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A Novel Molecular Imprinting Polymer for the Selective Adsorption of D-Arabinitol from Spiked Urine

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A Novel Molecular Imprinting Polymer for the Selective Adsorption of D-Arabinitol from Spiked Urine Turkish Journal of Chemistry Turk J Chem (2020) 44: 1265 – 1277 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/chem/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/kim-2002-56 A novel molecular imprinting polymer for the selective adsorption of D-arabinitol from spiked urine Yuni RETNANINGTYAS1;∗, Ganden SUPRIYANTO2, Ni NYOMAN TRI PUSPANINGSIH2, Roedi IRAWAN3, Siswandono SISWODIHARDJO4 1Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jember, Jember, Indonesia 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia 3Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia 4Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Facultyof Pharmacy, University of Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia Received: 21.02.2020 • Accepted/Published Online: 19.05.2020 • Final Version: 26.10.2020 Abstract: In this research, molecular imprinting polymers (MIPs) for D-arabinitol were synthesized using a bulk polymerization method through a noncovalent approach. The MIPs were prepared by using D-arabinitol as a template, acrylamide as a functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylateas cross-linker, benzoyl peroxide as an initiator and dimethyl sulfoxideas a porogen. MIPS was synthesized in several formulas with a different molar ratio of template to functional monomers and cross-linker. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the MIPs produced. A batch rebinding assay was used to test the binding efficiency of each formula. Batch rebinding test results revealed that MIPsF3 with a molar ratio of the template: monomer and cross- linker ratio respectively (1: 4: 25) had the highest binding capacity at 1.56 mgg −1 . The results of isotherm adsorption showed that the MIPs produced followed the Freundlich equation with an R-value of 0.97. The MIPs produced was also selective toward its isomeric compounds (i.e. L-arabinitol, adonitol, xylitol, and glucose). The extraction efficiency of the MIPs against D-arabinitol was 88.98%. Key words: MIPs, D-arabinitol, bulk polymerization, noncovalent, selective adsorption 1. Introduction D-arabinitol is a typical metabolite product of several Candida species that are pathogenic. The levels of D- arabinitol in serum and urine increase if the fungus Candida proliferates in the organism and causes invasive candidiasis [1]. In the late 1970s, high levels of D-arabinitol were found in the blood of systemic candidiasis patients. This fact made D-arabinitol potentially useful as a diagnostic tool in candidiasis patients. However, the incorporation of D-arabinitol as a diagnostic tool ultimately achieved a low specificity because the increased levels of D-arabinitol in the blood were not only found in candidiasis patients but also patients suffering from kidney dysfunction. To avoid false-positive results due to kidney damage, D-arabinitol levels are usually expressed in terms of the ratio D-arabinitol to creatinine or the ratio of D- to L-arabinitol [2–9]. Determination of the creatinine to the D-arabinitol ratio and D- to L-arabinitol ratio requires a separation method that can effectively separate D- and L-arabinitol because both are present in urine in the formof enantiomers.D-arabinitol levels in body fluids are quite low. The normal level of D-arabinitol in serum isaround 0.2 µg mL-1 while in urine it is around 10 µg mL-1 [1], so to make D-arabinitol a diagnostic tool requires a ∗Correspondence: [email protected] 1265 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. RETNANINGTYAS et al./Turk J Chem sensitive and selective method. Early studies used gas chromatography (GC) or GC-mass spectrometry to detect and quantify D-arabinitol in serum [10–13]. However, these methods require expensive equipment, and specimen processing and analysis require considerable time and effort. To remediate this deficiency, several fluorometric or spectrophotometric enzyme assays using recombinant protein D-arabitol dehydrogenase were developed [14–16,3]. The main draw back of these analytical procedures is the unstable and tedious application in the preparation of biological recognition materials. Another method involves the electrochemical determination of D-arabitol [17]. Unfortunately, selectivity, especially to stereoisomers, of this chemosensor is low. Recently, an electric chemosensor using QCR and EG-FET based on polymers molecularly imprinted through the covalent approach has been successfully developed. Both chemosensors reveal significant enantio- and stereoselectivity with respect to D-arabinitol. Nevertheless, this method has a disadvantage related to the limits of detection of this method. It is higher than the level of the D-arabitol concentration in the urine of patients infected with candidiasis [18]. Therefore, there is a clear need to develop a suitable, selective, and sensitive determination of D-arabinitol in real samples. One method of separation that is quite effective for separating enantiomeric compounds involves using molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), even when the compound is in a complex matrix, as in amino acid enantiomers [19]. For that, in this research, we developed molecularly imprinted polymers as a separate joint sample with liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS). MIPs are synthetic polymers having specific cavities planned for a template molecule, which are synthe- sized by the copolymerization of functional and cross-linking monomers in the presence of a target analyte or template. In the most common preparation procedure, monomers make a complex with a template in the course of covalent or noncovalent interaction [20]. In this research noncovalent imprinting or self assembly approach is adopted during polymerization. In a noncovalent printing system, a mixture of prepolymerization consisting of templates and functional monomers will occur through noncovalent interactions. Noncovalent printing is much more flexible in terms of binding sides and can be diplomatic in a variety of models. Besides, thenoncovalent approach is experimentally more straight forward relative to the covalent printing method because the stage of its complexity is achieved only by mixing the template with functional monomers in the appropriate solvent. Such did not require template derivatization, and template removal is usually sufficient by washing polymers [21]. One of the most reliable modern analytical methods is liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), which has advantages of both accurate identification and quantification of analyte target. Herein we present a simple and straight forward method for the performance detection of D-arabinitol based MIPs as selective sorbents for extraction and further determination of D-arabinitol from urine by LC-MS as sensitive and accurate identification and quantification of analyte target. This work aims to synthesize a selective MIPs, a noncovalent approach was adopted to bind D-arabinitol in MIPs reversibly for its application to the treatment of complex matrices. This scheme as MIPs permits the sensitive, uncomplicated, and inexpensive separation and determination of D-arabinitol in urine samples by LC-MS. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Materials All chemicals were ofanalyticalgrade, D-arabinitol, acrylamide,ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), and dimethyl sulfoxide, L-arabinitol, xylitol, glucose, and adonitol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, United States); while benzoyl peroxide, methanol (MeOH), and chloroform were purchased from Merck (Kenilworth, NJ, USA); and acetic acid was purchased from Alpha Chemika (Mumbai, India). 1266 RETNANINGTYAS et al./Turk J Chem 2.2. Equipment TheBranson 2510 ultrasonic cleaner from Marshall Scientific (New Hampshire, USA) was used to disperse the mixtures.Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra of polymer particles were recorded with Bruker Alpha ATR eco Ge from Bruker (Billerica, MA, USA). EBA20-Hettich was used to centrifuge and separate the polymer particles from the solution. Scanning electronmicroscopeInspect S-50; FEI Company, (Hillsboro, OR, USA) was used to study the morphology of polymer particles. Shimadzu LC-MS 2020 from Shimadzu (Tokyo, Japan) for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (LC-MS) on a SunFire C 18 with 5 µm particle size. 4.6 mm internal diameter and 250 mm length (Waters, Milford, USA) column were used in the quantitation of D-arabinitol. 2.3. Synthesis of MIPs and NIPs of D-arabinitol The synthesis of MIPs D-arabinitol was completed by the following procedure: 1 mmol of a template (D- arabinitol), 4 mmol of monomers (acrylamide), 20 mmol of cross-linker (EGDMA), and 50 mL of porogen (DMSO) were inserted into 150 mL Erlenmeyer, then stirred until a homogeneous solution was formed. Next, the initiator, 1% b/v benzoyl peroxide in chloroform was added and stirred until homogeneous. This solution was purged with nitrogen gas for 15 min to remove air bubbles so that the dissolution process could run perfectly. Then, the Erlenmeyer was closed and placed in a water bath. Polymer synthesis was carried out at 60 ◦ C for 12 h. Nonimprinted polymers (NIPs) were synthesized with the same procedures and conditions as those used in MIPs synthesis but without the addition of a template. The same procedures and conditions were also incorporated into the synthesis of other imprinted polymer D-arabinitol polymers with varying compositions of acrylamide and EGDMA using the free radical solution
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