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Charles V, Monarchia Universalis and the Law of Nations (1515-1530)
+(,121/,1( Citation: 71 Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis 79 2003 Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline Mon Jan 30 03:58:51 2017 -- Your use of this HeinOnline PDF indicates your acceptance of HeinOnline's Terms and Conditions of the license agreement available at http://heinonline.org/HOL/License -- The search text of this PDF is generated from uncorrected OCR text. -- To obtain permission to use this article beyond the scope of your HeinOnline license, please use: Copyright Information CHARLES V, MONARCHIA UNIVERSALIS AND THE LAW OF NATIONS (1515-1530) by RANDALL LESAFFER (Tilburg and Leuven)* Introduction Nowadays most international legal historians agree that the first half of the sixteenth century - coinciding with the life of the emperor Charles V (1500- 1558) - marked the collapse of the medieval European order and the very first origins of the modem state system'. Though it took to the end of the seven- teenth century for the modem law of nations, based on the idea of state sover- eignty, to be formed, the roots of many of its concepts and institutions can be situated in this period2 . While all this might be true in retrospect, it would be by far overstretching the point to state that the victory of the emerging sovereign state over the medieval system was a foregone conclusion for the politicians and lawyers of * I am greatly indebted to professor James Crawford (Cambridge), professor Karl- Heinz Ziegler (Hamburg) and Mrs. Norah Engmann-Gallagher for their comments and suggestions, as well as to the board and staff of the Lauterpacht Research Centre for Inter- national Law at the University of Cambridge for their hospitality during the period I worked there on this article. -
Johannes Gutenberg Zim:///A/Johannes Gutenberg.Html
People David Livingstone p2 Henry Morton Stanley p12 Johann Gutenberg p16 Leonardo da Vinci p24 http://cd3wd.com wikipedia-for-schools http://gutenberg.org page no: 1 of 41 David Livingstone zim:///A/David_Livingstone.html David Livingstone 2008/9 Schools Wikipedia Selection. Related subjects: British History 1750-1900; Geographers and explorers David Livingstone ( 19 March 1813 – 1 May 1873) was a British Congregationalist pioneer medical missionary with the London Missionary Society and explorer in central Africa. He was the first European David Livingstone to see Mosi-oa-Tunya (Victoria Falls), to which he gave the English name in honour of his monarch, Queen Victoria. He is the subject of the meeting with H. M. Stanley, which gave rise to the popular quotation, " Dr Livingstone, I presume?" Perhaps one of the most popular national heroes of the late-nineteenth century in Victorian Britain, Livingstone had a mythic status, which operated on a number of interconnected levels: that of Protestant missionary martyr, that of working-class "rags to riches" inspirational story, that of scientific investigator and explorer, that of imperial reformer, anti-slavery crusader and advocate of commercial empire. His fame as an explorer helped drive forward the obsession with discovering the sources of the Nile River that formed the culmination of the classic period of European geographical discovery and colonial penetration of the African continent. At the same time his missionary travels, "disappearance" and death in Africa, and subsequent glorification as posthumous national hero in 1874 led to the founding of several major central African Christian missionary initiatives carried forward in the era of the European "Scramble for Africa." Early life Born 19 March 1813 David Livingstone was born on March 19, 1813 in the mill town of Blantyre, Lanarkshire, Scotland, into Blantyre, United Kingdom a Protestant family believed to be descended from the highland Livingstones, a clan that had been Died 4 May 1873 (aged 60) previously known as the Clan MacLea. -
War of the League of Cambrai (1508–1516) Or War of the Holy League Or 16Th Century Game of Throne
War of the League of Cambrai (1508{1516) or War of the Holy League or 16th Century Game of Throne Daniel Ueltschi Department of Mathematics, University of Warwick Quantissima III, 23 August 2019 An intense conflict with fascinating characters, diplomacy and war, guided by chance/fate D. Ueltschi (Univ. Warwick) History of Venice 23 August 2019 1 / 17 Situation around 1500 Venice has 180,000 inhabitants and is the second largest city in Europe after Paris and probably the richest in the world. The Republic of Venice has 70,000 km2 (27,000 sq mi) with 2.1 million inhabitants (England has 3 million, the whole of Italy 11, France 13, Portugal 1.7, Spain 6, and Germany/Holy Roman Empire 10) D. Ueltschi (Univ. Warwick) History of Venice 23 August 2019 2 / 17 Pope Julius II Born Giuliano della Rovere, he was elected in 1503, succeeding Pius III (who was Pope only a few months) and Alexander VI (Borgia) created the Swiss Guards commissioned Michelangelo to paint Sistine chapel his main goal was to \free Italy from the Barbarians" nicknamed the Warrior Pope or the Fearsome Pope, he modelled himself after Julius Cæsar Machiavelli described Julius II as the ideal prince. Erasmus strongly despised him D. Ueltschi (Univ. Warwick) History of Venice 23 August 2019 3 / 17 The situation France (King Louis XII) occupies North Italy Ferdinand of Aragon is crowned King of Two Sicilies (Naples, South Italy, Sicily) Pope Alexander VI had conquered Romagna. It is not clear whether these lands belong to the Papacy or to the Borgia family The Lords of Romagna seek Venetian help in order to expel Cesare Borgia. -
Ludovico Il Moro, Duke of Milan, and the Sforziada by Giovanni Simonetta in Warsaw, by D. R
LUDOVICO IL MORO, DUKE OF MILAN, AND THE SFORZIADA BY GIOVANNI SIMONETTA IN WARSAW D. R. Edward Wright I. PURPOSE OF SFORZIAD: SFORZA POLITICAL PROPAGANDA 1 The text of the book from which Leonardo da Vinci’s portrait came is known as the Sforziad or Commentaries on the Deeds of Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan. Its author, Giovanni Simonetta, served as secretary in the ducal chancery (1450 – 79), a position which allowed him access to state papers as a source for his biography. Written in humanist Latin from 1473 to 1476, at a time when Simonetta was trying to bring a Venetian printer to Milan, it “may have been the first work of history written for the press”. 2 In light of the research, done by Gary Ianziti, it appears to have been meant as a further shoring up of the Sforza political position. 3 Given the unwillingness of the Holy Roman Emperor to legitimize his rule by granting a formal imperial investiture with the duchy, Francesco advanced his claim on the basis of his marriage to a Visconti heir, Bianca Maria, his election as duke by the people, and the recognition of his status by other powers. According to Ianziti’s investigations this was not enough. It was deemed necessary to publicize his virtus, his capabilities as a strong military and political leader, to learned diplomats and humanist curial officials. Simonetta dedicated the first printing to Francesco’s grandson, Gian Galeazzo Sforza. Later editions commissioned by Ludovico Sforza had a similar purpose, that is to show Il Moro’s superior capacity for rule according to a “like father, like son” theory of inherited natural abilities first formulated by Aristotle in the Politics (I, vi, 1255 b): “they distinguish…noble and humble birth…they think that as men and animals beget men and animals, so from good men a good man springs.” The idea took root and was developed further in the Middle Ages, and the Italian Renaissance. -
Introduction
NOTES NOTES In the notes that follow, I hope to meet the needs of a variety of readers. I have included not only specific references for quotations and citations but also references to secondary works that have influenced my thinking in critical ways. The notes also provide additional references for those readers who may want to read more widely. At times, they take the form of brief explanatory or background essays that I hope will be of use to some readers. Introduction 1. John Knox, The First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women (Geneva, 1558), sig. 9 (text modernized). Knox’s “blast” is included in David Laing, ed., The Works of John Knox (Edinburgh, 1855), vol. 4, 363-420 (the quotation cited appears on p. 373). I have used many different sources in this study, including early printed books, like Knox’s, and original letters and documents printed in seventeenth-, eighteenth-, and nineteenth-century editions. In order to make the documents more accessible for readers, I have on occasion standardized the spelling and punctuation of the quotations that appear in the text; where I have modernized the text, I have so indicated in the notes. 2. After Knox, among the more notable entries in the lengthy debate about female rulers are John Gilby, An Admonition to England and Scotland to Call Them to Repentance (Geneva, 1558); Christopher Goodman, How Superior Powers Ought to be Obeyed of Their Subjects . (Geneva, 1558); Richard Bertie, “These answers were made by Mr. Richard Bertie, husband to the lady Catherine Duchess of Suffolk against the book of John Knox, 1558,” British Library MS Additional 48043 (Yelverton MS 48), fols. -
Godard 1 Andrea Alciato and the Politics of the Printed Image: A
Godard 1 Andrea Alciato and the Politics of the Printed Image: A Study of the Emblemata’s Origins, Evolution, and Abstraction Words signify, things are signified. However, sometimes things too can even signify, like the hieroglyphs in Horapollo and Chaeremon; I too have composed a book of epigrams in this genre; its title is Emblemata.1 Andrea Alciato, a Milanese jurist and erudite Renaissance humanist, wrote this passage in De verborum significatione, his philological interpretation of Roman law that, once published in 1530, further solidified his status as a scholar of international renown.2 Before the publication of this text, Alciato had taught law at universities in Avignon, Milan, and Bourges; he continued teaching until his death in 1550, moving frequently between France and Italy at the request of France’s King Francis I and Francesco Sforza, the Duke of Milan between 1521 and 1535.3 In addition to teaching and writing on law, Alciato also designed the emblem, a complex new literary genre combining word and image that became immensely popular across Europe. The passage cited above has, in recent years, generated much scholarly interest—not among legal historians, but among those who study emblems, or “things” that “signify” –and will provide the focus of my discussion in this paper.4 Even in Alciato’s highly academic work on legal interpretation, he still manages to allude to Greek hieroglyphs, epigrams, and his own collection of text/image forms (and all in only two sentences). Alciato thus clearly intertwined his professional career with his other intellectual pursuits, epitomizing the role of a cultivated Renaissance humanist. -
Leonardo Da Vinci Wednesday, November 24, 2010 5:40 PM
Leonardo Da Vinci Wednesday, November 24, 2010 5:40 PM VoiceThread http://voicethread.com/share/1562884/ Slides Notes Leonardo = The Renaissance Man What were his fields of expertise? Public domain Pasted from <http://www.moonmentum.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Leonardo_da_Vinci01.jpg> History Page 1 Image is one of Verrochio's sculptures - Leonardo was his apprentice. Leonardo's youth and apprenticeship - Grew up in Venice and was apprenticed to Verrocchio in 1466. It was the same year that Veroccio's master, Donatello, died. marriage Pasted from <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Verrochioorsanmichelle.jpg> http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Verrochioorsanmichelle.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Verrochioorsanmichelle.jpg By Ricardo André Frantz (User:Tetraktys) (taken by Ricardo André Frantz) [CC-BY-SA-2.5 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5)], via Wikimedia Commons from Wikimedia Commons Setting: Milan, Italy Date Sforza Castle In a letter to Ludovico il Moro he claimed to be able to create all sorts of machines both for the protection of a city and for siege. When he fled to Venice in 1499 he found employment as an engineer and devised a system of moveable barricades to protect the city from attack. He also had a scheme for diverting the flow of the Arno River, a project on which Niccolò Machiavelli also worked.[91][92] Leonardo's journals include a vast number of inventions, both practical and impractical. They include musical instruments, hydraulic pumps, reversible crank mechanisms, finned mortar