Strategic Implications of Phobos As a Staging Point for Mars Surface Missions Bret G
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Telling Time on Mars 41
Telling Time on Mars 41 The InSight Lander will arrive at Mars on September 20, 2016 according to Earth Time, but when will it arrive according to Mars Time? One Earth Day is exactly 24 hours long, so that the time between two High Noons is exactly 24 hours. But Mars rotates a bit more slowly and by Earth units, one Mars Day (called a Sol) is 24 hours and 40 minutes long. This photo was taken by the NASA Phoenix Lander on Sol 90, which is Earth date August 25, 2008 The Curiosity Rover can only safely move during the Martian daytime. This is when scientists on Earth can use TV cameras to watch where the rover is traveling. The Martian day is 40 minutes longer then the Earth day. That means scientists have to move their work schedule forward by 40 minutes each Earth day to keep up with sunrise and sunset on Mars. The rover landed on August 5, 2012 at about 10:30 pm Pacific Daylight Time (PDT), which was defined as Sol 0 for this mission. All of the navigation is performed by Navigation Engineers working at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Problem 1 - What time and date will it be on Earth on Sol 5? Problem 2 - Suppose that sunrise at the Curiosity lander happened on February 16, 2013 at 5:20 pm Pacific Standard Time (Sol 190 at 6:00 am Local Mars Time). A Navigation Engineer begins his work shift exactly at that moment. When will his shift have to start after 5 Sols have passed on Mars? Problem 3 – How many Sols have to elapse before his work shift once again starts at the same Earth time of 5:20 pm PST? Space Math http://spacemath.gsfc.nasa.gov Answer Key 41 Mars Sunrise and Sunset Tables http://www.curiosityrover.com/sundata/ Problem 1 - What time and date will it be on Earth on Sol 5? Answer: This will be 5 x (1 day and 40 minutes) added to August 5 at 10:30 pm PDT. -
Human Mars Architecture
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Human Mars Architecture Tara Polsgrove NASA Human Mars Study Team 15th International Planetary Probe Workshop June 11, 2018 Space Policy Directive-1 “Lead an innovative and sustainable program of exploration with commercial and international partners to enable human expansion across the solar system and to bring back to Earth new knowledge and opportunities. Beginning with missions beyond low-Earth orbit, the United States will lead the return of humans to the Moon for long-term exploration and utilization, followed by human missions to Mars and other destinations.” 2 EXPLORATION CAMPAIGN Gateway Initial ConfigurationLunar Orbital Platform-Gateway (Notional) Orion 4 5 A Brief History of Human Exploration Beyond LEO America at DPT / NEXT NASA Case the Threshold Constellation National Studies Program Lunar Review of Commission First Lunar Architecture U.S. Human on Space Outpost Team Spaceflight Plans Committee Pathways to Exploration Columbia Challenger 1980 1990 2000 2010 Bush 41 Bush 43 7kObama HAT/EMC MSC Speech Speech Speech Report of the 90-Day Study on Human Exploration of the Moon and Mars NASA’s Journey to National Aeronautics and November 1989 Global Leadership Space Administration Mars Exploration and 90-Day Study Mars Design Mars Design Roadmap America’s Reference Mars Design Reference Future in Reference Mission 1.0 Exploration Architecture Space Mission 3.0 System 5.0 Exploration Architecture Blueprint Study 6 Exploring the Mars Mission Design Tradespace • A myriad of choices define -
NASA Develops Wireless Tile Scanner for Space Shuttle Inspection
August 2007 NASA, Microsoft launch collaboration with immersive photography NASA and Microsoft Corporation a more global view of the launch facil- provided us with some outstanding of Redmond, Wash., have released an ity. The software uses photographs images, and the result is an experience interactive, 3-D photographic collec- from standard digital cameras to that will wow anyone wanting to get a tion of the space shuttle Endeavour construct a 3-D view that can be navi- closer look at NASA’s missions.” preparing for its upcoming mission to gated and explored online. The NASA The NASA collections were created the International Space Station. Endea- images can be viewed at Microsoft’s in collaboration between Microsoft’s vour launched from NASA Kennedy Live Labs at: http://labs.live.com Live Lab, Kennedy and NASA Ames. Space Center in Florida on Aug. 8. “This collaboration with Microsoft “We see potential to use Photo- For the first time, people around gives the public a new way to explore synth for a variety of future mission the world can view hundreds of high and participate in America’s space activities, from inspecting the Interna- resolution photographs of Endeav- program,” said William Gerstenmaier, tional Space Station and the Hubble our, Launch Pad 39A and the Vehicle NASA’s associate administrator for Space Telescope to viewing landing Assembly Building at Kennedy in Space Operations, Washington. “We’re sites on the moon and Mars,” said a unique 3-D viewer. NASA and also looking into using this new tech- Chris C. Kemp, director of Strategic Microsoft’s Live Labs team developed nology to support future missions.” Business Development at Ames. -
The Water Traces on the Martian Moons and Structural Lineaments
Flow folds of viscous ice-rock mixture in Phobos and Deimos(Martian moons) Pedram Aftabi * Introduction: Mars has two very small satellites called soil change to dry soils after few Phobos and Deimos( Hall 1887 reviewed in[7]) with minutes(subscribed).Therefore the ice rock mixture 22.2 and 12.6 km across respectively[15]which decreased in the volume and contracted in two type of surfaced by deposits[5]as a thick regolith or dust and the external shape as ellipsoid and the spherical(Fig4). with a significant interior ice or ice and rock mixture[8,4&6]. The small rocky moons of Mars, Deimos and Phobos, are irregular in shape and comparable in size to the asteroid Gaspra (Fig1[7]). Fig4-Shrinkage of the moon by evaporation of the ice matrix. Fig1-Martian moons Phobos,Deimos and the asteroid Gaspra(see b)spherical shrinkage c)ellipsoid shrinkage d)shrinkage folds in www.NASA.Gov). section2 of b e)shrinkage folds in the section3 of c compare to All Martian moons have irregular shapes(to ellipsoid), the primary phobos. F)The folds from top to the bottom in the upper most part of phobos. testament to their violent histories(Figs2&4). Their surfaces are distinctly different, most likely because of The PDMS 36[10] suggested for modeling viscous materials very different impact histories(Fig3 from like salt or ice [9, 1, 2&3]. Sand and PDMS mixture is good www.NASA.Gov).but the lines in this fig seen both in material for the simulations of the Ice and basalt articles in the phobos and Deimos[12,13]but presented sharp on the Martian moons[15]. -
Phobos, Deimos: Formation and Evolution Alex Soumbatov-Gur
Phobos, Deimos: Formation and Evolution Alex Soumbatov-Gur To cite this version: Alex Soumbatov-Gur. Phobos, Deimos: Formation and Evolution. [Research Report] Karpov institute of physical chemistry. 2019. hal-02147461 HAL Id: hal-02147461 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02147461 Submitted on 4 Jun 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Phobos, Deimos: Formation and Evolution Alex Soumbatov-Gur The moons are confirmed to be ejected parts of Mars’ crust. After explosive throwing out as cone-like rocks they plastically evolved with density decays and materials transformations. Their expansion evolutions were accompanied by global ruptures and small scale rock ejections with concurrent crater formations. The scenario reconciles orbital and physical parameters of the moons. It coherently explains dozens of their properties including spectra, appearances, size differences, crater locations, fracture symmetries, orbits, evolution trends, geologic activity, Phobos’ grooves, mechanism of their origin, etc. The ejective approach is also discussed in the context of observational data on near-Earth asteroids, main belt asteroids Steins, Vesta, and Mars. The approach incorporates known fission mechanism of formation of miniature asteroids, logically accounts for its outliers, and naturally explains formations of small celestial bodies of various sizes. -
The Case for Mars Subsurface Exploration
Ninth International Conference on Mars 2019 (LPI Contrib. No. 2089) 6279.pdf THE CASE FOR MARS SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION. L. W. Beegle1, V. Stamenković1, K. Zacny2.1Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. 2Honeybee Robotics, New York, NY, USA. The Martian subsurface is of enormous interest for Orbiters, landers and rovers, especially the two astrobiology, geochemistry, climatology, and In Situ MERs and Curiosity, have delivered data that have revo- Resource Utilization (ISRU) objectives, which cannot lutionized our understanding of ancient Martian surface be addressed with surface missions alone. Specifically, environments. Those data support a rich history of subsurface data are needed to continue the search for groundwater flow and a diverse, and from the surface extinct of extant life started by the Viking landers more very different, world hiding beneath the oxidized surficial than forty years ago and to prepare for human explora- regolith. InSight and future missions like the ExoMars tion. If Mars ever had life, whether it emerged on or and Mars 2020 rovers will aim to extend our knowledge of ancient habitable surface environments, to produce below the surface, then as the atmosphere thinned and unprecedented data on global large-scale interior proper- global temperatures dropped[1], life may have fol- ties, and to inform us about the very shallow Martian lowed the groundwater table to progressively greater regolithic subsurface. However, questions, in particular depths where stable liquid water could persist. At such about whether there ever was or is still life on Mars, how depths, life could have been sustained by hydrothermal the Martian climate changed over long periods of time, activity and rock-water reactions. -
Why NASA Consistently Fails at Congress
W&M ScholarWorks Undergraduate Honors Theses Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 6-2013 The Wrong Right Stuff: Why NASA Consistently Fails at Congress Andrew Follett College of William and Mary Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Follett, Andrew, "The Wrong Right Stuff: Why NASA Consistently Fails at Congress" (2013). Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 584. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/584 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Wrong Right Stuff: Why NASA Consistently Fails at Congress A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelors of Arts in Government from The College of William and Mary by Andrew Follett Accepted for . John Gilmour, Director . Sophia Hart . Rowan Lockwood Williamsburg, VA May 3, 2013 1 Table of Contents: Acknowledgements 3 Part 1: Introduction and Background 4 Pre Soviet Collapse: Early American Failures in Space 13 Pre Soviet Collapse: The Successful Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo Programs 17 Pre Soviet Collapse: The Quasi-Successful Shuttle Program 22 Part 2: The Thin Years, Repeated Failure in NASA in the Post-Soviet Era 27 The Failure of the Space Exploration Initiative 28 The Failed Vision for Space Exploration 30 The Success of Unmanned Space Flight 32 Part 3: Why NASA Fails 37 Part 4: Putting this to the Test 87 Part 5: Changing the Method. -
An Economic Analysis of Mars Exploration and Colonization Clayton Knappenberger Depauw University
DePauw University Scholarly and Creative Work from DePauw University Student research Student Work 2015 An Economic Analysis of Mars Exploration and Colonization Clayton Knappenberger DePauw University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.depauw.edu/studentresearch Part of the Economics Commons, and the The unS and the Solar System Commons Recommended Citation Knappenberger, Clayton, "An Economic Analysis of Mars Exploration and Colonization" (2015). Student research. Paper 28. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Scholarly and Creative Work from DePauw University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student research by an authorized administrator of Scholarly and Creative Work from DePauw University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. An Economic Analysis of Mars Exploration and Colonization Clayton Knappenberger 2015 Sponsored by: Dr. Villinski Committee: Dr. Barreto and Dr. Brown Contents I. Why colonize Mars? ............................................................................................................................ 2 II. Can We Colonize Mars? .................................................................................................................... 11 III. What would it look like? ............................................................................................................... 16 A. National Program ......................................................................................................................... -
The Moon (~1700Km) an Asteroid (~50Km)
1) inventory Solar System 2) spin/orbit/shape 3) heated by the Sun overview 4) how do we fnd out Inventory 1 star (99.9% of M) 8 planets (99.9% of L) - Terrestrial: Mercury Venus Earth Mars - Giant: Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Lots of small bodies incl. dwarf planets Ceres Pluto Eris Maybe a 9th planet? Moons of Jupiter Inventory (cont'd) 4 Galilean satellites (Ganymede, Callisto, Io & Europa), 3 Many moons & rings ~10 km (close to Jupiter, likely primordial) Mercury: 0 Venus: 0 Earth: 1 (1700km) Mars: 2 (~10km) Jupiter: 69 + rings Saturn: 62 + rings Uranus: 27 + rings Neptune: 14 + rings 2001J3: 4km Even among dwarf planets, asteroids, Kuiper belt objects, and comets. E.g., Pluto: 5 Eris: 1 Moons of Mars: Deimos & Phobos, ~10km Atmosphere no thick thick little thick Inventory (cont'd) ~105 known small objects in the - Asteroid belt (Ceres ~300 km) - Kuiper belt (Eris, Pluto, Sedna, Quaoar, ~1000 km) Estimated: ~1012 comets in the - Oort cloud (~ 104 AU) Associated: - zodiacal dust (fre-works on the sky: comets & meteorites) What are planets? IAU (for solar system): Orbits Sun, massive enough to be round and to have cleared its neighbourhood. More general: 6 1) no nuclear fusion (not even deuterium): Tc < 10 K 2) pressure provided by electron degeneracy and/or Coulomb force (l ~ h/p ~ d) (d ~ atomic radius) 3) can be solid or gaseous (with solid cores) --- similar density Mass & Mean r M [g/cm3] R~M J Jupiter 1.0 1.33 R R~M1/3 Saturn 0.3 0.77 R~M-1/3 Neptune 0.05 1.67 Uranus 0.04 1.24 Earth 0.003 5.52 Venus 0.002 5.25 planets brown dwarfs stars Mars 0.0003 3.93 Mercury 0.0002 5.43 3 MJ 13 MJ 80 MJ M Orbits inclination: largely coplanar (history) direction: all the same eccentricity: a few percent (except for Mercury) Titus-Bode (ftting) law (1766) planetary orbits appear to (almost) satisfy a single relation 'Predict' the existence of the asteroid belt (1801: Ceres discovered) coincidence or something deeper? other systems? Computer simulations indicate that planets are as maximally packed as allowed by stability. -
Our Solar System
This graphic of the solar system was made using real images of the planets and comet Hale-Bopp. It is not to scale! To show a scale model of the solar system with the Sun being 1cm would require about 64 meters of paper! Image credit: Maggie Mosetti, NASA This book was produced to commemorate the Year of the Solar System (2011-2013, a martian year), initiated by NASA. See http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/yss. Many images and captions have been adapted from NASA’s “From Earth to the Solar System” (FETTSS) image collection. See http://fettss.arc.nasa.gov/. Additional imagery and captions compiled by Deborah Scherrer, Stanford University, California, USA. Special thanks to the people of Suntrek (www.suntrek.org,) who helped with the final editing and allowed me to use Alphonse Sterling’s awesome photograph of a solar eclipse! Cover Images: Solar System: NASA/JPL; YSS logo: NASA; Sun: Venus Transit from NASA SDO/AIA © 2013-2020 Stanford University; permission given to use for educational and non-commericial purposes. Table of Contents Why Is the Sun Green and Mars Blue? ............................................................................... 4 Our Sun – Source of Life ..................................................................................................... 5 Solar Activity ................................................................................................................... 6 Space Weather ................................................................................................................. 9 Mercury -
Radar Imager for Mars' Subsurface Experiment—RIMFAX
Space Sci Rev (2020) 216:128 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00740-4 Radar Imager for Mars’ Subsurface Experiment—RIMFAX Svein-Erik Hamran1 · David A. Paige2 · Hans E.F. Amundsen3 · Tor Berger 4 · Sverre Brovoll4 · Lynn Carter5 · Leif Damsgård4 · Henning Dypvik1 · Jo Eide6 · Sigurd Eide1 · Rebecca Ghent7 · Øystein Helleren4 · Jack Kohler8 · Mike Mellon9 · Daniel C. Nunes10 · Dirk Plettemeier11 · Kathryn Rowe2 · Patrick Russell2 · Mats Jørgen Øyan4 Received: 15 May 2020 / Accepted: 25 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020 Abstract The Radar Imager for Mars’ Subsurface Experiment (RIMFAX) is a Ground Pen- etrating Radar on the Mars 2020 mission’s Perseverance rover, which is planned to land near a deltaic landform in Jezero crater. RIMFAX will add a new dimension to rover investiga- tions of Mars by providing the capability to image the shallow subsurface beneath the rover. The principal goals of the RIMFAX investigation are to image subsurface structure, and to provide information regarding subsurface composition. Data provided by RIMFAX will aid Perseverance’s mission to explore the ancient habitability of its field area and to select a set of promising geologic samples for analysis, caching, and eventual return to Earth. RIM- FAX is a Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar, which transmits a signal swept through a range of frequencies, rather than a single wide-band pulse. The operating frequency range of 150–1200 MHz covers the typical frequencies of GPR used in geology. In general, the full bandwidth (with effective center frequency of 675 MHz) will be used for The Mars 2020 Mission Edited by Kenneth A. -
Going Nowhere Why President Obama Must Give NASA a Destination
A Survey of Technology and Society Going Nowhere Why President Obama Must Give NASA a Destination aint Augustine famously wrote President Obama in early 2009 to in his Confessions that, as a young head a committee revisiting the plans Sman, he had prayed, “Lord make for NASA developed in the wake of the me chaste, but not yet.” Some sixteen 2003 Columbia accident. Those plans centuries later, another Augustine— involved the retirement of the space Norm Augustine, the head of a commit- shuttle by 2010 and its replacement tee deciding NASA’s future—may have with a new architecture for sending taken inspiration from his namesake astronauts to orbit, the Moon, and ulti- when he announced that he wants the mately Mars. Dubbed Constellation, United States to have a bold manned this new architecture would include space exploration program, but not yet. new rockets and spacecraft, both of Augustine, the former CEO of which NASA spent several years and Lockheed Martin, was selected by billions of dollars designing. Spring 2010 ~ 109 Copyright 2010. All rights reserved. See www.TheNewAtlantis.com for more information. State of the Art In its final report, published in Obama approach. For instance, Burt October 2009, the Augustine committee Rutan, the respected engineer whose called for cancelling the Constellation SpaceShipOne won the Ansari X-Prize program’s drive to return to the Moon in 2004, has suggested that the Obama by 2020. Augustine and his colleagues proposal amounts to “a surrender of further noted that while “Mars is the our preeminence