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Management Practices for Marginal Zones of Wetlands and Lakes

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Management Practices for Marginal Zones of Wetlands and Lakes Tøihoro Nukurøngi Management practices for marginal zones of wetlands and lakes NIWA Client Report: DOC8021 7 October2000 Taihoro Nukurangi Management practices for marginal zones of wetlands andlakes Paul D. Champion V/illiam B. Shaw* Preparedfor Conservation Sciences Section Department of Conversation Information contained within lhis report should nol be used without lhe prior consenl of the client NIWA Client Report: DOC80217 October 2000 National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd PO Box 1l-115, Hamilton New Zealand Tel: 07 8567026 Fax: 07 856 0l5l +Wildlife Consultants Ltd, 14 Foster Road, RD 4, Rotorua [email protected] New Zealand CoNTENTS ABSTRACT I. INTRODUCTION 2, CLASSIFICATION OF LAKES AND WETLANDS 2 2.1 Lakes 2 2.2 Wetlands 4 2.3 Discussion 5 3. FACTORS GOVERNING WETLANDS AND LAKE MARGINS 6 3.1 Processes in marginal zones of lakes and wetlands 8 3.1.1 Hydrolory 9 3.1.2 Erosion/deposition 9 3.1.3 Carbon cycling 9 3.1.4 Nutrient and toxin buffering and cycling 10 3.2 Biotic characteristics of the marginal zones of lakes and wetlands 1.2 3.2.1 Vegetation t2 3.2.2 Fauna 13 3.3 Human activities T4 l5 3 .3 . 1 Drainage and regulation of water level and flow 3.3.2 Changes in erosion/depositio t6 3.3.3 Changes in nutrient status l6 3.3.4 Increased incidence of fire t7 3.3.5 Grazing t7 3.3.6 Weeds 19 3.3.6 Animal pests 19 4. THE MANAGEMENT OF TI{E MARGINAL ZONES OF LAKES AND WETLANDS 20 4.1 Managementexamples 2l 4.1.1 Hydrologicalmanagement 2l 4.1.2 Management of erosion and nuffients 22 4.1.3 Weed prevention and control 23 5. NEW ZEALAND INITIATTVES IN WETLA}{D AND LAKE MARGIN MANAGEMENT 24 5.1 Landca¡e/ì.llWAResearchProgramme 24 5.2 Biodiversþ Stratery 24 5.3 Ministry for the Environment 24 5.6 QEII Covenants 25 5.1 Conservation Act Covenants 25 5.8 Fish and Game 25 5.9 Forestry practices 25 5.10 Register of wetland restoration projects 26 5.11 WERI 26 5.12 UNEP/GRID Project 26 6. Survey Of Current Wetland And Lake Marginal Management In New Zealand26 6.1 InformationTransfer 27 6.2 Landowners 27 6.3 Wetland restoration in cities 27 6.4 Trusts 28 6.5 Regional Councils and Unitary Authorities 28 6.6 District Councils 29 6.7 Department of Conservation 29 6.8 Fish and Game New Zealand 30 6.9 Multi-partycollaboration 30 6.10 Numbers of agencies and other parties 3t 6.11 Voluntaryprotection 31 6.12 General comments 3l 7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 32 8. REFERENCES 33 APPENDD( 1: Organisms dependent on riparian zones of lakes and/or wetlands 46 APPENDIX 2: Regional Councils, unitary authorities, territorial authorities, Department of Conservation and Fish & Game regions 58 Approved for release by : Dr J D Cooke Fonøßing chcclced Ø'3.'\".'" ' """ AnSTRACT This report presents a review of local and international literature and additional information to provide a basis for the development of guidelines for the management of the marginal zones of wetlands and lakes. This report was originally presented to DOC in July 1998. The contents have since been modified but not updated to include more recent information. This report reviews the requirement for functional classification of the main wetland/lake types in New Zealand, identification of factors that determine the structure and the ecosystem functions performed by these marginal zones, the biota contained within them and their requirements, the impacts of human activities, and potential management approaches and objectives related to the preservation and/or enhancement of these areas. It also presents a summary of current work undertaken by local government (regional and territorial authorities), Department of Conservation and Fish and Game New Zealand, and policy relating to this, throughout New Zealand. The main management issues identified are changes in hydrolory and the impacts of this on biogeochemisûry and wetland vegetation, runoff of excessive levels of nutrients, the effects of grazing and vegetation clearance, and the invasion of exotic plants and animals. The following management decision framework is suggested for any proposal based on an ecosystem-based assessment; review historic condition, identiff problem(s), produce an operational strategy, cha¡acterise the risks of this shategy, if risks are acceptable undertake management actions, monitor for changes, and refine management if necessary. A total of 110 agencies, including DOC conservancies and Fish and Game Regions are involved in the management of wetland and lake marginal zones in New Zealand. There is no co-ordinated approach to this management; but it is evident that there is considerable momentum in terms of both policy generation and physical works. Many initiatives involve multiple parties, often including private/lvfaori landowners and several management agencies. Often a lead management agency, such as a Regional Council, Ois prepared to fund much or all of the works required. This report should help to clarifr the level of information required to understand the dynamics of marginal zones of lakes and wetlands, and allow the integration of this with existing 'field -based' expertise in their management. Inter-agency forums were identified by many of those interviewed as the best means for technolory transfer. zones ofwetlands and lakes 1. INTRODUCTION NIWA was approached by the Department of Conservation to contribute towards the development of guidelines for the management of the marginal zones of wetlands and lakes to complement the joint NIWA/DoC publications (two volumes) "Managing Riparian Zones: A contribution to protecting New Zealand's rivers and streams" (Collier et al. 1995). As an initial step, this document presents a review of local and international literature and additional information to provide a basis for the development of management guidelines. This report was originally presented to DOC in Juty 1998. The contents have since been modified but not updated to include more recent information. This report reviews the classification of New Znaland wetlands and lakes, the factors that affect their function, processes and biota that occur within the marginal zone, impacts of human activities, and management approaches and objectives related to the preservation and/or enhancement of these areas. It also presents a summary of current work undertaken by local government (regional and territorial authorities), Department of Conservation and Fish and Game New Zealand, and policy relating to this, throughout New Zealand. The marginalzone of lakes and wetlands, also known as the land/water ecotone, is recognised as containing high conservation values. It is also an area under many threats, often occurring adjacent to land modified by human activities. Land and water uses on either side of this margin have major effects on its functions (e.g. Holland 1993, Burbridge 1994). In the past, the ad hoc trial and error approach to wetland/lake edge management has often led to ineffective remedial action (e.g. National Research Council l992,Denny 1993, Gopal 1994a)' Wetland and lake margins are complex, dynamic systems. Management of such areas requires an understanding of their ecology, hydrology, geomorphology and soils, and the interactions of these. This information can then be related to the threat posed by any human activity, or other stressors, and assist in the management of the system (Weller 1978, Johnson & Brooke 1989, Risser 1990, Mallory et al. 1995, Lemly teeT). There are several steps required to describe and understand wetlands, lakes and their margins, in order to ensure their effective management: o classifrcation of lake and wetland types to allow the diversity of wetland systems to be divided into a series of groups with similar management requirements (e.g' Bridgham etal.1996) ry' Management practiccs for marginal zones of wetlands and lakes ¡ identification and characterisation of the environment¿l factors that drive these systems (forcing factors) identification and characterisation ofthe processes and biota that occur in them evaluation of the effects of human activities (threats to conservation values, vulnerabitity to threa! priorities for management) and review of previous attempts to mitigate these effects. CLASSIF'ICATION OF' LA.KES AND WETLANDS There are a wide variety of lake and wetland types within New Zealand, each with its own protection requirements. Classification of these different types is the first step (with inventory of these Epes) in their effrcient management. Different classification approaches a¡e discussed below. 2.1 Lakes The classification of lakes is generally based on aspects of their limnology (Hutchinson 1957, Wetzel 1975), including geomorphology, physics and chemistry. New Zealand lakes have generally been classified according to their geomorphic origins (Irwin 1975, Lowe &. Green 1987), or physicochemical and biotic characteristics (Vant 1987, Burns 1998). Lowe & Green (1987) distinguish ten lake types: o Tectonic basins e.g. Lakes Hatuma, Poukawa o Volcanic e.g. Lakes Taupo, Rotorua" Omapere Glacial e.g. Lakes Wanak4 Brunner, kettleholes, tarns Landslides e.g. Lakes Waikaremoan4 Tutira, Kaniere o Phfogenic (peat) e.g. Lake Henrietta (near Waikaremoana), Kaipo Lagoon Riverine e.g. Lakes Maratoto, Whangape, oxbow lakes Wind-blown dune e.g. I¿kes Humuhumu, Ototo4 Wiritoa o Barrier-bar e.g. Lakes Rotongaio, Ellesmere - Management practices for marginal zones of wetlands and lakes . Karst e.g. Lakes Koroh4 Disappear o Man-made e.g. Lakes Karapiro, Benmore, Dunstan. A alternative classification based on thermal shatifrcation (Ward & þle 1997) defines four types: ¡ Shallow lakes, usually unstratified ¡ Intermittently stratified(polymictic) . Deepermoderate-sized stratified c Larga,deep,stratified Burns (1998) has defined seven trophic levels ranging from ultra-microtrophic to hypertrophic based on concentrations of chlorophyll a (indicative of phytoplankton), total nitrogen and phosphorus and Secchi depth (clarity). Lower nufient status is generally associated with larger stratified lakes and eutrophic to hypertrophic st¿tus with shallow lakes.
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