Discrete Symmetries and CP Violation From Experiment to Theory
M. S. Sozzi University of Pisa
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS CONTENTS
Preface vii Acknowledgements xi
1 Symmetries and invariances 1 1.1 Symmetry and invariance 1 1.2 Transformations and symmetries in quantum theory 2 1.3 Symmetries and conservation laws 6 1.4 Discrete transformations and inversions 9 1.5 Symmetry violations 12
2 Parity 15 2.1 Parity transformation 15 2.2 Parity symmetry 30 The determination of the neutral pion parity 36 2.3 Parity violation 42 Beta decay asymmetries from polarized nuclei 47 Longitudinal polarization of beta decay electrons 53 Beta decay asymmetries of free polarized neutrons 57 Muon decay asymmetries 59 Optical rotation of light 70 Inelastic electron scattering 74 M011er scattering 75 Parity-violating gamma decay asymmetry 80 Circular polarization of gamma decay radiation 83
3 Charge conjugation 88 3.1 Charge conjugation transformation 88 3.2 Charge conjugation symmetry 98 3.3 Charge conjugation violation 108 Charge conjugation tests in positronium decay 111 7r+2 -7r° asymmetries 116 xiv CONTENTS
4 Time reversal 121 4.1 Time reversal transformation 121 4.2 Of phase factors 130 4.3 Time reversal symmetry 136 4.4 Time reversal violation 154 Muon transverse polarization in semi-leptonic K decays 157 Transverse polarization in beta decay 163 Beam searches for neutron EDM 175 ILL storage EDM experiment 179 The muon EDM 185
5 CPT and spin statistics 195 5.1 CPT symmetry 195 5.2 Experimental tests of CPT 205 Penning trap measurements 208 Positronium decay correlation tests 215 5.3 Super-selection mies 218 5.4 Spin and statistics 221 Search for antisymmetric two-photon states 227
6 CP symmetry 231 6.1 CP symmetry: found and lost 231 The discovery of CP violation 240 The proof of CP violation 245 6.2 Consequences of CP symmetry 250 6.3 CP violation signatures 260 Hyperon decay asymmetry measurements 264
7 Flavoured neutral mesons 276 7.1 Flavoured neutral meson mixing 276 7.2 Flavoured neutral meson decays 292 7.3 Time evolution of flavour eigenstates 300 7.4 Asymmetries 309 7.5 Meson pairs 313
8 CP violation in the K system 322 8.1 Neutral kaons: generalities 322 8.2 Semi-leptonic decays 328 Semi-leptonic charge asymmetries 332 CONTENTS xv
8.3 Two-pion decays and direct CP violation 334 Direct CP violation in neutral K decays 351 8.4 Time reversal violation 358 T violation in neutral K mixing 359 8.5 CPT symmetry 362 8.6 Three-pion decays 370 8.7 Other decay modes 375 8.8 Coherent kaon pairs 377 8.9 C,P properties of CP violation 380
9 The link to theory 383 9.1 Early concepts 383 9.2 The Standard Model 385 9.3 From theory to measurements 399 9.4 From measurements to theory 411 9.5 Other scenarios 414
10 CP violation in heavy meson systems 419 10.1 Flavour mixing 419 10.2 D mesons 421 10.3 B mesons phenomenology 426 10.4 B meson experiments 435 B-factory experiments 440 Interference CP violation at B-factories 443
11 Widening the picture 455 11.1 Symmetries of gravity 455 11.2 The strong CP problem 459 11.3 The cosmic connection 460 11.4 Mirror matter 480 11.5 Macroscopic chirality 481
Coda 483
Appendix A Notation 485
Appendix B Quantum field theory 487 B.1 Scalar fields 487 B.2 Fields with spin 490 B.3 Interactions 493 xvi CONTENTS
Appendix C Scattering in quantum theory 495 C.1 Scattering 495 C.2 Approximations 500
Appendix D The Dalitz Fabri plot 503
Appendix E Spin and polarization 506 E.1 Polarization 506 E.2 Covariant polarization 508 E.3 Time evolution 511 E.4 Massless particles 512
Appendix F Systematic errors 514 F.1 Of errors, mistakes and experiments 514 F.2 Treatment of systematic errors 516 F.3 Of errors and cross checks 522
Bibliography 526
List of Experiments 545
Index 547