Analyzing Web Censorship Mechanisms in India
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Seeking Offense: Censorship and the Constitution of Democratic Politics in India
SEEKING OFFENSE: CENSORSHIP AND THE CONSTITUTION OF DEMOCRATIC POLITICS IN INDIA A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Ameya Shivdas Balsekar August 2009 © 2009 Ameya Shivdas Balsekar SEEKING OFFENSE: CENSORSHIP AND THE CONSTITUTION OF DEMOCRATIC POLITICS IN INDIA Ameya Shivdas Balsekar, Ph. D. Cornell University 2009 Commentators have frequently suggested that India is going through an “age of intolerance” as writers, artists, filmmakers, scholars and journalists among others have been targeted by institutions of the state as well as political parties and interest groups for hurting the sentiments of some section of Indian society. However, this age of intolerance has coincided with a period that has also been characterized by the “deepening” of Indian democracy, as previously subordinated groups have begun to participate more actively and substantively in democratic politics. This project is an attempt to understand the reasons for the persistence of illiberalism in Indian politics, particularly as manifest in censorship practices. It argues that one of the reasons why censorship has persisted in India is that having the “right to censor” has come be established in the Indian constitutional order’s negotiation of multiculturalism as a symbol of a cultural group’s substantive political empowerment. This feature of the Indian constitutional order has made the strategy of “seeking offense” readily available to India’s politicians, who understand it to be an efficacious way to discredit their competitors’ claims of group representativeness within the context of democratic identity politics. -
'It Existed Indeed … It Was All Over the Papers': Memories of Film
. Volume 14, Issue 1 May 2017 ‘It existed indeed … it was all over the papers’: memories of film censorship in 1950s Italy Daniela Treveri Gennari, Oxford Brookes University, UK Silvia Dibeltulo, Oxford Brookes University, UK Abstract: Film censorship in post-war Italy has been widely researched by scholars from the perspective of governmental and religious interventions in the attempt to control the film industry and moralise its audiences. However, cinema audiences’ experiences of this practice have been virtually neglected. The Italian Cinema Audiences project – funded by the AHRC – has investigated how cinema figures in the memories of people’s daily lives throughout the 1950s, a time in which cinema-going was the most popular national pastime, representing at its peak 70% of leisure expenditure. The project unveiled how Italian audiences chose films, what genres and stars they preferred, and how region, location, gender, and class influenced their choices. One of the key questions explored in our study is how film spectators remember censorship. This article presents the findings of the analysis of video-interviews conducted across the country focussing on audiences’ memories and perceptions of film censorship in the period under scrutiny. Our analysis will investigate not only the actual recollections, but also how these individual narratives have been shaped by ‘inherited templates that individuals can use to interpret’ those experiences (Rigney, 2015: 67). Our oral history data will be presented against State and Catholic Church’s archival documents which will allow us to highlight the points of contacts and conflicts between official discourses and audience’s personal memories. Keywords: Film censorship, State, Church, collective memory, post-war Italy Page 235 Volume 14, Issue 1 May 2017 Introduction Film censorship in post-war Italy has been widely researched by film historians from the perspective of both governmental and religious interventions. -
Iclab: a Global, Longitudinal Internet Censorship Measurement Platform
ICLab: A Global, Longitudinal Internet Censorship Measurement Platform Arian Akhavan Niaki∗y Shinyoung Cho∗yz Zachary Weinberg∗x Nguyen Phong Hoangz Abbas Razaghpanahz Nicolas Christinx Phillipa Gilly yUniversity of Massachusetts, Amherst zStony Brook University xCarnegie Mellon University {arian, shicho, phillipa}@cs.umass.edu {shicho, nghoang, arazaghpanah}@cs.stonybrook.edu {zackw, nicolasc}@cmu.edu Abstract—Researchers have studied Internet censorship for remains elusive. We highlight three key challenges that must nearly as long as attempts to censor contents have taken place. be addressed to make progress in this space: Most studies have however been limited to a short period of time and/or a few countries; the few exceptions have traded off detail Challenge 1: Access to Vantage Points. With few ex- for breadth of coverage. Collecting enough data for a compre- ceptions,1 measuring Internet censorship requires access to hensive, global, longitudinal perspective remains challenging. “vantage point” hosts within the region of interest. In this work, we present ICLab, an Internet measurement The simplest way to obtain vantage points is to recruit platform specialized for censorship research. It achieves a new balance between breadth of coverage and detail of measurements, volunteers [37], [43], [73], [80]. Volunteers can run software by using commercial VPNs as vantage points distributed around that performs arbitrary network measurements from each the world. ICLab has been operated continuously since late vantage point, but recruiting more than a few volunteers per 2016. It can currently detect DNS manipulation and TCP packet country and retaining them for long periods is difficult. Further, injection, and overt “block pages” however they are delivered. -
An Introspection of Film Censorship in India
Corpus Juris ISSN: 2582-2918 The Law Journal website: www.corpusjuris.co.in AN INTROSPECTION OF FILM CENSORSHIP IN INDIA -SUBARNO BANERJEE1 AND RITOJIT DASGUPTA2 ABSTRACT Cinema has been considered to be one of the most potent instrument of expression over a considerable amount of period. It is often considered to be a magnificent medium to communicate with people and impart knowledge and awareness. A traditional theatre system existed much before screen cinema could assert its authority in India and is said to have played a major role in nurturing emotions of freedom struggle through its plays in the pre-independence era. It was in 1913 India produced its first full-length feature film Raja Harishchandra. Cinema gradually became a powerful medium and went on to impact the lives of people, thoughts and even their political views. The medium has been witnessed to gain huge popularity and at present has become an integral part of common man’s leisure. Various statistics claim that India constitutes one of the largest film industries in the world in terms of number of films produced every year. Freedom of speech and expression is one of the most sacrosanct rights and is regarded as an integral concept in modern liberal democracies3. Society can develop only by free exchange of ideas4. However, since the drafting of the Constitution in 1947, freedom of speech and expression was considered controversial and received periodical dissent. According to Article 19(1) (a) of Part III of the Constitution of India, citizens shall have a right to freedom and expression. Films enjoy the same status and right so far as constitutional freedom relating to expression of ideas and spreading of ideas and messages are concerned but at the same time it places certain necessary restrictions on the content, with a view towards maintaining integrity of the state, public order, decency and morality and also communal and religious harmony, given the history of communal tension in the nation. -
Threat Modeling and Circumvention of Internet Censorship by David Fifield
Threat modeling and circumvention of Internet censorship By David Fifield A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor J.D. Tygar, Chair Professor Deirdre Mulligan Professor Vern Paxson Fall 2017 1 Abstract Threat modeling and circumvention of Internet censorship by David Fifield Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science University of California, Berkeley Professor J.D. Tygar, Chair Research on Internet censorship is hampered by poor models of censor behavior. Censor models guide the development of circumvention systems, so it is important to get them right. A censor model should be understood not just as a set of capabilities|such as the ability to monitor network traffic—but as a set of priorities constrained by resource limitations. My research addresses the twin themes of modeling and circumvention. With a grounding in empirical research, I build up an abstract model of the circumvention problem and examine how to adapt it to concrete censorship challenges. I describe the results of experiments on censors that probe their strengths and weaknesses; specifically, on the subject of active probing to discover proxy servers, and on delays in their reaction to changes in circumvention. I present two circumvention designs: domain fronting, which derives its resistance to blocking from the censor's reluctance to block other useful services; and Snowflake, based on quickly changing peer-to-peer proxy servers. I hope to change the perception that the circumvention problem is a cat-and-mouse game that affords only incremental and temporary advancements. -
Morten Gylling
The Structure of Discourse A Corpus-Based Cross-Linguistic Study Gylling-Jørgensen, Morten Document Version Final published version Publication date: 2013 License CC BY-NC-ND Citation for published version (APA): Gylling-Jørgensen, M. (2013). The Structure of Discourse: A Corpus-Based Cross-Linguistic Study. Copenhagen Business School [Phd]. PhD series No. 38.2013 http://libsearch.cbs.dk/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?docId=CBS01000656121&vid=CBS&afterPDS=tr ue Link to publication in CBS Research Portal General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us ([email protected]) providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 30. Sep. 2021 copenhagen business school of Discourse The Structure handelshøjskolen solbjerg plads 3 dk-2000 frederiksberg danmark www.cbs.dk The Structure of Discourse A Corpus-Based Cross-Linguistic Study Morten Gylling PhD Series 38-2013 ISSN 0906-6934 Print ISBN: 978-87-92977-88-5 LIMAC PhD School Online ISBN: 978-87-92977-89-2 Department of International Business Communication PhD Series 38-2013 The Structure of Discourse A Corpus-Based Cross-Linguistic Study Morten Gylling Supervisor: Iørn Korzen Ph.D. School LIMAC Programme in Language and Culture Copenhagen Business School Morten Gylling The Structure of Discourse A Corpus-Based Cross-Linguistic Study 1st edition 2013 PhD Series 38.2013 © The Author ISSN 0906-6934 Print ISBN: 978-87-92977-88-5 Online ISBN:978-87-92977-89-2 LIMAC PhD School is a cross disciplinary PhD School connected to research communities within the areas of Languages, Law, Informatics, Operations Management, Accounting, Communication and Cultural Studies. -
GLOBAL CENSORSHIP Shifting Modes, Persisting Paradigms
ACCESS TO KNOWLEDGE RESEARCH GLOBAL CENSORSHIP Shifting Modes, Persisting Paradigms edited by Pranesh Prakash Nagla Rizk Carlos Affonso Souza GLOBAL CENSORSHIP Shifting Modes, Persisting Paradigms edited by Pranesh Pra ash Nag!a Ri" Car!os Affonso So$"a ACCESS %O KNO'LE(GE RESEARCH SERIES COPYRIGHT PAGE © 2015 Information Society Project, Yale Law School; Access to Knowle !e for "e#elo$ment %entre, American Uni#ersity, %airo; an Instituto de Technolo!ia & Socie a e do Rio+ (his wor, is $'-lishe s'-ject to a %reati#e %ommons Attri-'tion./on%ommercial 0%%.1Y./%2 3+0 In. ternational P'-lic Licence+ %o$yri!ht in each cha$ter of this -oo, -elon!s to its res$ecti#e a'thor0s2+ Yo' are enco'ra!e to re$ro 'ce, share, an a a$t this wor,, in whole or in part, incl' in! in the form of creat . in! translations, as lon! as yo' attri-'te the wor, an the a$$ro$riate a'thor0s2, or, if for the whole -oo,, the e itors+ Te4t of the licence is a#aila-le at <https677creati#ecommons+or!7licenses7-y.nc73+07le!alco e8+ 9or $ermission to $'-lish commercial #ersions of s'ch cha$ter on a stan .alone -asis, $lease contact the a'thor, or the Information Society Project at Yale Law School for assistance in contactin! the a'thor+ 9ront co#er ima!e6 :"oc'ments sei;e from the U+S+ <m-assy in (ehran=, a $'-lic omain wor, create by em$loyees of the Central Intelli!ence A!ency / em-assy of the &nite States of America in Tehran, de$ict. -
LL.B.) (Effective from Academic Year 2019-20)
UNIVERSITY OF DELHI BACHELOR OF LAW (LL.B.) (Effective from Academic Year 2019-20) PROGRAMME BROCHURE LL.B. Revised Syllabus as approved by Academic Council on XXXX, 2018 and Executive Council on XXXX, 2018 Department of Law, University of Delhi CONTENTS Page I. About the Department 6 II. Introduction to CBCS 6 Scope Definitions 6 Programme Objectives (POs) 7 Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs) 7 III. LL.B. Programme Details Programme Structure 8 LL.B. Programme (Semester Wise) 13 Eligibility for Admissions 18 Assessment of Students’ Performance 19 and Scheme of Examination Pass Percentage & Promotion Criteria: 20 Semester to Semester Progression Conversion of Marks into Grades Grade Points CGPA Calculation Division of Degree into Classes 23 Attendance Requirement 23 Span Period 23 Guidelines for the Award of Internal Assessment Marks 24 IV. Course Wise Content Details for LL.B. Programme 25- 429 2 Department of Law, University of Delhi I Semester (CORE COURSES) Page No. LB-CC-101 Jurisprudence-I (Legal Method, Indian Legal 25 System and Basic Theory of Law) LB-CC-102 Law of Contract 32 LB-CC-103 Law of Torts including Motor Vehicles Act and 39 Consumer Protection Act LB-CC-104 Law of Crimes-I: Indian Penal Code 48 LB-CC-105 Family Law-I 57 II Semester (CORE COURSES) LB-CC-201 Law of Evidence 63 LB-CC-202 Family Law – II 71 LB-CC-203 Law of Crimes-II: Code of Criminal Procedure 78 LB-CC-205 Property Law 85 LB-CC-206 Public International Law 92 III Semester (CORE COURSES) LB-CC-301 Constitutional Law-I 99 LB-CC-302 Company Law 111 LB-CC-303 -
Self-Censorship
Surrendering to Silence An Account of Self-censorship among Pakistani Journalists A Publication of Media Matters for Democracy Surrendering to Silence An Account of Self-censorship among Pakistani Journalists Lead Researcher Waqas Naeem Research Team Annam Lodhi Hassan Abbas Komal Tariq Zafar Nizamani Editing & Review Sadaf Khan Asad Baig Design and illustrations Aniqa Haider Published by Media Matters for Democracy 2018 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Some rights reserved. This report is dedicated to to all the Pakistani journalists who bravely bring truth to the public despite increasing pressures on them to self-censor, growing threats, and unending impunity in crimes of violence against media professionals Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the eorts of Media Matters team, who worked without complaining, under tight deadlines and despite heavy workloads and extended all requi- site support for this publication through its various stages. Foreword Over the course of our engagement with journalists in Pakistan we have witnessed ups and downs that keep the news industry on its toes. From attacks on journalists to the targeting of their families, from the use and abuse of legal instruments to intimidate, threaten and harass them to conveniently timed information leaks and structured hate campaigns against media workers – the obstructions in the way of a free press in Pakistan are many. However, nothing has been as alarming as the increase in the tendency to self-censor. It is dicult to pinpoint exactly when this trend became noticeable. If one had to identify one pivotal point, it would be the Peshawar Army Public School Attack in December 2014. -
CONTEMPORARY ISSUES in MEDIA ETHICS Boctor of $I)Tios(Opi)
CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN MEDIA ETHICS ABSTRACT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of $I)tIos(opI)p IN PHILOSOPHY By MD. EHSAN Under the Supervision of M. MUQIM DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH (INDIA) 2009 ABSTRACT Twenty first century is the century of knowledge and information. Knowledge is the power. Media such as newspapers, radio, television, magazines, internet etc. are the primary and central source of information and knowledge of this fast moving world. Hence, media enjoys enormous power and exerts tremendous impacts on our lives. Media as a powerful institution not only disseminates information and knowledge rather it influences our lives, our political systems and our society as a whole. It shapes our opinions, beliefs, attitudes and behaviours. It affects our decision and judgment about family, home, education, institution etc. through information and knowledge it provides. So much so that it fashions our tastes and moral standards, and socializes our younger generation. Furthermore, media has got important role to play in democracy. It is media which helps democracy become 'of and 'by' the people. It wheels democracy. It facilitates democracy by making interaction between the governed and the governor. Moreover, it is considered to be the back bone as well as the fourth pillar of democracy. * I am using media as a singular noun In view of the enormous power implicit in media, its tremendous impacts on our lives and on our governing systems, and in view of its deep penetration in our society the need arises to use it with great caution and control. -
Self- Censorship by Pakistani Journalists: Causes and Effects
130 Journal of Peace, Development and Communication Volume 05, Issue 1, January-March 2021 pISSN: 2663-7898, eISSN: 2663-7901 Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.36968/JPDC-V05-I01-12 Homepage: https://pdfpk.net/pdf/ Email: [email protected] Article: Self- Censorship By Pakistani Journalists: Causes And Effects Muhammad Ayoub Mass Communication Graduate, International Islamic University, Islamabad Author(s): Muhammad Junaid Ghauri PhD in Mass Communication & Lecturer at Department of Media and Communication Studies, International Islamic University Islamabad, Muhammad Tariq Ph.D. scholar, Department of Media and Communication Studies, International Islamic University Islamabad Published: 30th March 2021 Publisher Journal of Peace, Development and Communication (JPDC) Information: Ayoub, Muhammad, et al. (2021). “Self- Censorship By Pakistani Journalists: Causes To Cite this And Effects” Journal of Peace, Development and Communication, vol. Volume 5, no. Article: Issue 1, 2021, pp. 130-142, https://doi.org/10.36968/JPDC-V05-I01-12 Muhammad Ayoub is a Mass Communication graduate from International Islamic University, Islamabad and is a media practitioner based in Islamabad. Muhammad Junaid Ghauri is a PhD in Mass Communication and Lecturer at Department of Media and Communication Studies, International Islamic University Islamabad, Author(s) Pakistan. His research interests include Othering, Orientalism, Political Communication, Note: International Communication, Critical Discourse Analysis, and representation of Islam and Muslims in global -
Universiteit Antwerpen Faculteit Politieke En Sociale Wetenschappen Academiejaar 2013-2014
Universiteit Antwerpen Faculteit Politieke en Sociale Wetenschappen Academiejaar 2013-2014 MASTERPROEF FROM WHITE DEVIL TO WHITE EMANCIPATOR Representation of white Western women in Indian cinema Lisa van der Waal Master in de Filmstudies en de Visuele Cultuur Promotor: Prof. Dr. Paolo Favero Medebeoordelaar: Prof. Dr. Kevin Smets Abstract Times are changing in India's film industry. While Bollywood remains the biggest film industry in the world, a new Indian cinema genre is rising nowadays, a cinema that tries to find its position between Bollywood, Western and parallel cinema. One of the striking things of this new Indian film genre, that I call New Indian Cinema, pays attention to the way white Western women are treated in India's contemporary society. New Indian Cinema depicts white Western women as survivors of this tough society they are living in. This representation differs from the way India's popular cinema, Bollywood cinema, has depicted the white Western women until now. From the 1950s onwards, they have been represented as immoral ‘devils’; the opposite of moral Indian women. Although Jane Dark has noticed a development in the representation of white women in Bollywood cinema, it seems that it is New Indian Cinema that contributes to the emancipation of this particular kind of film character in Indian cinema. This thesis is focused on the development of the white Western female character during the last decades. Based on the concepts of whiteness and the male gaze, three New Indian Cinema films have been analysed in order to discover how this new Indian film genre depicts Western women and if this representation contributes to the development of this character.