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Phonological and Phonetic Aspects of Enggano Vowels

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Phonological and Phonetic Aspects of Enggano Vowels DigitalResources SIL eBook 62 ® Phonological and Phonetic Aspects of Enggano Vowels Brendon E. Yoder Phonological and Phonetic Aspects of Enggano Vowels Brendon E. Yoder SIL International® 2014 SIL e-Books 62 2014 SIL International® ISBN: 978-1-55671-372-9 ISSN: 1934-2470 Fair-Use Policy: Books published in the SIL e-Books (SILEB) series are intended for scholarly research and educational use. You may make copies of these publications for research or instructional purposes free of charge (within fair-use guidelines) and without further permission. Republication or commercial use of SILEB or the documents contained therein is expressly prohibited without the written consent of the copyright holder(s). Editor-in-Chief Mike Cahill Managing Editor Bonnie Brown Compositor Margaret González i PHONOLOGICAL AND PHONETIC ASPECTS OF ENGGANO VOWELS by Brendon E. Yoder Bachelor of Arts, Moody Bible Institute, 2006 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Grand Forks, North Dakota August 2011 Copyright 2011 Brendon Yoder ii This thesis, submitted by Brendon E. Yoder in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts from the University of North Dakota, has been read by the Faculty Advisory Committee under whom the work has been done and is hereby approved. Chairperson This thesis meets the standards for appearance, conforms to the style and format requirements of the Graduate School of the University of North Dakota, and is hereby approved. Dean of the Graduate School Date iii PERMISSION Title Phonological and Phonetic Aspects of Enggano Vowels Department Linguistics Degree Master of Arts In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my thesis work or, in his absence, by the chairperson of the department or the dean of the Graduate School. It is understood that any copying or publication or other use of this thesis or part thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of North Dakota in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Signature ________________________________ Date ________________________________ iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................xi ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................xii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 . Historical, geographical and sociopolitical context ................................2 1.2. Previous research on Enggano................................................................6 2. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY .................................................... 12 3. OVERVIEW OF ENGGANO PHONOLOGY........................................................ 21 3.1 . Consonants...........................................................................................21 3.2. Vowels .................................................................................................31 3.3. Syllable structure .................................................................................36 3.4. Stress pattern .......................................................................................37 4. SYLLABIFICATION OF VOCOID SEQUENCES.................................................. 41 4.1. Attested sequences...............................................................................41 4.2. Syllabification......................................................................................44 4.3. Acoustic correlates of syllabification patterns ......................................49 4.4. Phonological analysis in Optimality Theory.........................................64 5. VOWEL QUALITY............................................................................................ 70 5.1. Methodology........................................................................................70 5.2. Results .................................................................................................72 v 5.3. Discussion ............................................................................................74 6. VOWEL QUALITY TRANSITION IN VOCOID SEQUENCES .............................. 82 6.1. Methodology........................................................................................82 6.2. Results .................................................................................................85 6.3. Summary..............................................................................................94 7. CONCLUSION.................................................................................................. 95 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................ 98 REFERENCES.............................................................................................................. 145 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Enggano island in Indonesia.................................................................................. 1 2. Ethnologue language map of Sumatra ................................................................... 5 3. Villages on Enggano island.................................................................................... 6 4. Vowel quality of stressed and unstressed vowels..................................................39 5. Intensity contour of [ɘi ̯] in [pɘi̯s] ‘machete’ ...................................................... 50 6. Intensity contour of [oi ̯] in [boh.oi̯] ‘rope’ ........................................................ 51 7. Intensity contour of [iɘ] in [pi.ɘh] ‘massage’..................................................... 52 8. Intensity contour of [iɨ] in [hi.ɨr] ‘woman’ .........................................................53 9. Intensity contour of [jõ] in [jĩhjõn] ‘type of tool’ .............................................. 54 10. Intensity contour of [o̯e] in [boh.o̯e] ‘wild’ ....................................................... 55 11. Duration of vocoid sequences in final open syllables........................................... 59 12. Duration of vocoid sequences in final closed syllables......................................... 60 13. Duration of vocoid sequences in final open syllables after glottal consonant............................................................................................................ 62 14. Duration of vocoid sequences in final closed syllables after glottal consonant.............................................................................................................63 15. Plotted oral vowels.............................................................................................. 72 16. Plotted nasal vowels.............................................................................................73 17. Average value of oral and nasal vowels............................................................... 74 18. Comparison of F1 ranges of oral and nasal vowels.............................................. 76 19. Comparison of F2 ranges of oral and nasal vowels.............................................. 77 20. Plotted nasal vowels as spoken by Adam Kurniawan........................................... 78 vii 21. Plotted nasal vowels as spoken by Josia.............................................................. 79 22. Plotted nasal vowels as spoken by Milson Kaitora............................................... 80 23. Plotted nasal vowels as spoken by Manogar RH .................................................. 80 24. Targets [u] and [a] in [pu.ak] ‘go’..................................................................... 84 25. Targets [a] and [ɨ] in [jarkɨ.aʔ.aɨ̯] ‘fence’.......................................................... 84 26. Disyllabic sequence [i.a] in [ki.ak] ‘blood’ ........................................................ 85 27. Disyllabic sequence [ɨ.a] in [pɨ.ah] ‘face’........................................................... 86 28. Disyllabic sequence [u.a] in [pu.ak] ‘go’ ........................................................... 87 29. Disyllabic sequence [i.u] in [hi.ur] ‘dust’ .......................................................... 88 30. Disyllabic sequence [u.i] in [kahə̆ʔu.is] ‘sea crab’............................................. 88 31. Diphthong [ai ̯] in [karaʔ.ai̯] ‘type of tree’ ......................................................... 89 32. Diphthong [aɨ ̯] in [jarkɨ.aʔ.aɨ̯] ‘small fence’ ...................................................... 90 33. Diphthong [au̯] in [baʔ.au̯] ‘guava’ ................................................................... 91 34. Tautosyllabic diphthong [aɪ ̯] in
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