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Aspectos Sociales Y Políticos En Las Novelas De Robert Stone

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Aspectos Sociales Y Políticos En Las Novelas De Robert Stone UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA Departamento de Filología Inglesa II ASPECTOS SOCIALES Y POLÍTICOS EN LAS NOVELAS DE ROBERT STONE MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR María Luisa García Bermejo Bajo la dirección del doctor Félix Martín Gutiérrez Madrid, 2003 ISBN: 84-669-1952-X Universidad Complutense de Madrid Facultad de Filología Departamento de Filología Inglesa II TESIS DOCTORAL ASPECTOS SOCIALES Y POLÍTICOS EN LAS NOVELAS DE ROBERT STONE Lda. Dña. María Luisa García Bermejo DIRECTOR Cat. Dr. D. Félix Martín Gutiérrez MADRID, 2002 “Live Fast, Love Hard, Die Young” A la memoria de David H. Rosenthal (1945 - 1992), poeta y traductor del catalán al inglés que vivió intensa, peligrosa y apasionadamente. ÍNDICE ÍNDICE 1. INTRODUCCIÓN. 13 2. LAS NOVELAS DE ROBERT STONE: UNA VISIÓN MORAL, POLÍTICA Y SOCIAL DE LA NORTEAMÉRICA CONTEMPORÁNEA. 23 2.1. A HALL OF MIRRORS: EL SUR DE NORTEAMÉRICA. 25 2.1.1. Rumbo al sur: El espejismo sureño. 46 2.1.2. Nueva Orleáns, tierra de sueños. 58 2.1.3. Religión, poder y política. 69 2.1.4. Racismo y manipulación de masas. 90 2.1.5. Geraldine: “Despair and Die.” 116 2.1.6. El rally: “Things are taking a cold turn.” 130 2.2. DOG SOLDIERS: LOS EFECTOS DE LA GUERRA DE VIETNAM EN LA SOCIEDAD NORTEAMERICANA. 163 2.2.1. Vietnam: “Another wilderness frontier.” 163 2.2.2. Vietnam: “The American Heart of Darkness.” 172 2.2.2.1. Converse: “I´m afraid, therefore I am.” 184 7 ÍNDICE 2.2.3. Los Estados Unidos: Tierra baldía. 200 2.2.4. La huida a ninguna parte. 209 2.2.5. El último delirio y el fin de los ideales. 221 2.2.5.1. Vietnam en casa. 244 2.3. A FLAG FOR SUNRISE: NORTEAMÉRICA Y LOS NORTEAMERICANOS EN AMÉRICA CENTRAL. 257 2.3.1. La presencia norteamericana en Centroamérica. 257 2.3.2. Centroamérica: Imágenes de brutalidad y violencia. 268 2.3.3. Holliwell entre dos mundos. 273 2.3.3.1. Justin: “The hunger for absolutes.” 279 2.3.3.2. La sombra de Vietnam: Unidos por la nostalgia y el miedo. 293 2.3.4. El papel de USA en el mundo: La condición de ser norteamericano. 299 2.3.5. El movimiento insurgente. 312 2.3.6. Justin y Holliwell: “The Adversary is a lover.” 317 2.3.7. Pablo Tabor: La búsqueda de la identidad. 333 2.4. CHILDREN OF LIGHT: NORTEAMÉRICA Y EL MUNDO DE HOLLYWOOD. 366 2.4.1. Hollywood: Un mundo artificial. 366 2.4.2. Gordon Walker: Un guión autodestructivo. 372 2.4.3. Las dos caras de Lu Anne. 386 2.4.4. ¡ Acción, se rueda! El mundo despiadado del cine. 400 2.4.4.1. Luces y sombras de Hollywood. 413 2.4.4.2. Una mirada retrospectiva al mundo del viejo Hollywood. 431 2.4.5. Walker y Lu Anne: “El gran guiñol.” 435 8 ÍNDICE 2.5. OUTERBRIDGE REACH: LA NORTEAMÉRICA ACTUAL EN LOS BARRIOS RESIDENCIALES Y EN LA CIUDAD. 446 2.5.1. El paisaje moral norteamericano de finales del siglo XX. 446 2.5.2. Owen Browne: “Be true to the dreams of your youth.” 453 2.5.3. Strickland: El cinismo. 470 2.5.4. En busca de los viejos valores y virtudes. 483 2.5.5. La carrera hacia la autodestrucción. 490 2.5.6. Anne reinventada. 502 3. CONCLUSIÓN. 520 4. BIBLIOGRAFÍA. 531 9 AGRADECIMIENTOS AGRADECIMIENTOS Quisiera expresar mi agradecimiento a las siguientes personas e instituciones quienes me han ayudado de diferentes maneras durante mi investigación: A David Rosenthal, primer admirador de Robert Stone, quien sugirió el tema y al que le hubiese gustado haber visto terminada esta investigación. A mis amigos neoyorquinos por su gran apoyo moral en los tiempos difíciles. Al Dr Félix Martín Gutiérrez, quien me enseñó a apreciar la literatura norteamericana durante mis años de estudiante en la Universidad Complutense, apoyó mis propuestas para obtención de becas de estudios en las Universidades de Delaware y Columbia y quien pacientemente ha dirigido esta tesis. Al profesor Jose Mª Sordo Juanena, amigo incondicional, escudero infatigable, por su generosidad y admirable paciencia en la labor del tratamiento del texto. A mis padres por darlo todo sin pedir nada a cambio. A la Biblioteca Pública de Nueva York por sus magníficos servicios y ayuda en la consecución de material para esta tesis. 11 INTRODUCCIÓN 1. INTRODUCCIÓN. Esta tesis analiza parte de la obra del escritor norteamericano contemporáneo Robert Stone. A través de cinco de sus novelas: A Hall of Mirrors, Dog Soldiers, A Flag for Sunrise, Children of Light y Outerbridge Reach, Stone nos presenta su particular visión del mundo político, social y moral de la sociedad norteamericana de las cuatro últimas décadas del siglo XX. El retrato de Norteamérica y los norteamericanos de Stone, hace hincapié en los aspectos más sórdidos del mundo contemporáneo en su país: el racismo, los poderes fácticos y ocultos que acaban con los más débiles, la corrupción en todas las capas de la sociedad, el mundo de la adicción a las drogas, los problemas del individuo para hacer realidad el sueño americano de éxito económico, la política de injerencia en Centroamérica, la derecha y la izquierda norteamericana. La sociedad norteamericana y la particular visión del mundo y su papel en él que tiene el ciudadano norteamericano medio, han sido temas que siempre han suscitado mi interés. La dificultad que para mí siempre ha entrañado el intentar entender y llegar a comprender las tremendas contradicciones que en mi opinión se observan en el seno de una sociedad, mezcla de culturas y de formas de ver el mundo, ha sido el principal motor impulsor de mi investigación. Difícilmente cualquiera que haya tenido contacto con la cultura norteamericana puede haberse quedado indiferente ante un país en el que el puritanismo y conservadurismo más feroces conviven en aparente armonía con un espírtu de libertad, individualismo y capacidad de autocrítica. Ya en mi tesina de 13 INTRODUCCIÓN licenciatura realicé un estudio sobre Norteamérica en las principales obras de Sinclair Lewis. Allí analizaba la sociedad norteamericana de principios del siglo XX y en especial, los problemas que aquejaban a la creciente clase media de la época: la estandarización y unificación de valores y costumbres, la equiparación de la felicidad con la búsqueda de la prosperidad material y con el éxito, los peligros de la industrialización y el materialismo, el mito de que uno puede llegar a ser lo que se propone si trabaja duro para ello, la hipocresía de ciertos sectores religiosos. La investigación que he realizado ha querido continuar ese trabajo anterior de análisis de la realidad norteamericana, esta vez centrándome en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. El análisis y la reflexión desde dentro de cinco novelas de Stone representativas de toda una época, me ha servido para comprender mejor la enorme atracción que ejerce Norteamérica y al mismo tiempo la relación de amor-odio que suscita en muchas personas. Uno de los atractivos principales de las obras analizadas ha sido la posibilidad de conocer más de cerca, desde la ficción, la visión de una época desde la perspectiva de un autor que participó activamente en los sucesos que acaecieron en ese periodo. Las décadas de los sesenta y setenta en los Estados Unidos, que Stone muestra en sus dos primeras novelas: A Hall of Mirrors y Dog Soldiers, siempre me han parecido fascinantes por los acontecimientos irrepetibles que se vivieron y por las consecuencias que los excesos personales y gubernamentales tuvieron para la nación, principalmente la pérdida de la inocencia, la corrupción y un desencanto con respecto a los ideales que habían movilizado a una buena parte del país. Los Estados Unidos parecen estar aún recuperándose e intentando comprender las razones de todos los comportamientos y actitudes que se produjeron durante aquel periodo. Por otro lado, las obras de Stone que 14 INTRODUCCIÓN reflejan las décadas de los ochenta y noventa, es decir, A Flag for Sunrise, Children of Light y Outerbridge Reach me han interesado muy especialmente porque son más cercanas vitalmente a mí. En esos años trabajé y estudié en los Estados Unidos y pude ver de cerca cuál era la realidad norteamericana. A principios de los ochenta, el proceso de globalización mundial al que estamos asistiendo en estos momentos aún no se había producido y las diferencias culturales entre Europa y España en particular, y los Estados Unidos, eran o a mí me lo parecían, enormes. Viví de cerca los mandatos de Reagan, Bush y posteriormente Bill Clinton. Pude contemplar el comportamiento corrupto anti- democrático y de moralidad dudosa de los dirigentes políticos norteamericanos con respecto a Latinoamérica, en especial sus relaciones con países como el Salvador y Nicaragua. Aparentemente, la ciudadanía era incapaz de darse cuenta de cómo sus gobernantes estaban apoyando económica y militarmente a regímenes corruptos que no respetaban los derechos humanos. Asistí también muy de cerca a la época de prosperidad económica en la que generaciones de jóvenes recién licenciados hacían del centro de sus vidas el trabajo y la consecución del éxito profesional y económico. Conseguían dinero fácil y rápido y caían en el materialismo, consumismo y las drogas. Por último, he sido testigo de la caída de esa generación que se creyó tenía el mundo en sus manos. En el presente estudio parto de qué transformaciones en los valores de la sociedad norteamericana se han producido como consecuencia de la época de optimismo de los años sesenta, el fin de la contracultura y los ideales de paz y prosperidad y muy especialmente, cómo la guerra de Vietnam afectó al país y a sus ciudadanos.
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