DOCSLIB.ORG

Division of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry, Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Division of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry, Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology Division of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry, Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology Cold-Shock Injury and Rapid Cold Hardening in the Flesh Fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis Author(s): Cheng-Ping Chen, David L. Denlinger and Richard E. Lee Jr. Source: Physiological Zoology, Vol. 60, No. 3 (May - Jun., 1987), pp. 297-304 Published by: University of Chicago Press . Sponsored by the Division of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry, Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30162282 Accessed: 25-02-2016 14:44 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Division of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry, Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology and University of Chicago Press are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Physiological Zoology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 134.53.236.18 on Thu, 25 Feb 2016 14:44:30 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions COLD-SHOCKINJURY AND RAPIDCOLD HARDENING IN THE FLESHFLY SARCOPHAGACRASSIPALPIS' CHENG-PINGCHEN,2 DAVID L. DENLINGER,2AND RICHARD E. LEE,JR.3 Departmentof Entomology,Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; and Department of Zoology, MiamiUniversity at Hamilton,Hamilton, Ohio 45011 (Accepted9/16/86) Directexposure to -10 C, in the absenceof tissue freezing,causes high mortality in Sarcophagacrassipalpis: this result suggests that injury is due to coldshock. However, briefacclimation at 0 C enableslarvae, pupae, and pharateadults of Sarcophaga crassipalpisto survive-10 C. Chillingfor as shorta periodas 10 min enabled50% of the flies to survivea 2-h exposureto -10 C. Enhancementof cold tolerancewas linearover the firsthour of chillingat 0 C. Theoptimal temperature range eliciting the rapidacclimation response was 6-0 C, butthe effect could also be stimulatedby hightemperature (36 C). The rapid increase in coldtolerance correlates with concom- itantincreases in hemolymphosmolality and glycerol levels. This response suggests a novelrole for glycerol in protectinginsects against injury resulting from cold shock, althoughother unidentified mechanisms may be involvedin thisresponse. That both nondiapause-and diapause-programmedflies respond to short-termchilling indicates that this rapidresponse is not partof the diapausesyndrome but probablyfunctions in eithertype of fly as an adaptationto survivebrief periods of low temperature. INTRODUCTION causing injury in cells during freezing Cold shock is a form of cellularinjury (McGrath1985). Studies observedimmediately after rapid cooling of cold hardeningin insectshave but in the absenceof ice formationin ex- generallyfocused on cold tolerance and tracellularfluids (Morris et al. 1983). This survivalabove and below the temperature phenomenonis also referredto as thermal at which spontaneousnucleation of body water shock or direct-chillinginjury. Cold shock occurs, termed "the supercooling is distinct from indirect-chillinginjury, point (SCP)"(Baust and Lee 1982). Based on this criterion,a speciesis as which occurs after long-termexposure-- categorized daysor weeks-to low temperatures(Levitt freeze-tolerantor freeze-intolerant.The 1980). The extent of cold-shockinjury in- cold-hardening process may include creaseswith higherrates of coolingand the changes in whole-body SCPs, the accu- absolutelimit of low-temperatureexposure. mulation of low molecularweight polyols Althoughnot generallyaccepted as a wide- and sugars,and the synthesisof thermal spreadcellular response to chilling,recently hysteresisfactors and ice-nucleatingagents it has been arguedthat cold shock may be (see reviewsby Baust 1981; Duman and a significant, but unrecognized, factor Horwath 1982; Zachariassen1985). To study the dynamicsof the cold-hardening process,most investigatorshave used rel- 'We appreciatethe assistanceof Dr.G. R. Needham atively long periodsof acclimationto low in determininghemolymph melting points and we thank Dr. J. J. McGrathfor his commentson the temperaturelasting more than 1 day, or manuscript.This researchwas supportedin part by more commonly, weeks (Ring 1981; Lee grantno. 8300051from USDA-CRGO to D.L.D.and and Baust 1985).But, in this studyof Sar- by the NationalScience Foundation, DCB-8517875 cophaga crassipalpis,we find that a very to R.E.L. short (10 min-2 h) exposureto low tem- 2 Presentaddress: Department of Entomology,Ohio has a in StateUniversity, 1735 Neil Avenue,Columbus, Ohio perature dramaticeffect allowing 43210. flies, even nondiapausingones, to survive 3 Presentaddress: Department of Zoology,Miami subzerotemperatures. University-Hamilton, 1601 Peck Boulevard,Ham- does not tolerate Ohio 45011. Sarcophagacrassipalpis ilton, tissuefreezing at any stageof development (Leeand 1985).The SCPin both Physiol.Zool. 60(3):297-304. 1987. Denlinger @ 1987by The Universityof Chicago.All diapausing and nondiapausingpupae is rightsreserved. 0031-935X/87/6003-8663$02.00 around -23 C, but diapausingpupae are 297 This content downloaded from 134.53.236.18 on Thu, 25 Feb 2016 14:44:30 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 298 C. CHEN, D. DENLINGER,AND R. LEE, JR. able to survivetemperatures near the SCP LOW-TEMPERATUREEXPOSURE only afterbeing in diapauseseveral weeks. Pupae used for low-temperatureexpo- Nondiapausingpupae, although they have surewere placed in testtubes (10 X 1.5cm). the same low SCP, are unable to survive Eachtreatment consisted of threereplicates temperaturesapproaching the SCP (Lee of 15-20 pupae each. After exposuresof and Denlinger1985). variousdurations to chillingtemperatures This studyfocuses mainly on the pharate (0 and/or -5 + 1 C), pupaewere exposed adultstage of nondiapausingflesh flies and to temperaturesof -10 C or below using a describesthe effectof briefperiods of chill- LaudaRMT-20 (Brinkmann) low-temper- ing at 0 C on enhancingthe fly's capacity ature bath filled with water and ethylene to surviveat lower temperatures(-10 C). glycol (1:1).All pupaewere then returned Several other developmental stages, in- to 26 C until adultemergence. cludingflies programmed for diapause,are also examined.We test the possibilitythat CRYOPROTECTANTDETERMINATION cryoprotectantlevels may riserapidly in re- Low molecular were an- to ex- weightpolyols sponse short-term,low-temperature alyzed by high performanceliquid chro- posure. matography (Waters Associates) as de- MATERIALAND METHODS scribedby Lee et al. (1983). Sampleswere storedin a freezerat -40 C beforeanalysis. INSECTREARING For each extraction,two specimenswere A colony of the flesh fly, Sarcophaga weighed and homogenized in 3 ml of crassipalpisMacquart, was maintainedin methanol in a Teflon-glasstissue homog- the laboratoryas describedby Denlinger enizer for two 20-s intervals.The homog- (1972). Parentaladults were reared at 25 C enizer was rinsedwith 2 ml of methanol with either a diapause-inducingphotope- and the samplecentrifuged at 2,000 g for riod (12L:12D) or a nondiapausephoto- 5 min. The supernatantwas transferredto period (15L:9D). Larvaeand pupae were a clean sample tube, and the pellet was kepteither at 20 or 25 C underthe maternal reextractedtwo more times with 3 ml of photophase.Short-day conditions at 20 C methanol. The pooled supernatantwas producea high incidence(>95%) of pupal forcedthrough a prewashed(2 ml methanol diapause.The developmentalstatus of each and 2 ml distilledwater) Sep-Pak C18 car- pupa was determinedby removingthe an- tridge and evaporatedto drynessusing a teriorportion of the pupariumand looking Reacti-Vap evaporator (Price Chemical forsigns of antennalformation and the eye- Co.) with low heat and compressedair for pigmentation characteristicsof pharate 3 h. The samplewas then resuspendedin adult development (Fraenkeland Hsiao a 0.5-ml ethanol:watermixture (1:1) and 1968). filteredthrough a 0.22-rgmfilter and ana- concentrationswere ex- DEVELOPMENTALSTAGES lyzed. Glycerol pressedin mM units based on water-con- At 20 C, larvaefeed forabout 7 daysand tent data (Adedokunand Denlinger1985) then leave the food as third instar larvae reportedfor correspondingdevelopmental and enter a wanderingphase that lasts 4 stagesof the same species. days for nondiapause-destinedlarvae and 6 days for diapause-destinedlarvae. Pupa- tion occurs4 days afterpupariation, and, MELTINGPOINT DETERMINATION if diapause intercedes, development is Hemolymphmelting points were mea- halted at the stage of the phanerocephalic suredwith a nanoliterosmometer (Clifton pupa.In nondiapausepupae, pigmentation TechnicalPhysics) using the method de- is visible 14 days after pupariation, and scribedby Frickand Sauer(1973). Standard adults emerge aroundday 21. At 25, pu- osmolarconcentrations and distilledwater pariationoccurs 4 daysearlier, and the time wereused with each sample platform. Dur- frompupariation to adulteclosion is 9 days ing the melting process,temperature was less. Diapausecan be maintainedat 20 C slowlyincreased until only a single crystal for more than 120 days,but some individ- was visible. Readingsin mosmolarswere uals startbreaking diapause after 60 days. transformedto melting
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Alteration of Antioxidant Enzyme Gene Expression During Cold Acclimation of Near Isogenic Wheat Lines
    This is an author-generated copy of the paper published in: Plant Science 165 (2003) 1221–1227. The published version is available online at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01689452 Alteration of antioxidant enzyme gene expression during cold acclimation of near isogenic wheat lines Kwang-Hyun Baeka, Daniel Z. Skinnera,b,* a Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, 210 Johnson Hall, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA b USDA/ARS, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, 209 Johnson Hall, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420. USA *Corresponding author. Tel.: +2-509-335-3475; fax: +2-509-335-2553 E-mail address: [email protected] (D.Z. Skinner) Baek and Skinner -2 Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are harmful to living organisms due to the potential oxidation of membranes, DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates. Freezing injury has been shown to involve the attack of ROS. Antioxidant enzymes can protect plant cells from oxidative stress imposed by freezing injury, therefore, cold acclimation may involve an increase in the expression of antioxidant enzymes. In this study, quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure the expression levels of antioxidant enzymes during cold acclimation in near isogenic lines (NILs) of wheat, differing in the Vrn1-Fr1 chromosome region that conditions winter versus spring wheat growth habit. The antioxidant genes monitored were mitochondrial manganese-superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), chloroplastic Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu,ZnSOD), iron-superoxide dismutase (FeSOD), catalase (CAT), thylakoid-bound ascorbate peroxidase (t-APX), cytosolic glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), cytosolic mono-dehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR), chloroplastic dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR). The expression levels were up- regulated (MnSOD, MDAR, t-APX, DHAR, GPX, and GR), down-regulated (CAT), or relatively constant (FeSOD and Cu,ZnSOD).
    [Show full text]
  • Insect Cold-Hardiness: to Freeze Or Not to Freeze Richard E. Lee, Jr. Bioscience, Vol. 39, No. 5
    Insect Cold-Hardiness: To Freeze or Not to Freeze Richard E. Lee, Jr. BioScience, Vol. 39, No. 5. (May, 1989), pp. 308-313. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0006-3568%28198905%2939%3A5%3C308%3AICTFON%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8 BioScience is currently published by American Institute of Biological Sciences. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/aibs.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic journals and scholarly literature from around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers, and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community take advantage of advances in technology. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www.jstor.org Tue Jan 8 14:40:48 2008 Insect Cold-hardiness: To Freeze or Not to Freeze How insects survive low temperatures by Richard E.
    [Show full text]
  • Proteins Involved in Distinct Phases of Cold Hardening Process in Frost Resistant Winter Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) Cv Luxor
    Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 8000-8024; doi:10.3390/ijms14048000 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Molecular Sciences ISSN 1422-0067 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms Article Proteins Involved in Distinct Phases of Cold Hardening Process in Frost Resistant Winter Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv Luxor Iva Hlaváčková 1,2,*, Pavel Vítámvás 2, Jiří Šantrůček 1, Klára Kosová 2, Sylva Zelenková 3, Ilja Tom Prášil 2, Jaroslava Ovesná 2, Radovan Hynek 1 and Milan Kodíček 1 1 Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; E-Mails: [email protected] (J.Š.); [email protected] (R.H.); [email protected] (M.K.) 2 Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507/73, 161 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic; E-Mails: [email protected] (P.V.); [email protected] (K.K.); [email protected] (I.T.P.); [email protected] (J.O.) 3 Department of Plant Experimental Biology, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +420-220-444-384; Fax: +420-220-445-167. Received: 21 January 2013; in revised form: 28 March 2013 / Accepted: 29 March 2013 / Published: 12 April 2013 Abstract: Winter barley is an economically important cereal crop grown in higher latitudes and altitudes where low temperatures represent an important environmental constraint limiting crop productivity. In this study changes in proteome of leaves and crowns in a frost tolerant winter barley cv.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology of Mountain Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Cold Hardening in the Intermountain West
    PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL ECOLOGY Ecology of Mountain Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Cold Hardening in the Intermountain West 1 2 B. J. BENTZ AND D. E. MULLINS Environ. Entomol. 28(4): 577Ð587 (1999) ABSTRACT The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, spends the majority of its life cycle within the phloem of pine trees, experiencing exposure to temperatures below Ϫ30ЊC in many parts of their expansive range. To better understand cold tolerance capabilities of this insect, seasonal patterns of cold-hardiness, as measured by supercooling points in the laboratory, were compared with seasonal patterns of host tree phloem temperatures at several geographic sites for 2 beetle generations. Larvae were found to be intolerant of tissue freezing, and supercooling points measured appear to be a reasonable estimate of the lower limit for survival. Of the compounds analyzed, glycerol was found to be the major cryoprotectant. No differences in supercooling points were found among instars or between larvae collected from the north and south aspect of tree boles. Both phloem temperatures and supercooling points of larvae collected from within the phloem were found to be different among the geographic sites sampled. Mountain pine beetle larvae appear to respond to seasonal and yearly ßuctuations in microhabitat temperatures by adjusting levels of cold hardening. KEY WORDS Dendroctonus ponderosae, bark beetle, supercooling point, freeze intolerant THE MOUNTAIN PINE beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae tectants such as polyhydric alcohols (polyols) and Hopkins, which overwinters under the bark of pine sugars (Hamilton et al. 1985, Lee and Denlinger 1991). trees in a nonmobile stage, is unable to escape low Polyol synthesis is known to be triggered by low- temperature exposure.
    [Show full text]
  • An Invitation to Measure Insect Cold Tolerance: Methods, Approaches, and Workflow
    Western University Scholarship@Western Biology Publications Biology Department 10-1-2015 An invitation to measure insect cold tolerance: Methods, approaches, and workflow. Brent J Sinclair [email protected] Litza E Coello Alvarado Laura V Ferguson Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/biologypub Part of the Biology Commons Citation of this paper: Sinclair, Brent J; Coello Alvarado, Litza E; and Ferguson, Laura V, "An invitation to measure insect cold tolerance: Methods, approaches, and workflow." (2015). Biology Publications. 68. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/biologypub/68 1 REVIEW 2 3 An invitation to measure insect cold tolerance: methods, approaches, and 4 workflow 5 Brent J. Sinclair*, Litza E. Coello Alvarado & Laura V. Ferguson 6 Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada 7 8 Address for correspondence: Dept. Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, 9 N6A 5B7, Canada 10 Email: [email protected]; tel: 519-661-2111 x83138; fax: 519-661-3935 11 12 1 1 2 13 Abstract 14 Insect performance is limited by the temperature of the environment, and in temperate, 15 polar, and alpine regions, the majority of insects must face the challenge of exposure to low 16 temperatures. The physiological response to cold exposure shapes the ability of insects to 17 survive and thrive in these environments, and can be measured, without great technical 18 difficulty, for both basic and applied research. For example, understanding insect cold 19 tolerance allows us to predict the establishment and spread of insect pests and biological 20 control agents. Additionally, the discipline provides the tools for drawing physiological 21 comparisons among groups in wider studies that may not be focused primarily on the 22 ability of insects to survive the cold.
    [Show full text]
  • The Physiology of Cold Hardiness in Terrestrial Arthropods*
    REVIEW Eur. J. Entomol. 96: 1-10, 1999 ISSN 1210-5759 The physiology of cold hardiness in terrestrial arthropods* L auritz S0MME University of Oslo, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 1050 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway; e-mail: [email protected] Key words. Terrestrial arthropods, cold hardiness, ice nucleating agents, cryoprotectant substances, thermal hysteresis proteins, desiccation, anaerobiosis Abstract. Insects and other terrestrial arthropods are widely distributed in temperate and polar regions and overwinter in a variety of habitats. Some species are exposed to very low ambient temperatures, while others are protected by plant litter and snow. As may be expected from the enormous diversity of terrestrial arthropods, many different overwintering strategies have evolved. Time is an im­ portant factor. Temperate and polar species are able to survive extended periods at freezing temperatures, while summer adapted species and tropical species may be killed by short periods even above the freezing point. Some insects survive extracellular ice formation, while most species, as well as all spiders, mites and springtails are freeze intoler­ ant and depend on supercooling to survive. Both the degree of freeze tolerance and supercooling increase by the accumulation of low molecular weight cryoprotectant substances, e.g. glycerol. Thermal hysteresis proteins (antifreeze proteins) stabilise the supercooled state of insects and may prevent the inoculation of ice from outside through the cuticle. Recently, the amino acid sequences of these proteins have been revealed. Due to potent ice nucleating agents in the haemolymph most freeze tolerant insects freeze at relatively high temperatures, thus preventing harmful effects of intracellular freezing.
    [Show full text]
  • Deacclimation and Reacclimation of Cold-Hardy Plants: Current Understanding and Emerging Concepts Scott R
    Plant Science 171 (2006) 3–16 www.elsevier.com/locate/plantsci Review Deacclimation and reacclimation of cold-hardy plants: Current understanding and emerging concepts Scott R. Kalberer a, Michael Wisniewski b, Rajeev Arora a,* a Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA b United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA Received 14 December 2005; received in revised form 14 February 2006; accepted 18 February 2006 Available online 23 March 2006 Abstract The abilities of cold-hardy plants to resist deacclimation during transient warm spells and to reacclimate when cold temperatures return are significant for winter survival. Yet compared to the volume of research on the biology of cold acclimation, relatively little is known about how plants maintain and/or reacquire cold hardiness in late winter and spring. This review summarizes the past 40 years of research into deacclimation and reacclimation in herbaceous and woody plants and suggests questions that should be addressed with multi-disciplinary approaches to more comprehensively understand the biology of winter-survival in plants. Deacclimation and reacclimation are highly dependent on exogenous and endogenous factors such as the ambient temperatures, water availability, photoperiod, energy budget and metabolism, growth and development, and the dormancy status of plants. Putative mechanisms of these hardiness transitions are discussed based on the published accounts of changes in carbohydrates (e.g., compatible solutes), membrane lipids, proteins (e.g., dehydrins), antioxidants, photosynthesis, and gene expression. In conclusion, the relationships between environmental determinants, gene expression and regulation, cellular and organismal structure and function, and the consequent cold hardiness transitions in plants are discussed and debated.
    [Show full text]
  • Cell Membrane Permeability and Antioxidant Activities in the Rootstocks of Miscanthus X Giganteus As an Effect of Cold and Frost Treatment A
    Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality 82, 158 - 162 (2009) 1 Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, Agricultural University of Cracow, Kraków, Poland 2 F. Górski’ Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland Cell membrane permeability and antioxidant activities in the rootstocks of Miscanthus x giganteus as an effect of cold and frost treatment A. Płażek1, F. Dubert2, K. Marzec1 (Received November 26, 2007) Summary first winter. The loss of many plants results in the necessity of spring re- planting, so increasing production costs. The consequence of vegetative The aim of the study was to estimate the ability of Miscanthus x reproduction is a small range of genetic variability within this species, giganteus to acquire frost tolerance. Field grown rootstocks were so it is very difficult to select plants with higher frost resistance. transferred into pots and cultivated in a glasshouse at 20°C. After The mechanisms responsible for freezing tolerance are not very well 5 weeks plants were pre-hardened at 12°C for a further 2 weeks and then understood, and have a very wide background. Herbaceous plants from hardened at 5°C for another 3 weeks. After this time, plants were frozen temperate regions survive temperatures ranging from -5°C to -30°C, at -8°C or -15°C for 1, 3 or 5 days, after which their regrowth at 20°C while plants from tropical regions generally have little or no capacity was investigated. The membrane permeability (electrolyte leakage), to survive even the slightest frost. Many important crops, such as rice, activity of the catalase (CAT), non-specific peroxidase (PX), and protein maize, soybean, cotton and tomato are chill sensitive and incapable of content in stolons were measured, before and after pre-hardening, as cold acclimation.
    [Show full text]
  • Calcium Signaling Mediates Cold Sensing in Insect Tissues
    Calcium signaling mediates cold sensing in insect tissues Nicholas M. Teetsa,1, Shu-Xia Yib, Richard E. Lee, Jr.b, and David L. Denlingera,c,1 aDepartment of Entomology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; bDepartment of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056; and cDepartment of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 Contributed by David L. Denlinger, April 10, 2013 (sent for review January 30, 2013) The ability to rapidly respond to changes in temperature is a critical of ∼15,000 tested) were differentially expressed following 2 h of adaptation for insects and other ectotherms living in thermally RCH (18) whereas, in Drosophila melanogaster, RCH failed to variable environments. In a process called rapid cold hardening increase the expression of five genes previously linked to cold (RCH), insects significantly enhance cold tolerance following brief tolerance (19). Thus, we hypothesize that RCH is primarily (i.e., minutes to hours) exposure to nonlethal chilling. Although mediated by second messenger systems that do not require the the ecological relevance of RCH is well-established, the underlying synthesis of new gene products. Indeed, signaling pathways such physiological mechanisms that trigger RCH are poorly understood. as MAP kinase (20, 21) and apoptosis signaling (22, 23) have RCH can be elicited in isolated tissues ex vivo, suggesting cold- been linked to RCH although the upstream cold-sensing mech- sensing and downstream hardening pathways are governed by anisms that trigger these pathways are unknown. brain-independent signaling mechanisms. We previously provided One of the most remarkable features of RCH is that isolated preliminary evidence that calcium is involved in RCH, and here we tissues retain the capacity for RCH ex vivo (24, 25), indicating firmly establish that calcium signaling mediates cold sensing in that cells directly respond to low temperature in the absence of insect tissues.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mechanism of Hardening on the Basis of the SH⇔SS Hypothesis of Freezing Injury
    Title The Mechanism of Hardening on the Basis of the SH⇔SS Hypothesis of Freezing Injury Author(s) Levitt, J. Citation Cellular Injury and Resistance in Freezing Organisms : proceedings, 2, 51-61 Issue Date 1967 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/20408 Type bulletin (article) International Conference on Low Temperature Science. I. Conference on Physics of Snow and Ice, II. Conference on Note Cryobiology. (August, 14-19, 1966, Sapporo, Japan) File Information 1_p51-61.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP The Mechanism of Hardening on the Basis of the SH~SS Hypothesis of Freezing Injury J. LEVITT Department a/Botany, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A. Abstract It has long been known that the accumulation of sugars during hardening of young plants at low temperature (0 to 5°C) is due to a greater decrease in utilization of reserves than in rate of photosynthesis. The increase in freezing resistance is usually ascribed to this accumulation of sugars. From the point of view of the SH~SS hypothesis, the reducing action of the light reactions of photosynthesis is mO're important than the sugar accumulation. It is probable that these light reactions show less of a decrease in rate at low temperatures than do the dark reactions of photo­ synthesis. As a result, the accumulated NADPH is available for protein SS reduction to SH. This would lead to exposure of free chain ends, permitting hydrolysis by proteolytic enzymes. As a result, protein molecular size would decrease and non-protein (amino acid or peptide) SH would be released.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of a Trehalose Diet on Cold Tolerance in Aphaenogaster Picea
    University of Vermont ScholarWorks @ UVM UVM Honors College Senior Theses Undergraduate Theses 2018 The Effect of a Trehalose Diet on Cold Tolerance in Aphaenogaster Picea Julia Clare Cline Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/hcoltheses Recommended Citation Cline, Julia Clare, "The Effect of a Trehalose Diet on Cold Tolerance in Aphaenogaster Picea" (2018). UVM Honors College Senior Theses. 238. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/hcoltheses/238 This Honors College Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Undergraduate Theses at ScholarWorks @ UVM. It has been accepted for inclusion in UVM Honors College Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ UVM. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The effect of a trehalose diet on cold tolerance in Aphaenogaster picea Julia Cline The University of Vermont Department of Biology CAS/HCOL Thesis Committee Members Dr. Sara Helms Cahan (Advisor) Dr. Nathan Sanders (Chair) Dr. Brent Lockwood 1 Abstract Ants living in thermally variable environments need to be able to tolerate both high and low temperature extremes. One way that insects handle cold is through the accumulation of cryoprotectants, such as sugars, that increase cold tolerance by lowering the freezing point of liquids in the hemolymph. The disaccharide sugar molecule trehalose is an important cryoprotectant in many insect species, but its role has not yet been studied in ants. I investigated whether the northern forest ant Aphaenogaster picea resists cold by producing trehalose from sugars in their diet. To understand whether dietary trehalose or its monosaccharide, glucose, increases cold tolerance, recovery from cold shocks at 0 C and -5 C was compared for ants maintained on trehalose, glucose or no-sugar diets.
    [Show full text]
  • EFFECT of COLD HARDENING on SOME PHOTOSYNTHETIC CHARACTERISTICS of PEA (Pisum Sativum L., CV
    BULG. J. PLANT PHYSIOL., 1996, 22(1–2), 13–21 13 EFFECT OF COLD HARDENING ON SOME PHOTOSYNTHETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PEA (Pisum sativum L., CV. RAN 1) PLANTS Ivan Yordanov*, Katya Georgieva, Tsonko Tsonev, Violeta Velikova Acad. M. Popov Institute of Plant Physiology, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 21, Sofia, 1113, Bulgaria Received July 29, 1996 Summary. The effect of 96 h cold acclimation of pea (Pisum sativum L., cv. Ran 1) plants on their photosynthetic capacity was investigated. It was found that pea plants were able to modulate their photosynthetic rate dur- ing growth at low temperature and adjust it to needs for survival. The ad- vantages of hardening to low temperature were very clearly expressed when the effects on O2 evolution and on the relative part of QB non-reduc- ing centres were analysed. Analysis of photosynthetic rates and fluorescence parameters showed that these processes were more resistant to freezing in cold hardened than in non-hardened pea plants. It was proposed that for pea plants the maintenance of active photosynthesis at low overzero tempera- tures is also very important for survival, because in early spring such unfa- vourable conditions are not rare. Key words: acclimation, chlorophyll fluorescence, low temperature, photo- chemical activity, photosynthesis Abbreviations: LT – low temperature; PS – maximum photosynthetic maxCO2 CO uptake; PS – maximum photosynthetic O evolution; H – hard- 2 maxO2 2 ened; NH – non-hardened; CH – cold hardened; PFD – photon flux density; IK – induction kinetics; PS – photosystem; F0, Fv and Fm – initial, variable and maximal fluorescence, respectively; RC – reaction centre(s); QA and QB – the primary and secondary electron acceptors of PS2.
    [Show full text]