Volume2 10/21/03 3:38 PM Page 1 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR STUDENTS Volume2 10/21/03 3:38 PM Page 3 e e e e e e ee e e e e AN ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR STUDENTS Paul F. Grendler, Editor in Chief PUBLISHED IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE RENAISSANCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA Volume 2 DAILY LIFE—JULIUS II renasance_fm_v2_v3 10/22/03 1:59 PM Page iv The Renaissance An Encyclopedia for Students Paul F. Grendler, Editor in Chief IMAGING AND MULTIMEDIA: WRITERS: Copyright © 2004 Charles Scribner’s Sons. Lezlie Light, Robyn Young, Mary Grimes, Dave John Haley, Mark Mussari, Charles Roebuck, Developed for Charles Scribner’s Sons by Oblender, Leitha Etheridge-Sims, Dan Newell, Rebecca Stefoff Visual Education Corporation, Princeton, N.J. Christine O’Bryan For Scribners EDITORS: COMPOSITION: Tobey Cloyd, Cindy George, John Kennedy PUBLISHER: Evi Seoud Frank Menchaca ASSOCIATE EDITOR: MANUFACTURING: Sarah Miller EDITORS: Rhonda Williams John Fitzpatrick, Sharon Malinowski COPYEDITING SUPERVISOR: For Visual Education Corporation Helen Castro COVER AND INTERIOR DESIGN: Jennifer Wahi PROJECT DIRECTORS: ELECTRONIC PREPARATION: Darryl Kestler, Amy Livingston Fiona Shapiro ALL RIGHTS RESERVED For more information, contact For permission to use material from this No part of this book may be reproduced in Charles Scribner’s Sons product, submit your request via Web at any form or by any means—graphic, electron- 300 Park Avenue South http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you ic, or mechanical, including photocopying, New York, NY 10010 may download our Permissions Request form recording, taping, Web distribution, or infor- Or visit our Internet site at and submit your request by fax or mail to: mation storage retrieval systems—without http://www.gale.com/scribners the written permission of the publisher. Permissions Department Since this page cannot legibly accommodate The Gale Group, Inc. Gale and Design™ and Thomson Learning™ all copyright notices, the acknowledgments 27500 Drake Rd. are trademarks used herein under license. constitute an extension of the copyright Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 notice. Permissions Hotline: 248-699-8006 or 800-762-4058 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG-IN-PUBLICATION DATA The Renaissance : an encyclopedia for students / Paul F. Grendler. p. cm Summary: An encyclopedia of the Renaissance with articles on various aspects of social, cultural, and political history such as literature, gov- ernment, warfare, and technology, plus maps, charts, definitions, and chronology. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-684-31281-6 (set hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-684-31282-4 (v. 1) — ISBN 0-684-31283-2 (v. 2) — ISBN 0-684-31285-9 (v. 3) — ISBN 0-684-31284-0 (v. 4) — ISBN 0-684-31424-X (e-book) 1. Renaissance—Encyclopedias, Juvenile. [1. Renaissance— Encyclopedias.] I. Grendler, Paul F. II. Encyclopedia of the Renaissance. III. Title. CB361.R25 2003 940.2’1’03—dc22 This title is also available as an e-book ISBN 0-684-31424-X (set) Contact your Gale sale representative for ordering information Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 renasance_fm_v2_v3 10/22/03 1:59 PM Page v e e e e e e ee e e e e e e Tablee of Contentse VOLUME 1 Academies—Cromwell VOLUME 2 Daily Life—Julius II VOLUME 3 Kepler—Princes and Princedoms VOLUME 4 Printing and Publishing—Writing Maps Volume 1 Volume 3 Africa . 3 London . 28 The Americas . 14 The Netherlands . 120 Asia and the Indian Ocean . 71 The Ottoman Empire . 133 The Papal States in Italy . 196 Volume 2 City of Florence. 84 Volume 4 France . 96 Rome. 46 Habsburg Lands. 145 Russia . 54 Holy Roman Empire . 159 The Scandinavian Kingdoms . 61 Italy, 1500 . 196 Spanish Kingdoms. 99 Universities . 139 Venetian Territories in the Eatern Mediterranean. 150 THE RENAISSANCE v renasance_fm_v2_v3 10/22/03 1:59 PM Page vi e e e e e e ee e e e e TABLE OF CONTENTS Genealogical Charts Volume 2 Volume 4 Tudor Dynasty . 50 Spanish Monarchs. 100 Habsburg Dynasty . 143 Valois Dynasty . 146 Volume 3 House of Medici . 61 Color Plates Volume 1 Volume 3 Art and Architecture The Renaissance City Volume 2 Volume 4 Daily Life New Frontiers vi THE RENAISSANCE renasance_v2 10/22/03 2:18 PM Page 1 e e e e e e ee e e e e DAILY LIFE e e Dailye e Life he patterns of daily life varied as much during the Renaissance as Tthey do today. A noblewoman in an Italian city, for example, spent her time very differently from a peasant in England. Forces such as class, geography, and gender played a major role in shaping Europeans’ daily lives. They affected the food people ate, the clothing they wore, the houses they lived in, and the education they received. Geography. Life in northern Europe fell into different patterns from life in the Mediterranean region. The fertile plains and forests of north- ern Europe had mild summers and long, rainy or snowy winters. The Mediterranean region was drier and more mountainous, with hot, dry summers and rainy winters. These differences in climate and landscape affected the crops and livestock that people could raise, as well as the See color plate 1, foods they ate and the housing they required. vol. 2 The Mediterranean region was also a major center of trade and ship- ping with many major cities. The rest of Europe, by contrast, was thin- ly populated except for a few urban centers in Germany and the Netherlands. Rural and urban areas developed distinct lifestyles. Gender and Class. Gender and social class affected many aspects of See color plate 3, daily life. In general, women had less freedom and independence than vol. 2 men. Upper-class women tended to stay at home, or, if they were mem- bers of a royal household, at the COURT. They spent much of their time supervising their household staff and overseeing their children’s educa- tion. They left home only to visit the market or to attend religious or civic events, and only in the company of others. Men of the noble classes spent their time at court or managing their See color plate 2, estates. During wartime, military campaigns often kept them away from vol. 2 home for long periods. Those who lived in cities and towns, especially in Italy, sometimes engaged in business activities. Upper-class men also dominated politics and public affairs. However, as Renaissance mon- archs and princes centralized their hold over their territories, noblemen had fewer opportunities to have a real impact in politics. In the countryside, men participated in local affairs through village or church councils. Middle- and lower-class individuals spent much of their time work- ing. The middle class contained people of various professions, including * artisan skilled worker or craftsperson lawyers, doctors, merchants, artisans*, and shopkeepers. Women played roles in some of these occupations, such as tending shops or performing craft work like sewing and weaving. However, their main responsibilities were caring for the home and children. The poor often worked as farm laborers or as servants, jobs common to both men and women. Households. Housing improved slowly but steadily during the Renaissance. In the countryside, members of the upper classes lived in * medieval referring to the Middle wooden or stone castles or manor houses, furnished with comfortable Ages, a period that began around A.D. beds, tables, and chairs. Beginning in the 1400s, stone became more 400 and ended around 1400 in Italy common as a building material, and architects remodeled many and 1500 in the rest of Europe medieval* structures in new Renaissance styles. THE RENAISSANCE 1 renasance_v2 10/22/03 2:19 PM Page 2 e e e e e e ee e e e e DAILY LIFE Members of the lower classes spent most of their time working. Many of them served as farm laborers, like those shown here in the painting Autumn—the Grape Harvest. Most peasants lived in houses made of wood or earth, with thatched roofs. Dirt floors were common before the development of inexpensive tile flooring, which made a major improvement in the quality of lower- class homes. People used screens to divide rooms or to separate their liv- ing space from the areas where they kept their livestock. Fleas and other insects were probably common. Poor families had simple furniture, such as straw mattresses and a few chairs or a table made from barrel halves. Lifestyles also differed sharply between the rich and the poor in Renaissance cities. Wealthy urban families lived in elegant and com- 2 THE RENAISSANCE renasance_v2 10/22/03 2:19 PM Page 3 e e e e e e ee e e e e DANCE fortable homes and dined on varied and elaborately prepared foods. Italy led the way in establishing a high standard of living for the rich. The Italians were the first to build stone houses and to replace metal plates with beautiful ceramic dishes. They also developed refined styles of cooking and polite table manners. After about 1550 these trends spread to France. The urban poor generally lived in dreadful conditions. Most lower- class people rented crowded, dark rooms on the upper floors of city buildings. They had few household goods and suffered from infestations of fleas and lice. In Venice the very poor lived in small boats near the docks or under the bridges that cross the canals. Private Life. During the Middle Ages, few distinctions separated pub- lic and private life. In general, people thought of themselves and others * guild association of craft and trade as members of groups, such as families, villages, churches, and GUILDS*, owners and workers that set standards rather than as individuals.