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Party Politics, Military Coups and Political Assassination in Post-Independence Nigeria 1966-2016

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Party Politics, Military Coups and Political Assassination in Post-Independence Nigeria 1966-2016 ISSN 1712-8056[Print] Canadian Social Science ISSN 1923-6697[Online] Vol. 13, No. 2, 2017, pp. 1-14 www.cscanada.net DOI:10.3968/9215 www.cscanada.org Join Us or Be Junked? Party Politics, Military Coups and Political Assassination in Post-Independence Nigeria 1966-2016 John Sunday Ojo[a],* [a] School of Politics and International Studies, University of Leeds, Key words: Political assassination; Political parties; United Kingdom. Democracy; Politics; Military coups; Nigeria *Corresponding author. Received 25 November 2016; accepted 17 January 2017 Ojo, J. S. (2017). Join Us or Be Junked? Party Politics, Military Published online 26 February 2017 Coups and Political Assassination in Post-Independence Nigeria 1966-2016. Canadian Social Science, 13(2), 1-14. Available Abstract from: http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/css/article/view/9215 Nigeria attained independence on October 1st 1960 as DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/9215 a nation-state comprised of divergence ethnic clusters. By the time of independence, the country was set on the footpath of democratization by the colonial state. The effort at democratization was short-lived by the military INTRODUCTION coup that claimed the lives of many civilians. The Violence has never been an instrument used by us, as founding political threshold is therefore attributed to the nauseating fathers of the Nigerian Republic, to solve political problems. … root of political assassination that scaled through many I consider it most unfortunate that our “Young Turks” decided political transitions in the post-independence Nigeria. to introduce the element of violent revolution into Nigerian This paper interrogates the interplay between party politics. No matter how they and our general public might have politics, stratocracy and political related carnages since been provoked by obstinate and perhaps grasping politicians, it is an unwise policy…. As far as I am concerned, I regard termination of colonial occupation in Nigeria. The study the killings of our political and military leaders as a national traces the major political assassination cases from 1966 calamity….1 to 2016. Drawing upon massive political killings, the article explains the root cause of immoral ecology of My job is to obliterate military targets through the use of politically related murders and its horrible implications. destructive force. I must debilitate the enemy through killing enemy soldiers and reduce the enemy’s arsenals. In the process, It found that the deplorable military cosmopolitan some civilians may be harmed or killed. But that country’s governance, skyrocket political factionalism, cataclysmic leaders have acted unconsciously and pose a threat to peace. So ethno-religious politics, avalanche criminalization of the the enemy’s must be attacked. I harbor no malice toward the political party system, hegemonic political incumbency human beings who will be destroyed through my actions. I am and faltering judicial system elicit contagious politically following the commands of my superior officers. My country is depending upon me. It is my duty to fight when summons to motivated killings in Nigeria. The paper concludes by fight. (Calhoun, 2002, pp.2-3) providing recommendation that application of intra- party and inter-party dialogues become a mechanism for The foregoing postulations demonstrate the importation averting political homicide in political engagements and of violence, state sponsored assassination/military coups electioneering. To this end, there is a need for Nigerian and paid killings, fixated in democratic political lexicon, political elites to eschew from inflammatory catch phrase such conjecture lends credence to Nigeria’s political arena such as “do-or-die” “rig and roast” and other grumbling words that encourages political bloodbath. Hence, 1 sanitization of politics that extricate narcissistic interest is See Nnamdi Azikwe quoted in Omoigui (undated) Operation “Aure”: The Northern Military Counter-Rebellion of July 1966. a pungent bludgeon to sustain political civility in Nigerian Retrieved 2015, December 12 from http://www.Africamasterweb. emerging democracy. com/countercoup 1 Copyright © Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture Join Us or Be Junked? Party Politics, Military Coups and Political Assassination in Post-Independence Nigeria 1966-2016 as animated haven and organic vibes for power mongers, have been killed by a timed bomb. This thus represents political barons, godfathers, criminal syndicates, rogue, the profound rhetoric of political murders in the Western mafia-like politicians and dictatorial power huntsmen democracies and the global South (Jones & Olken, 2008). that considered political leadership a money-spinning Following parallel trend in Nigeria, political profession. Central to the Nigerian political discourse is assassination is rooted in political milieu. It is an the conviction observed by Richard Joseph, he posited instrument used both by the miscreants and the that “ambivalent nature of state power, inherited from the government to eliminate political opponents,3 that colonial era expanded considerably since independence influence the practice and conduct of democracy to the in ways which have deepened this ambivalence” (Joseph, extent that the dichotomy between crime and politics 1983). Moreover, the configuration of Nigeria’s society becomes wooly (Oladele, 2006), abetted with high embedded in multi-ethnic clusters constructs a beneficial magnitude of corruption, unemployment, poverty, political atmosphere for political brokers who exploit malfunctioning security agencies and lack of political the opportunity to foster personal accumulation through will in the part of government to protect law and order,4 the political pitfall created by the colonial institution. making socio-political environment more frightening for Similarly, Claude Ake put forward a facsimile replication individuals in the country.5 Between 1960 to-date, Nigeria of Nigerian socio-political impasse, he posited that, has experienced high profile political murders without the crux of the problem is the over-politicization of social life devising adequate investigative measure by the national ....we are intoxicated with politics: The premium on political security agencies especially the Nigerian Police Force power is so high that we are prone to take the most extreme (NPF) to bring the perpetrators to book (Igbafe & Offiong, measures in order to win and maintain political power; our 2007). Even when the police apprehend the suspects, low energy tends to be channeled into the struggle for power to the level ruffians becomes point of target while neglecting detriment of economically productive efforts.2 the politicians who sponsor them. Innocent citizens are The extreme measures taken by most politicians in arrested, just to hoodwink the general public that they winning election demand Nigeria’s depreciative stance in have performed their civil obligations (Human Rights Africa, as rightly noted by Margery Parham that, Nigeria’s Watch, 2003); some of the political assassination cases titular edifice as “giant of Africa” began to crumple as a are even attributed to armed robbery without justifiable result of political assassination that thwarts the political reports. The reason is not far-fetched from illicit events of January 1966 in which authoritarian regime interference of political godfathers, inadequate resources, pronounced its involvement in politics (Perham, 1970). constitutional lacuna, involvement of political office The participation of authoritarian regime in Nigerian holders, judicial ineptitude and institutional decay. The politics journeyed through 29 years (1966-1979 and 1983- major concern of this paper is to interrogate how party 1999), with abrogation of civil rights and rule of law, politics and military coups impel political assassination fashioning prospect for Nigerian political ecology to be in the post-independence Nigeria. Efforts are made militarized, violent and chaotic, even after the departure to account for numerous cases of unresolved political of uncivil rule (Igwe, 2012). The resultant effect therefore killings from 1960 to 2016. The article further stressed out advanced the abrasion of political assassination and the connections between party politics, military coups and violence as machination to settle political warfare which political related murders in post-colonial Nigeria. impedes the sustainability of Nigerian electoral democracy (Omotoso, 2013). Although, politically related murders are ubiquitous 1. PARTY POLITICS AND ELECTORAL in every political ambiance across the world, while ADMINISTRATION IN POST- the degree of its occurrences designates its distinction. America and other nations of the world have their portions INDEPENDENCE NIGERIA in political assassination. This includes the murder of Democracy requires an institution through which citizens Abraham Lincoln, John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther freehandedly permitted to choose political candidates. King. In Egypt, the killing of Awwal Sadat, Acquino of This required the creation of political parties with basic Phillipine, Patrice Lumumba of Congo as well as Indra principles, tenets and ideologies. Thus, a political party of India are typical examples of political assassination constitutes a set of people agreed to form ideological (Olaopa et al., 2009). In a similar direction, Jones & canons, aimed to capture and control the government Olken suggested that the assassination of political leaders
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