DOCSLIB.ORG

Geochemistry of Lignite Associated Shales in Ogwashi-Asaba Formation: Implication for Paleoredox, Source-Area Weathering, Provenance and Tectonic Settings

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Geochemistry of Lignite Associated Shales in Ogwashi-Asaba Formation: Implication for Paleoredox, Source-Area Weathering, Provenance and Tectonic Settings Tropical Journal of Science and Technology, 2020, 1(1), 16 - 34 ISSN: 2714-383X (Print) 2714-3848 (Online) Available online at credencepressltd.com Geochemistry of lignite associated shales in Ogwashi-Asaba Formation: Implication for paleoredox, source-area weathering, provenance and tectonic settings 1Osokpor, J. and 2Nkwagu, S. 1&2Department of Earth Sciences, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Nigeria Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected], Cell: +2347038912726 Abstract Shale samples obtained from the Obomkpa lignite belt were analysed for geochemical attributes such as major, trace and rare earth elements using XRF, ICP-MS and ICP-OES techniques. Paleoweathering and paleoredox conditions, provenance and tectonic settings were evaluated. High CIA (97.79 – 99.00), CIW (99.92 – 99.93), and MIA (95.58 – 98.00) values indicated intense weathering in the source areas and high detrital input dominated by strong chemical weathering, which led to the formation of clay minerals by hydration and leaching of ions such as Ca⁺2, K⁺ and Na⁺ known to be present in the feldspar minerals. Cross plot of CIA vs SiO2 shows that the mineral matter composing the shale samples have been substantially recycled in the course of weathering. Ratios of redox-sensitive trace elements (V/Cr = 0.92 av., Ni/Co = 2.8 av., and Th/U = 4.14 av.) suggests an oxic paleodepositional environment for the sediments. The strongly positive Ce anomaly (Ce/Ce*) (0.83 – 0.96) also affirms an oxic setting. Trace element ratios (La/Sc, Th/Sc, Th/Co, Th/Cr, and Cr/Th and Eu/Eu*) applied for provenance discrimination and with a range of values: 1.31 – 2.89, 0.86 – 1.04, 0.35 – 1.74, 0.11 – 0.14, 7.23 – 9.52, and 0.52 – 1.38 respectively, for the samples, compared to those of sediments derived from mafic and felsic sources. A felsic provenance was inferred for the shales after due comparison. A plot of of Zr/Sc vs. SiO2 suggested substantial reworking of the sediments. Inferences made by integrating various discrimination plots of major element concentrations (SiO2/Al2O3, TiO2, Na2O+CaO, Al2O3 (Na2O+CaO) vs. Fe2O3+MgO), classified the shales as Active Continental Margin (ACM) sediments. Keywords: Lignite geochemistry, provenance, alteration, paleoredox, paleoweathering 1. Introduction associated with the lignites have not been The Obomkpa area (Fig. 1) is well known exploited and are thus, the centre of focus geologically for exposures of the of this study. sediments of the Ogwashi-Asaba Generally, shales are the most Formation. The Formation, Oligocene- abundant form of clastic sediments in miocene in age, has been studied by sedimentary basins globally (Pettijohn, various authors (Reyment, 1965; Short and 1975). Mineralogical and chemical Stauble, 1967; Okezie and Onuogu, 1971, compositions of terrigeneous sedimentary 1985; Dessauvagie, 1974; Nwajide, 2013). rocks are the products of several variables The lignites of the Ogwashi-Asaba such as provenance, weathering Formation were discovered by the Mineral conditions, sorting during transport, Survey of Nigeria (1908; 1909) and are sedimentation and post-depositional underlain and capped by shales. Within the diagenesis, climate and tectonics formation, the lignites are confined to a (McLennan, 1989; Johnson and Basu, narrow belt of about 10miles wide and 1993; Nesbitt and Young, 1996; Nesbitt et 150miles long trending northwest- al. 1996). In geochemical studies, the southeast from the Niger in the west to the major elements and some selected trace Nigerian-Cameroun frontier, east of elements like Th, Sc, Co, Cr, Zr, Hf, Y, Ni, Calabar (Whiteman, 1982). The shales Co, V with rare earth elements (REEs) and 16 Osokpor, J. and Nkwagu, S.: Geochemistry of lignite associated shales in Ogwashi-Asaba formation: Implication for paleoredox, source-area weathering, provenance and tectonic settings their elemental ratios are used as sensitive including La/Sc, La/Co, Th/Sc and Zr/Cr indicators of the provenance, paleoredox have been established to be good conditions, tectonic setting, discriminators between mafic and felsic paleoweathering conditions of the clastic source rocks (Tijani et al., 2010). Trace sedimentary rocks (Bhatia, 1983; Bhatia elements such as La, Th and Zr are said to and Crook, 1986; Roser and Korsch, 1986, be more concentrated in felsic igneous 1988; McLennan and Taylor, 1991; rocks while Co, Sc and Cr have higher Johnson and Basu, 1993; McLennan et al., concentrations in mafic rocks (Ronov et 1993; Condie, 1993; Nesbitt et al., 1996; al., 1974; Wronkiewicz and Condie, 1987, Fedo et al., 1997) 1990). The major element discrimination The paleoredox condition of diagrams of Bhatia (1983) has commonly sediments is delineated using the ratios of been used to classify the tectonic settings redox-sensitive trace elements which of sedimentary basins as applied in this include V/Cr, Ni/Co and Th/U ratios work (e.g., Armstrong-Altrin et al., 2004), (Jones and Manning, 1994). These ratios although attention is drawn to their reflect depositional environments of subjective usage (Armstrong-Altrin and sediments as anoxic, oxic or dysoxic. The Verma, 2005), as the diagrams are amount of weathering undergone by produced using the concentration of highly sediments is studied using weathering mobile elements including SiO2, Na2O, indices like Chemical Index of Weathering CaO and K2O. These oxides show low (CIW), Chemical Index of Alteration enrichment or depletion of quartz, mica (CIA), and Mineralogical Index of and plagioclase feldspars in intensely Alteration (MIA) (Harnois, 1988; Nesbitt weathered sediments. As opposed the and Young, 1992; Voicu et al., 1997). major oxides, rare earth elements (e.g., La, Although considerable work has Ce, Nd, Gd, Yb, Y), are most suitable for been carried out on the Lignite-bearing the discernment of provenance and Ogwashi-Asaba Formation, especially as it tectonic setting since they have relates to hydrocarbon exploration comparatively low mobility during stratigraphy of the oil-rich Niger Delta sedimentary processes and their short Basin, very little has been achieved in residence times in seawater (Taylor and understanding the paleoredox, McLennan, 1985; Bhatia & Crook, 1986; paleoweathering, provenance and source- Wronkiewicz & Condie, 1987, 1989 and area weathering of the. In this work an 1990). Also, trace elements, because they attempt is made to establish the are quantitatively transferred into paleoredox, paleoweathering, provenance sediments during sedimentary processes, and source-area weathering of the lignite reflect the signatures of the parent bounding shales in the Ogwashi Asaba materials and are thus, also suitable for Formation through inorganic signatures discerning the source rock compositions derived from the sediments, in order to and tectonic environments of sediments improve and add to the geological (Bhatia and Crook, 1986; McLennan, information concerning the formation. 1989; Condie, 1993). Elemental ratios Tropical Journal of Science and Technology, Volume 1 Number 1, 2020 17 Osokpor, J. and Nkwagu, S.: Geochemistry of lignite associated shales in Ogwashi-Asaba formation: Implication for paleoredox, source-area weathering, provenance and tectonic settings Fig 1. Location map of study area showing sample collection points in and around Obomkpa 1.1 Geology and field relation Neogene with an age range of Oligocene- The proximal (northern) Niger Delta is Miocene (Reyment, 1965; Short and characterized by three formational units, Stauble, 1967 and Dessauvagie, 1974) two of which (Imo Shale and Ameki (Fig. 2). Outcrops of the formation Formations) of Neogene age, hence older consists of interbeds of white, blue and than the objective formation in this study pink clays, cross-bedded sands, (Ogwashi-Asaba Formation) (Fig. 2). In carbonaceous mudstones, shales and seams general, the lithostratigraphic units of the of lignite (Okezie and Onuogu, 1971; Niger Delta Basin has been classified into Nwajide, 2013). From studies of pollen two: (i) the outcropping units found data, Okezie and Onuogu (1971, 1985) mainly in the northern depositional belt assigned the lignites to tropical and semi- (Doust and Omatsola, 1990) and (ii) tropical plants consisting mainly of palms. subsurface units, (Reyment, 1965; Frankl An upper floodplain environment of and Condry, 1967; Short and Stauble, deposition was inferred for the formation 1967; Adegoke, 1969; Whiteman, 1982; from the plot of Short and Stauble (1967). Nwajide, 2013) which occur in the central The samples obtained for this study are to distal delta. The outcropping units are from dark shales overlying lignite seams in surface lateral equivalents of the and around Obomkpa town (Fig. 3), a subsurface units (Fig. 2). community renowned for excellent Stratigraphically, the Ogwashi- exposures of the lignite facies of the Asaba Formation straddles the Paleogene- Ogwashi-Asaba Formation. Tropical Journal of Science and Technology, Volume 1 Number 1, 2020 18 SUBSURFACE SURFACE OUTCROPS Niger Delta Oldest known Youngest Southern Benue Oldest known Basin Age known Age Trough Age BASIN Stratigraphy Recent Benin Oligocene Recent Benin Formation Miocene Formation Recent Miocene Ogwashi-Asaba Agbada Formation Oligocene Formation Eocene Eocene Ameki Formation Eocene Delta Niger Imo Shale Paleocene Recent Formation Akata Eocene Eocene Nsukka Formation Formation Ajali Formation Maastrichtian Campanian Mamu Formation Campanian Anambra Anambra Campanian/ Maastrichtian Nkporo Shale Santonian
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (Silurian) Anoxic Palaeo-Depressions at the Western Margin of the Murzuq Basin (Southwest Libya), Based on Gamma-Ray Spectrometry in Surface Exposures
    GeoArabia, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2006 Gulf PetroLink, Bahrain Identification of early Llandovery (Silurian) anoxic palaeo-depressions at the western margin of the Murzuq Basin (southwest Libya), based on gamma-ray spectrometry in surface exposures Nuri Fello, Sebastian Lüning, Petr Štorch and Jonathan Redfern ABSTRACT Following the melting of the Gondwanan icecap and the resulting postglacial sea- level rise, organic-rich shales were deposited in shelfal palaeo-depressions across North Africa and Arabia during the latest Ordovician to earliest Silurian. The unit is absent on palaeohighs that were flooded only later when the anoxic event had already ended. The regional distribution of the Silurian black shale is now well-known for the subsurface of the central parts of the Murzuq Basin, in Libya, where many exploration wells have been drilled and where the shale represents the main hydrocarbon source rock. On well logs, the Silurian black shale is easily recognisable due to increased uranium concentrations and, therefore, elevated gamma-ray values. The uranium in the shales “precipitated” under oxygen- reduced conditions and generally a linear relationship between uranium and organic content is developed. The distribution of the Silurian organic-rich shales in the outcrop belts surrounding the Murzuq Basin has been long unknown because Saharan surface weathering has commonly destroyed the organic matter and black colour of the shales, making it complicated to identify the previously organic-rich unit in the field. In an attempt to distinguish (previously) organic-rich from organically lean shales at outcrop, seven sections that straddle the Ordovician-Silurian boundary were measured by portable gamma-ray spectrometer along the outcrops of the western margin of the Murzuq Basin.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sequence Stratigraphy of Niger Delta, Delta Field
    THE SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY OF NIGER DELTA, DELTA FIELD, OFFSHORE NIGERIA A Thesis by AJIBOLA OLAOLUWA DAVID OWOYEMI Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE August 2004 Major Subject: Geology SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY OF NIGER DELTA, DELTA FIELD, OFFSHORE NIGERIA A Thesis by AJIBOLA OLAOLUWA DAVID OWOYEMI Submitted to Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved as to style and content by: _______________________ _______________________ Brian J. Willis Steven L. Dorobek (Chair of Committee) (Member) _________________________ _________________________ Jerry L. Jensen Richard F. Carlson (Member) (Head of Department) August 2004 Major Subject: Geology iii ABSTRACT Sequence Stratigraphy of the Niger Delta, Delta Field, Offshore Nigeria. (August 2004) Ajibola Olaoluwa David Owoyemi, B. Tech (Honors), Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; M.B.A., Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Brian J. Willis The Niger Delta clastic wedge formed along the West Africa passive margin. This wedge has been divided into three formations that reflect long-term progradation: 1) pro-delta shales of the Akata Formation (Paleocene to Recent), 2) deltaic and paralic facies of the Agbada Formation (Eocene to Recent) and 3) fluviatile facies of the Benin Formation (Oligocene-Recent). This study combines a three-dimensional seismic image with well log data from Delta field to describe lithic variations of the Agbada Formation and develop a sequence stratigraphic framework. The 5000-feet thick Agbada Formation in Delta field is divided by five major sequence boundaries, each observed in seismic cross sections to significantly truncate underlying strata.
    [Show full text]
  • Sequence Stratigraphy of Niger Delta, Robertkiri
    SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY OF NIGER DELTA, ROBERTKIRI FIELD, ONSHORE NIGERIA A Thesis by OLUSOLA AKINTAYO MAGBAGBEOLA Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December 2005 Major Subject: Geology SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY OF NIGER DELTA, ROBERTKIRI FIELD, ONSHORE NIGERIA A Thesis by OLUSOLA AKINTAYO MAGBAGBEOLA Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved by: Chair of Committee, Brian J. Willis Committee Members, Steven L. Dorobek William. Bryant Head of Department, Richard F. Carlson December 2005 Major Subject: Geology iii ABSTRACT Sequence Stratigraphy of Niger Delta, Robertkiri Field, Onshore Nigeria. (December 2005) Olusola Akintayo Magbagbeola, B.Sc. (Honors); University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; M.Sc., University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Brian J. Willis Deposits of Robertkiri field, in the central offshore area of Niger Delta, comprise a 4 km thick succession of Pliocene to Miocene non-marine and shallow marine deposits. A sequence stratigraphic framework for Robertkiri field strata was constructed by combining data from 20 well logs and a seismic volume spanning 1400 km2. Major sequences, hundreds of meters thick, define layers of reservoir and sealing strata formed during episodic progradation and retrogradation of deltaic shorelines. These deposits progress upward from fine-grained prodelta and deep water shales of the Akata Formation through paralic sandstone-shale units of the Agbada Formation and finally to sandy non-marine deposits of the Benin Formation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Upper Ordovician Glaciation in Sw Libya – a Subsurface Perspective
    J.C. Gutiérrez-Marco, I. Rábano and D. García-Bellido (eds.), Ordovician of the World. Cuadernos del Museo Geominero, 14. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Madrid. ISBN 978-84-7840-857-3 © Instituto Geológico y Minero de España 2011 ICE IN THE SAHARA: THE UPPER ORDOVICIAN GLACIATION IN SW LIBYA – A SUBSURFACE PERSPECTIVE N.D. McDougall1 and R. Gruenwald2 1 Repsol Exploración, Paseo de la Castellana 280, 28046 Madrid, Spain. [email protected] 2 REMSA, Dhat El-Imad Complex, Tower 3, Floor 9, Tripoli, Libya. Keywords: Ordovician, Libya, glaciation, Mamuniyat, Melaz Shugran, Hirnantian. INTRODUCTION An Upper Ordovician glacial episode is widely recognized as a significant event in the geological history of the Lower Paleozoic. This is especially so in the case of the Saharan Platform where Upper Ordovician sediments are well developed and represent a major target for hydrocarbon exploration. This paper is a brief summary of the results of fieldwork, in outcrops across SW Libya, together with the analysis of cores, hundreds of well logs (including many high quality image logs) and seismic lines focused on the uppermost Ordovician of the Murzuq Basin. STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK The uppermost Ordovician section is the youngest of three major sequences recognized widely across the entire Saharan Platform: Sequence CO1: Unconformably overlies the Precambrian or Infracambrian basement. It comprises the possible Upper Cambrian to Lowermost Ordovician Hassaouna Formation. Sequence CO2: Truncates CO1 along a low angle, Type II unconformity. It comprises the laterally extensive and distinctive Lower Ordovician (Tremadocian-Floian?) Achebayat Formation overlain, along a probable transgressive surface of erosion, by interbedded burrowed sandstones, cross-bedded channel-fill sandstones and mudstones of Middle Ordovician age (Dapingian-Sandbian), known as the Hawaz Formation, and interpreted as shallow-marine sediments deposited within a megaestuary or gulf.
    [Show full text]
  • The Student's Elements of Geology
    The Student's Elements of Geology Sir Charles Lyell The Student's Elements of Geology Table of Contents The Student's Elements of Geology.........................................................................................................................1 Sir Charles Lyell............................................................................................................................................1 PREFACE......................................................................................................................................................2 CHAPTER I. ON THE DIFFERENT CLASSES OF ROCKS.....................................................................2 CHAPTER II. AQUEOUS ROCKS. THEIR COMPOSITION AND FORMS OF STRATIFICATION......................................................................................................................................8 CHAPTER III. ARRANGEMENT OF FOSSILS IN STRATA. FRESH−WATER AND MARINE FOSSILS.....................................................................................................................................................14 CHAPTER IV. CONSOLIDATION OF STRATA AND PETRIFACTION OF FOSSILS.......................21 CHAPTER V. ELEVATION OF STRATA ABOVE THE SEA. HORIZONTAL AND INCLINED STRATIFICATION....................................................................................................................................27 CHAPTER VI. DENUDATION..................................................................................................................40
    [Show full text]
  • Lithofacies, Palynofacies, and Sequence Stratigraphy of Palaeogene Strata in Southeastern Nigeria
    Journal of African Earth Sciences 41 (2005) 79–101 www.elsevier.com/locate/jafrearsci Lithofacies, palynofacies, and sequence stratigraphy of Palaeogene strata in Southeastern Nigeria Francisca E. Oboh-Ikuenobe a,*, Chuks G. Obi b, Carlos A. Jaramillo c a Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65409, USA b Department of Geology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria c Instituto Colombiano del Petroleo, AA 4185, Bucaramanga, Colombia Received 27 April 2004; received in revised form 9 November 2004; accepted 4 February 2005 Abstract Integrated sedimentologic, macrofossil, trace fossil, and palynofacies data from Paleocene-Middle Eocene outcrops document a comprehensive sequence stratigraphy in the Anambra Basin/Afikpo Syncline complex of southeastern Nigeria. Four lithofacies asso- ciations occur: (1) lithofacies association I is characterized by fluvial channel and/or tidally influenced fluvial channel sediments; (2) lithofacies association II (Glossifungites and Skolithos ichnofacies) is estuarine and/or proximal lagoonal in origin; (3) lithofacies association III (Skolithos and Cruziana ichnofacies) is from the distal lagoon to shallow shelf; and (4) shoreface and foreshore sed- iments (Skolithos ichnofacies) comprise lithofacies association IV. Five depositional sequences, one in the Upper Nsukka Formation (Paleocene), two in the Imo Formation (Paleocene), and one each in the Ameki Group and Ogwashi-Asaba Formation (Eocene), are identified. Each sequence is bounded by a type-1 sequence boundary, and contains a basal fluvio-marine portion representing the transgressive systems tract, which is succeeded by shoreface and foreshore deposits of the highstand systems tract. In the study area, the outcropping Ogwashi-Asaba Formation is composed of non-marine/coastal aggradational deposits representing the early trans- gressive systems tract.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Geology of the Rio Del Rey Basin, Offshore Cameroon
    Environ & m m en u ta le l o B r ACCESS Freely available online t i OPEN o e t P e f c h o Journal of Petroleum & n l o a l n o r g u y o J Environmental Biotechnology ISSN: 2157-7463 Review Article A Review of the Geology of the Rio Del Rey Basin, Offshore Cameroon Boris B Bate*, Maduka Bertram Ozumba, Edwin Ayuk Ndip and Dorcas S Eyinla Petroleum Geoscience Unit, Department of Geoscience, Institute of Life and Earth Science, Pan African University, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria ABSTRACT A review of the tectonic evolution, stratigraphic and structural framework, petroleum systems and hydrocarbon potential of the offshore portion of Rio Del Rey (RDR) Basin in Cameroon is presented in this paper. The RDR basin is a passive margin basin present in the Gulf of Guinea and it is located southeast of Niger Delta over an area of about 7,000 km2 offshore. Its stratigraphic components, like those of Niger Delta, comprise of a diachronous succession of prodelta shales (Akata Formation), overlain by delta front sands and shales (Agbada Formation), in turn, overlain by fluvial sands (Benin Formation). The age of this basin ranges from Eocene to Recent and it consists of four structural provinces namely; the growth fault province in the north, the Cretaceous Onshore province in the southeast, the Shale Ridge province in the southwest, and the Delta Toe-thrust in the south-central region. The RDR Basin features three stages of tectonic development: Pre-rift phase (Late Proterozoic to Late Jurassic); Syn-rift phase (Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous) and Post-rift phase (Late Cretaceous to Holocene).
    [Show full text]
  • Porosity Estimation Using Wire-Line Log to Depth in Niger Delta, Nigeria
    IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) e-ISSN: 2321–0990, p-ISSN: 2321–0982.Volume 3, Issue 4 Ver. II (Jul - Aug. 2015), PP 31-38 www.iosrjournals.org Porosity Estimation Using Wire-Line Log to Depth in Niger Delta, Nigeria Akankpo Akaninyene Okon1, Umoren Emmanuel Bassey2, Agbasi Okechukwu Ebuka3, 1,2,3, University of Uyo, Uyo Abstract: Porosity modeling was carried out in oil-wells of stacked reservoirs in south-east Niger Delta using gamma ray, resistivity, and sonic logs to determine lithologies and porosities. Lithologies of the formation were identified as sand and shale. Porosity values range from 0.013% to 94.08%. Porosity decreases with depth in normal compacted formation for the two wells .The following porosity equation has been modeled for the study area, Z = -3E-05Øz + 0.5785. This implies that, in the absence of core samples, porosity, φz can be estimated at any depth, Z in the area of study. The results of the porosity modeling can be applied in petroleum evaluation and overpressure prediction. It may also be useful for sedimentary basin analysis of the region. Keywords: Porosity Modeling, , Lithology, Reservoir, Sedimentary Basin. I. Introduction The porosity of a sedimentary layer is an important pa r a m e t e r for evaluating the potential volume of hydrocarbons it may contain. In other words, one of the essential attributes of any hydrocarbon reservoir is porosity. Almost all reservoirs have porosity in a range of 5 to 45% with the majority falling between 10 and 20% (Selley and Morrill, 1983; Egehetal., DOI: 10.9790/0990-03423138 www.iosrjournals.org 31 | Page Porosity Estimation Using Wire-Line Log To Depth In Niger Delta, Nigeria Figure 1: Structural section of the Niger Delta Complex showing Benin, Agbada and Akata formations (Short and Stauble, 1967; Weber and Daukuru, 1973; Whiteman, 1982) The Benin Formation (Figure1) is the upper alluvial coastal plain depositional environment of the Niger Delta Complex.
    [Show full text]
  • 3D Modelling and Basement Tectonics of the Niger Delta Basin from Aeromagnetic Data
    Chapter 3 3D Modelling and Basement Tectonics of the Niger Delta Basin from Aeromagnetic Data A.A. Okiwelu and I.A. Ude Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48158 1. Introduction Basement structure is crucial in determining the origin, deformation and evolution of basin as well as the influence of the basement in the overlying Phanerozoic rocks and deposition and migration of hydrocarbon within a basin [1]. In petroleum exploration the structural surface interpreted from magnetic depth estimates is often the best available approximation to the true crystalline (metamorphic/igneous) basement configuration and estimate of base‐ ment depth (sedimentary thickness) is a primary exploration risks parameter [2]. Specifical‐ ly, the magnetic basement is very relevant in the application of magnetics to petroleum exploration. Magnetic basement is the upper surface of igneous or metamorphic rocks whose magnetization is so much larger than that of sedimentary rocks. Magnetic basement may or may not coincide with geologic or acoustic basement. In the application of magnetic method, the source depth is one of the most important parameters. Others are the geometry of the source and contrast in magnetization. Basement structure determined from magnetic depth estimates provides insight into the evolution of more recent sedimentary features (subbasin, localization of reservoir bearing structures) in areas where the inherited base‐ ment fabrics or architecture has affected either continuously or episodically basin evolution and development [2]. Depths to the magnetic basement are very useful in basin modeling such as determination of source rock volume and source rock burial depth.
    [Show full text]
  • Sedimentology of the Hannibal Formation in Northeastern Missouri and Western Illinois
    Scholars' Mine Masters Theses Student Theses and Dissertations 1978 Sedimentology of the Hannibal formation in Northeastern Missouri and Western Illinois Michael Harry Deming Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses Part of the Geology Commons Department: Recommended Citation Deming, Michael Harry, "Sedimentology of the Hannibal formation in Northeastern Missouri and Western Illinois" (1978). Masters Theses. 3334. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/3334 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SEDIMENTOLOGY OF THE HANNIBAL FORMATION IN NORTHEASTERN MISSOURI AND WESTERN ILLINOIS BY MICHAEL HARRY DEMING, 1952- A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-ROLLA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE IN GEOLOGY 1978 T4 438 C . .l 172 pages Approved by (Advisor) . ' , I . / ii ABSTRACT The Hannibal Formation (Kinderhookian) occurring in northeastern Missouri and western Illinois is a fine­ grained, terrigenous, sedimentary unit which can be di­ vided into an upper and a lower portion, based on li­ thology. The upper portion consists of alternating coarse and argillaceous, fine siltstone units, while the lower portion consists of a silty mudstone with an occasional thin siltstone unit. At the extreme western margin of the formation, near where the Hannibal almost pinches out, the formation consists entirely of a silty claystone. Extending southward along the study area, the coarse siltstone units of the upper Hannibal become thinner, and eventually pinch out completely.
    [Show full text]
  • About the Author
    About the Author Nuhu Obaje is currently Professor of Geology at the Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria. He was formerly the Dean of the Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences and the Head of the Department of Geology and Mining (Jan. 2004–April 2008). He is a member of the Governing Council of the institution. Professor Obaje was selected by the Alfried Krupp Foundation in 2007 as one of five Senior Research Scientists selected on a world-wide competition for scientists who have made significant contributions to sci- entific research in their specialized fields to spend time at the Alfried Krupp Institute for Advanced Studies in Greifswald, Germany to complete a selected major research work. Professor Obaje was born on the 15th December 1961 at Ajaka in Igalamela Local Government Area of Kogi State (Nigeria). He attended Barewa College Zaria in the period from 1974 to 1979 and obtained the West African School Certificate (WASC/GCE) in Division One in June 1979. He later gradu- ated B.Sc. (2nd Class Upper Division) and M.Sc. Geology from the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria in 1984 and 1987 respectively; and the Ph.D. Geology from the University of Tuebingen (Germany) in 1994. Professor Obaje was later awarded the Royal Society of London postdoctoral fellowship in petroleum geochemistry at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland in 1997; the German Academic Exchange Service (re-invitation) postdoctoral fellow- ship in biostratigraphy at the University of Tuebingen in 1998; and the Alexander von Humboldt research fellowship in organic geochemistry and organic petrology at the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources in Hanover/Germany in 2002–2003.
    [Show full text]
  • High Resolution Sequence Stratigraphic and Reservoir
    HIGH RESOLUTION SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHIC AND RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION STUDIES OF D-07, D-08 AND E-01 SANDS, BLOCK 2 MEREN FIELD, OFFSHORE NIGER DELTA A Thesis by ADEGBENGA OLUWAFEMI ESAN Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December 2002 Major Subject: Geology HIGH RESOLUTION SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHIC AND RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION STUDIES OF D-07, D-08 AND E-01 SANDS, BLOCK 2 MEREN FIELD, OFFSHORE NIGER DELTA A Thesis by ADEGBENGA OLUWAFEMI ESAN Submitted to Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved as to style and content by: ______________________________ _____________________________ Steven L Dorobek Jerry Jensen (Co-Chair of Committee) (Co-Chair of Committee) ______________________________ _____________________________ Philip D. Rabinowitz Brian Willis (Member) (Member) __________________________________ Andrew Hajash (Head of Department) December 2002 Major Subject: Geology iii ABSTRACT High Resolution Sequence Stratigraphic and Reservoir Characterization Studies of D-07, D-08 and E-01 Sands, Block 2 Meren Field, Offshore Niger Delta. (December 2002) Adegbenga Oluwafemi Esan, B.Sc. (Honors), University of Ibadan, Nigeria; M.Sc., University of Ibadan, Nigeria; M.B.A., Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria Co-Chairs of Advisory Committee: Dr. Steven L. Dorobek Dr. Jerry Jensen Meren field, located offshore Niger Delta, is one of the most prolific oil- producing fields in the Niger Delta. The upper Miocene D-07, D-08 and E-01 oil sands comprise a series of stacked hydrocarbon reservoirs in Block 2 of Meren field. These reservoir sandstones were deposited in offshore to upper shoreface environments.
    [Show full text]