Cisco IOS XR Supported Platforms and Features
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Cisco Systems, Inc. 2015 Annual Report
Cisco Systems, Inc. 2015 Annual Report Annual Report 2015 Letters to Shareholders To Our Shareholders, Fiscal 2015 was a great year for Cisco. As we marked A Winning Differentiated Strategy our thirtieth anniversary year, we witnessed the inflection point in the next wave of the Internet. This next wave will Our strong financial performance and our market leadership have five to ten times the impact of the first. As fifty billion in most areas clearly show that our vision and strategy are devices come online and connect over the next few years, working. Our differentiation comes from our ability to deliver the network and Cisco have never been more relevant or integrated architectures at scale, with speed and with more strategic. In our view, it is clear that the opportunities security. These architectures combine multiple industry- ahead are even brighter than those of our past. leading technologies, services, and software with unique go-to-market models and partnerships. We bring these At Cisco, we believe much of our success has come from architectures to market in solutions that deliver business our ability to lead market transitions. More than five years outcomes to our customers. In our view, this architectural ago, we saw the impact that connecting people, processes, approach allows us to deliver value greater than the sum data, and things would have on organizations and countries. of the parts and is enabling us to pull away from the Today, across the board, our customers’ top priority is to competition and gain wallet and market share. use technology to drive growth and productivity, manage risk, and gain competitive advantage. -
Cisco IOS Netflow Configuration Guide, Release 12.2SR
Cisco IOS NetFlow Configuration Guide Release 12.2SR Americas Headquarters Cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134-1706 USA http://www.cisco.com Tel: 408 526-4000 800 553-NETS (6387) Fax: 408 527-0883 THE SPECIFICATIONS AND INFORMATION REGARDING THE PRODUCTS IN THIS MANUAL ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. ALL STATEMENTS, INFORMATION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS IN THIS MANUAL ARE BELIEVED TO BE ACCURATE BUT ARE PRESENTED WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. USERS MUST TAKE FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR APPLICATION OF ANY PRODUCTS. THE SOFTWARE LICENSE AND LIMITED WARRANTY FOR THE ACCOMPANYING PRODUCT ARE SET FORTH IN THE INFORMATION PACKET THAT SHIPPED WITH THE PRODUCT AND ARE INCORPORATED HEREIN BY THIS REFERENCE. IF YOU ARE UNABLE TO LOCATE THE SOFTWARE LICENSE OR LIMITED WARRANTY, CONTACT YOUR CISCO REPRESENTATIVE FOR A COPY. The Cisco implementation of TCP header compression is an adaptation of a program developed by the University of California, Berkeley (UCB) as part of UCB’s public domain version of the UNIX operating system. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1981, Regents of the University of California. NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER WARRANTY HEREIN, ALL DOCUMENT FILES AND SOFTWARE OF THESE SUPPLIERS ARE PROVIDED “AS IS” WITH ALL FAULTS. CISCO AND THE ABOVE-NAMED SUPPLIERS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THOSE OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OR ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING, USAGE, OR TRADE PRACTICE. IN NO EVENT SHALL CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOST PROFITS OR LOSS OR DAMAGE TO DATA ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THIS MANUAL, EVEN IF CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. -
Cisco IOS XR Software Release
CISCO CRAFT WORKS INTERFACE QUICK START GUIDE Cisco IOS XR Software Release 3.5 1 Introduction 2 About CWI 3 Prerequisites 4 Configuring the Router and CWI Client 5 Installing, Launching, and Uninstalling CWI 6 Getting Started with CWI 7 Reference Information 8 Obtaining Documentation, Obtaining Support, and Security Guidelines 1 Introduction This document introduces Craft Works Interface (CWI) that supports Cisco IOS XR Software Release 3.5. Note This document refers to CWI managing devices. For Cisco IOS XR software, the devices can be any or all of the secure domain routers (SDRs) of which your Cisco IOS XR system is composed. Related Documentation See the following list for related documents that may be useful: • Cisco Craft Works Interface User Guide • Cisco Craft Works Interface Online Help Intended Audience This document is intended for experienced service provider administrators, Cisco telecommunication management engineers, and third-party field service technicians who have completed the required Cisco router training sessions. 2 About CWI CWI is a powerful, session-based tool that allows you to manage, monitor, and configure a single device or a network of devices. CWI is designed to operate in as many situations as possible. Using CWI you can: • Connect to the devices in several ways through a serial port, a terminal server, or an IP-based method, such as Telnet, SSH, or CORBA. • Run Windows, Macintosh, and Linux clients. • Connect to devices with or without XML or command-line interface (CLI) capabilities. • Display both the administrative (admin) plane and device plane for Cisco IOS XR devices. CWI offers a selection of CLI- and graphic-based tools from which you can perform management tasks. -
Cisco CRS-1 SIP and SPA Configuration Guide Cisco IOS XR Software Release 3.3
R3.3 Beta Draft—Cisco Confidential Information Cisco CRS-1 SIP and SPA Configuration Guide Cisco IOS XR Software Release 3.3 Corporate Headquarters Cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134-1706 USA http://www.cisco.com Tel: 408 526-4000 800 553-NETS (6387) Fax: 408 526-4100 Text Part Number: OL-7110-03 R3.3 Beta Draft—Cisco Confidential Information THE SPECIFICATIONS AND INFORMATION REGARDING THE PRODUCTS IN THIS MANUAL ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. ALL STATEMENTS, INFORMATION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS IN THIS MANUAL ARE BELIEVED TO BE ACCURATE BUT ARE PRESENTED WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. USERS MUST TAKE FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR APPLICATION OF ANY PRODUCTS. THE SOFTWARE LICENSE AND LIMITED WARRANTY FOR THE ACCOMPANYING PRODUCT ARE SET FORTH IN THE INFORMATION PACKET THAT SHIPPED WITH THE PRODUCT AND ARE INCORPORATED HEREIN BY THIS REFERENCE. IF YOU ARE UNABLE TO LOCATE THE SOFTWARE LICENSE OR LIMITED WARRANTY, CONTACT YOUR CISCO REPRESENTATIVE FOR A COPY. The Cisco implementation of TCP header compression is an adaptation of a program developed by the University of California, Berkeley (UCB) as part of UCB’s public domain version of the UNIX operating system. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1981, Regents of the University of California. NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER WARRANTY HEREIN, ALL DOCUMENT FILES AND SOFTWARE OF THESE SUPPLIERS ARE PROVIDED “AS IS” WITH ALL FAULTS. CISCO AND THE ABOVE-NAMED SUPPLIERS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THOSE OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OR ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING, USAGE, OR TRADE PRACTICE. -
Cisco IOS XR Memory Forensics Analysis
Cisco IOS XR memory forensics analysis Solal Jacob Agence Nationale de la Sécurité des Systèmes d’Information 2019 TOC I I- IOS XR internals & forensics analysis I II - Attack simulation I III - Detection ANSSI Cisco IOS XR memory forensics analysis 2/33 I- IOS XR internals & forensics analysis I We would like to be able to analyze a router to know if it was compromised I For that we want to develop memory forensics tools to detect advanced attack I IOS XR is an exotic system used on core routers ANSSI Cisco IOS XR memory forensics analysis 3/33 IOS XR I Used in Cisco routers (12000, ASR9000, ...) I 32 bits version only I Based on QNX 6.4 ANSSI Cisco IOS XR memory forensics analysis 4/33 QNX I Microkernel released in 1982, now part of Blackberry I Used in embedded system : Routers, Infotainment, Telematics (Westing House, AECL, Air traffic Control, General Electric) I Source was released then closed again ANSSI Cisco IOS XR memory forensics analysis 5/33 QNX architecture I Fault tolerant I Reduced kernel attack surface I Conforms to posix standard I Customizable by OEM ANSSI Cisco IOS XR memory forensics analysis 6/33 QNX Security & Forensics I Some CVEs I No hardening before 6.6 I Troopers 2016, QNX : ”99 Problems but a Microkernel ain’t one !” (Vuln in message passing & IPC) I Recon 2018, ”Dissecting QNX” (Mitigation & PRNG) I No forensics papers or presentations ANSSI Cisco IOS XR memory forensics analysis 7/33 QNX startup I The IPL, Inital Program Loader, initializes the hardware, configures the memory controller, loads the system image -
System Management Configuration Guide for Cisco NCS 540 Series Routers, IOS XR Release 7.3.X
System Management Configuration Guide for Cisco NCS 540 Series Routers, IOS XR Release 7.3.x First Published: 2021-02-26 Americas Headquarters Cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134-1706 USA http://www.cisco.com Tel: 408 526-4000 800 553-NETS (6387) Fax: 408 527-0883 THE SPECIFICATIONS AND INFORMATION REGARDING THE PRODUCTS IN THIS MANUAL ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. ALL STATEMENTS, INFORMATION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS IN THIS MANUAL ARE BELIEVED TO BE ACCURATE BUT ARE PRESENTED WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. USERS MUST TAKE FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR APPLICATION OF ANY PRODUCTS. THE SOFTWARE LICENSE AND LIMITED WARRANTY FOR THE ACCOMPANYING PRODUCT ARE SET FORTH IN THE INFORMATION PACKET THAT SHIPPED WITH THE PRODUCT AND ARE INCORPORATED HEREIN BY THIS REFERENCE. IF YOU ARE UNABLE TO LOCATE THE SOFTWARE LICENSE OR LIMITED WARRANTY, CONTACT YOUR CISCO REPRESENTATIVE FOR A COPY. The Cisco implementation of TCP header compression is an adaptation of a program developed by the University of California, Berkeley (UCB) as part of UCB's public domain version of the UNIX operating system. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1981, Regents of the University of California. NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER WARRANTY HEREIN, ALL DOCUMENT FILES AND SOFTWARE OF THESE SUPPLIERS ARE PROVIDED “AS IS" WITH ALL FAULTS. CISCO AND THE ABOVE-NAMED SUPPLIERS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THOSE OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OR ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING, USAGE, OR TRADE PRACTICE. IN NO EVENT SHALL CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOST PROFITS OR LOSS OR DAMAGE TO DATA ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THIS MANUAL, EVEN IF CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. -
IOS XR Software CRS-1 and C12000
IOS XR Software CRS-1 and C12000 Martin Winter Technical Leader Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1 Agenda High Level IOS XR Strategy IOS XR Software Architecture IOS XR CLI Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2 High level IOS XR Strategy Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 3 High End Routing Portfolio Next Generation Core 40G Routing Day 1 CRS-1 Multi-Chassis Scale Foundation for Core Consolidation Next Generation Core & Edge • Builds on 12000 Series Technology • PRP, 2.5G ISE, 10G ISE Cisco XR 12000 • Edge interface breadth/density • 4/6/10/16 Slot Form Factor • Foundation for Multi-Service Edge consolidation Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 4 Cisco High End Routing Strategy IOS XR: Foundation of Cisco HER Technology Convergence HighHigh EndEnd RoutingRouting PlatformsPlatforms Systems Silicon Services (Single and Multi- (Forwarding (High Touch Deep Chassis / 2.5G to 40G+) Engines) Packet Inspection) Services CRS 40G ISE Blade (X-Blade) 12000 10G ISE 2.5G ISE vFW, SBC IOS XR Software • IOS XR is the ‘glue’, delivering HA, scale, core+edge services with common management and user interface Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 5 IOS XR Software Architecture Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 6 Modular IOS != IOS XR Modular IOS: Ships today on Catalyst 6500 with Sup720 and Sup32 Based on the same IOS code with added Microkernel and IOS split into multiple processes. Not everything as it’s own process (ie all Routing as one process), optimized for performance on existing hardware IOS XR: Ships today on CRS-1 and C12000 (PRP only) Complete rewrite of the code Very modular, split into multiple processes and built for multiterabit scaling and distributed operation Features targeted for SP NGN router Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. -
Cisco IOS Netflow Command Reference Full Book
Cisco IOS NetFlow Command Reference July 2011 Americas Headquarters Cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134-1706 USA http://www.cisco.com Tel: 408 526-4000 800 553-NETS (6387) Fax: 408 527-0883 THE SPECIFICATIONS AND INFORMATION REGARDING THE PRODUCTS IN THIS MANUAL ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. ALL STATEMENTS, INFORMATION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS IN THIS MANUAL ARE BELIEVED TO BE ACCURATE BUT ARE PRESENTED WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. USERS MUST TAKE FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR APPLICATION OF ANY PRODUCTS. THE SOFTWARE LICENSE AND LIMITED WARRANTY FOR THE ACCOMPANYING PRODUCT ARE SET FORTH IN THE INFORMATION PACKET THAT SHIPPED WITH THE PRODUCT AND ARE INCORPORATED HEREIN BY THIS REFERENCE. IF YOU ARE UNABLE TO LOCATE THE SOFTWARE LICENSE OR LIMITED WARRANTY, CONTACT YOUR CISCO REPRESENTATIVE FOR A COPY. The Cisco implementation of TCP header compression is an adaptation of a program developed by the University of California, Berkeley (UCB) as part of UCB’s public domain version of the UNIX operating system. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1981, Regents of the University of California. NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER WARRANTY HEREIN, ALL DOCUMENT FILES AND SOFTWARE OF THESE SUPPLIERS ARE PROVIDED “AS IS” WITH ALL FAULTS. CISCO AND THE ABOVE-NAMED SUPPLIERS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THOSE OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OR ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING, USAGE, OR TRADE PRACTICE. IN NO EVENT SHALL CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOST PROFITS OR LOSS OR DAMAGE TO DATA ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THIS MANUAL, EVEN IF CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. -
Cisco IOS XR Security
07_1587052717_ch06.qxp 5/15/09 11:21 AM Page 159 CHAPTER 6 Cisco IOS XR Security It is important to control access to the router to prevent unauthorized or malicious use that might take the router offline or use it to launch an attack on the rest of the network. Cisco IOS XR provides the authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) frame- work that helps provide secure access via the logical vty and the physical tty ports. Fur- thermore, ensuing sections in this chapter discuss the concepts of task-based authorization and familiarize the user with IOS XR concepts such as admin and SDR planes as well as the uniqueness of user groups and task group configuration. Forwarding plane refers to the components involved in the various stages during packet forwarding. Forwarding plane refers not only to the flow of a packet through the router but also to the packets destined to the router. Protection of forwarding plane is important and necessitates controlling the type of traffic that traverses the router, and limiting the amount of traffic that’s destined to the router itself so that the router does not become a victim of a denial of service (DoS) attack. You might well be familiar with access control lists (ACL) and Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding (uRPF) as popular forwarding plane secu- rity features. Additionally, IOS XR has a concept of Local Packet Transport Service (LPTS). LPTS provides protection against traffic destined to the router. This type of traffic is usually related to routing protocols that typically run on the route processor (RP) of the router, though Telnet, SNMP, NTP, ping, traceroute, and various other services create traf- fic that can be destined to a router’s line card or RP CPU. -
Release Notes for Cisco NCS 5000 Series Routers, IOS XR Release 6.6.1
Release Notes for Cisco NCS 5000 Series Routers, IOS XR Release 6.6.1 Network Convergence System 5000 Series Routers 2 Release 6.6.1 Packages 2 System Requirement 3 Software Features Introduced in this Release 4 Behavior Change Introduced in this release 4 Hardware Features Introduced in this Release 4 Caveats 5 Upgrading Cisco IOS XR Software 5 Related Documentation 5 Communications, Services, and Additional Information 6 Full Cisco Trademarks with Software License 8 Network Convergence System 5000 Series Routers Note Explore the Content Hub, the all new portal that offers an enhanced product documentation experience. • Use faceted search to locate content that is most relevant to you. • Create customized PDFs for ready reference. • Benefit from context-based recommendations. Get started with the Content Hub at content.cisco.com to craft a personalized documentation experience. Do provide feedback about your experience with the Content Hub. Cisco IOS XR Release 6.6.1 is a limited availability (LA) release. All Cisco IOS XR Release 6.6.1 features are available in Cisco IOS XR Release 6.6.25, which is a general availability (GA) release. For more information on IOS XR Release 6.6.25, see Release Notes for Cisco NCS 5500 Series Routers, Release 6.6.25 The Network Convergence System 5000 Series offers a high-density, small-form-factor MPLS aggregation router for metro aggregation. It is designed to economically scale large enterprise, over-the-top (OTT), and service provider Data Center networking architectures. The Cisco NCS 5000 Series is an extension to Cisco’s routing platform portfolio enabling Service Providers and MPLS enabled data center architectures to offer elastic networks with improved business agility and simplified operations to deliver high-bandwidth mobile, video, and cloud services. -
Memory Forensics Analysis of Cisco IOS XR 32 Bits Routers
Memory forensics analysis of Cisco IOS XR 32 bits routers Abstract Attackers are constantly developing new techniques to bypass current security measures, and they are researching new targets to attack. The "Shadow Brokers" case illustrates that advanced attackers now target network devices such as routers. These core devices handle large amounts of data and are generally not audited by the security team, nor protected by specific security solutions, making them very interesting targets for attackers. This paper explains Cisco IOS XR routers internal, relevant to forensics analysis. As no forensics tool exists on this platform, we develop a tool for dumping the memory of the routers and another one, amnesic-sherpa, to analyze the memory dumps. Also, we demonstrate that by using an automated process based on these tools, we can determine if a router was compromised. Keywords: Forensics, QNX, Cisco, Routers forensics, Memory forensics, Routers, Firmware analysis 1. Foreword help debug, ...). This process creates child processes (in user space) and manage the system memory. QNX can There are a lot of publications on Cisco routers us- thus via proc-nto load the services that the system needs. ing the standard version of IOS (Lindner, 2008). There These services use a message passing system (QNX, 2010c) are, however, very few technical papers and research work to communicate together. They are either provided by de- about the security and forensics analysis of Cisco router fault, or developed and distributed in a specific image of using IOS XR (CISCO, 2005). Furthermore these devices the system. are at the core of many networks today. -
System Setup and Software Installation Guide for Cisco ASR 9000 Series Routers, IOS XR Release 6.7.X
System Setup and Software Installation Guide for Cisco ASR 9000 Series Routers, IOS XR Release 6.7.x First Published: 2020-08-01 Americas Headquarters Cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134-1706 USA http://www.cisco.com Tel: 408 526-4000 800 553-NETS (6387) Fax: 408 527-0883 THE SPECIFICATIONS AND INFORMATION REGARDING THE PRODUCTS IN THIS MANUAL ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. ALL STATEMENTS, INFORMATION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS IN THIS MANUAL ARE BELIEVED TO BE ACCURATE BUT ARE PRESENTED WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. USERS MUST TAKE FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR APPLICATION OF ANY PRODUCTS. THE SOFTWARE LICENSE AND LIMITED WARRANTY FOR THE ACCOMPANYING PRODUCT ARE SET FORTH IN THE INFORMATION PACKET THAT SHIPPED WITH THE PRODUCT AND ARE INCORPORATED HEREIN BY THIS REFERENCE. IF YOU ARE UNABLE TO LOCATE THE SOFTWARE LICENSE OR LIMITED WARRANTY, CONTACT YOUR CISCO REPRESENTATIVE FOR A COPY. The Cisco implementation of TCP header compression is an adaptation of a program developed by the University of California, Berkeley (UCB) as part of UCB's public domain version of the UNIX operating system. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1981, Regents of the University of California. NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER WARRANTY HEREIN, ALL DOCUMENT FILES AND SOFTWARE OF THESE SUPPLIERS ARE PROVIDED “AS IS" WITH ALL FAULTS. CISCO AND THE ABOVE-NAMED SUPPLIERS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THOSE OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OR ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING, USAGE, OR TRADE PRACTICE. IN NO EVENT SHALL CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOST PROFITS OR LOSS OR DAMAGE TO DATA ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THIS MANUAL, EVEN IF CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.