerin Materials and Methods: A systematic review utilized research from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and additional supplementation CIS ¼ carcinoma in situ by the authors and consultant methodologists. Evidence-based statements EORTC ¼ European Organization were based on body of evidence strength Grade A, B, or C and were designated for Research and Treatment of as Strong, Moderate, and Conditional Recommendations with additional Cancer statements presented in the form of Clinical Principles or Expert Opinions.1 FDA ¼ Food and Drug Results: A risk-stratified approach categorizes patients into broad groups of low-, Administration intermediate-, and high-risk. Importantly, the evaluation and treatment LVI ¼ lymphovascular invasion algorithm takes into account tumor characteristics and uniquely considers a NMIBC ¼ non-muscle invasive patient’s response to therapy. The 38 statements vary in level of evidence, but bladder cancer none include Grade A evidence, and many were Grade C.
    [Show full text]
  • Kidney Cancer Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Staging Detection and Diagnosis
    cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 Kidney Cancer Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Staging Detection and Diagnosis Catching cancer early often allows for more treatment options. Some early cancers may have signs and symptoms that can be noticed, but that is not always the case. ● Can Kidney Cancer Be Found Early? ● Kidney Cancer Signs and Symptoms ● Tests for Kidney Cancer Stages and Outlook (Prognosis) After a cancer diagnosis, staging provides important information about the extent of cancer in the body and anticipated response to treatment. ● Kidney Cancer Stages ● Survival Rates for Kidney Cancer Questions to Ask About Kidney Cancer Here are some questions you can ask your cancer care team to help you better understand your cancer diagnosis and treatment options. ● Questions to Ask About Kidney Cancer 1 ____________________________________________________________________________________American Cancer Society cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 Can Kidney Cancer Be Found Early? Many kidney cancers are found fairly early, while they are still limited to the kidney, but others are found at a more advanced stage. There are a few reasons for this: ● These cancers can sometimes grow quite large without causing any pain or other problems. ● Because the kidneys are deep inside the body, small kidney tumors cannot be seen or felt during a physical exam. ● There are no recommended screening tests for kidney cancer in people who are not at increased risk. This is because no test has been shown to lower the overall risk of dying from kidney cancer. For people at average risk of kidney cancer Some tests can find some kidney cancers early, but none of these is recommended to screen for kidney cancer in people at average risk.
    [Show full text]
  • Immunohistochemical Analysis of WT1 Antigen Expression in Various Solid Cancer Cells
    ANTICANCER RESEARCH 36: 3715-3724 (2016) Immunohistochemical Analysis of WT1 Antigen Expression in Various Solid Cancer Cells KEIKO NAITOH, TAKASHI KAMIGAKI, ERIKO MATSUDA, HIROSHI IBE, SACHIKO OKADA, ERI OGUMA, YOSHIHIRO KINOSHITA, RISHU TAKIMOTO, KAORI MAKITA, SHUN OGASAWARA and SHIGENORI GOTO Seta Clinic, Tokyo, Japan Abstract. For a peptide-pulsed dendritic cell (DC) vaccine cancer vaccines with various cancer antigens in treatment of to work effectively in cancer treatment, it is significant that solid tumors (3-6). For DC-based cancer vaccines, some the target protein is expressed in cancer cells. Wilms’ tumor reports have described insufficient clinical responses despite 1 (WT1) has been identified as a molecular target for the good immunoresponses indicating delayed-type immune cell therapy of cancer. We evaluated the protein hypersensitivity (DTH) (7). Immune check-point inhibitors, expression levels of WT1 in various solid tumors, as well as such as antibodies against programmed cell death protein 1 mucin 1 (MUC1) or major histocompatibility complex (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (MHC) class l molecules. Seven hundred and thirty-eight (CTLA4), are clinically used for patients with advanced or patients whose tissue samples were examined by recurrent melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer to immunohistochemical analysis agreed to undergo DC reverse immune suppression and activate effector T cells (8, vaccine therapy. The positive staining of WT1 in tumor cells 9). Furthermore, the efficacy of immune check-point was observed in 25.3% of patients, with only 8.5% of them inhibitors was reported to correlate with disorders related to showing moderate to strong expression; moreover, WT1 TSAs, oncogenic viral proteins or DNA repair pathway tended to localize in the nucleus and cytoplasm.
    [Show full text]