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Downloaded from http://www.jimmunol.org/ by guest on October 2, 2021 is online at: average * The Journal of Immunology , 25 of which you can access for free at: 2010; 184:702-712; Prepublished online 16 from submission to initial decision 4 weeks from acceptance to publication December 2009; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902360 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/184/2/702 Gene Expression Analysis of Macrophages That Facilitate Tumor Invasion Supports a Role for Wnt-Signaling in Mediating Their Activity in Primary Mammary Tumors Laureen S. Ojalvo, Charles A. Whittaker, John S. Condeelis and Jeffrey W. Pollard J Immunol cites 69 articles Submit online. Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists ? is published twice each month by Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts http://jimmunol.org/subscription http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2009/12/15/jimmunol.090236 0.DC1 This article http://www.jimmunol.org/content/184/2/702.full#ref-list-1 Information about subscribing to The JI No Triage! Fast Publication! Rapid Reviews! 30 days* Why • • • Material References Permissions Email Alerts Subscription Supplementary The Journal of Immunology The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2010 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. This information is current as of October 2, 2021. The Journal of Immunology Gene Expression Analysis of Macrophages That Facilitate Tumor Invasion Supports a Role for Wnt-Signaling in Mediating Their Activity in Primary Mammary Tumors Laureen S. Ojalvo,* Charles A. Whittaker,† John S. Condeelis,‡ and Jeffrey W. Pollard* The tumor microenvironment modifies the malignancy of tumors. In solid tumors, this environment is populated by many macro- phages that, in genetic studies that depleted these cells from mouse models of breast cancer, were shown to promote tumor pro- gression to malignancy and increase metastatic potential. Mechanistic studies showed that these tumor-promoting effects of macrophages are through the stimulation of tumor cell migration, invasion, intravasation, and enhancement of angiogenesis. Using an in vivo invasion assay, it was demonstrated that invasive carcinoma cells are a unique subpopulation of tumor cells whose invasion and chemotaxis is dependent on the comigration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) with obligate reciprocal signaling through an epidermal growth factor–CSF-1 paracrine loop. In this study, these invasion-promoting macrophages were isolated Downloaded from and subjected to analysis of their transcriptome in comparison with TAMs isolated indiscriminately to function using established macrophage markers. Unsupervised analysis of transcript patterns showed that the invasion-associated TAMs represent a unique subpopulation of TAMs that, by gene ontology criteria, have gene expression patterns related to tissue and organ development. Gene set enrichment analysis showed that these macrophages are also specifically enriched for molecules involved in Wnt- signaling. Previously, it was shown that macrophage-derived Wnt molecules promote vascular remodeling and that tumor cells are highly motile and intravasate around perivascular TAM clusters. Taken together, we conjecture that invasive TAMs link http://www.jimmunol.org/ angiogenesis and tumor invasion and that Wnt-signaling plays a role in mediating their activity. The Journal of Immunology, 2010, 184: 702–712. umor-associated macrophages (TAM) have been shown to Within the primary tumor microenvironment, at least two perform a number of different roles in the tumor micro- mechanisms are proposed by which TAMs facilitate tumor me- T environment to facilitate tumor progression (1–4). For tastasis. The first relates to the demonstrated ability of TAMs to example, in human breast cancer an increased density of TAMs has secrete proteases within the tumor microenvironment, such as correlated with poor prognosis including increased lymph node urokinase plasminogen activator (10) (uPA), cathepsins B and D by guest on October 2, 2021 involvement and decreased survival (5–7). In previous work in the (11, 12), and matrix metallopeptidases 2 and 9 (13). It is believed polyoma middle T (PyMT) mouse model of human breast cancer (8) that these TAM-derived enzymes digest the tumor basement genetic depletion of the key macrophage growth factor, CSF-1 using membrane, facilitating tumor cell escape. Indeed, there are in- the mice homozygous for the Csf1op null allele resulted in signifi- creased TAM numbers overlying sites of basement membrane cantly reduced TAM density. In these animals, a significant delay in breakdown in PyMT tumors (8). Moreover, there is enrichment of tumor progression to metastatic disease was observed, indicating numerous other extracellular proteases in the tumor stroma of that TAMs are required for efficient tumor metastasis (9). PyMT animals (14), coinciding with the localization of most TAMs in the tumor microenvironment (5, 15). A second mechanism by which TAMs facilitate tumor metastasis *Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and ‡Department of Anatomy is through directly enhancing an early stage of the metastatic and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; and cascade (16): carcinoma cell invasion. In vitro evidence demon- †David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Bioinformatics and Com- puting Core Facility, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142 strated that macrophage production and release of the Wnt-ligand Wnt5a can stimulate the noncanonical planar cell polarity Wnt Received for publication July 21, 2009. Accepted for publication November 2, 2009. signaling pathway in carcinoma cells to promote invasion (17). In This research was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants CA131270 (J.W.P), CA100324 (J.S.C. and J.W.P), and CA126511 (J.S.C.); the Einstein addition, an in vivo invasion assay (15, 18) similarly showed that Cancer Center Grant P30 133330 (J.W.P., J.S.C.); and the Massachusetts Institute TAMs promote carcinoma cell motility and invasion, but through of Technology Cancer Center Grant P30-CA14051 (C.A.W.). L.S.O. was sup- a different mechanism that involves a paracrine signaling loop ported by the Medical Sciences Training Grant T32 GM 07288. J.W.P. is the Louis Goldstein Swan Chair in Women’s Cancer Research. between tumor cells and TAMs. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Jeffrey W. Pollard, Albert Einstein In the in vivo invasion assay, a growth factor or chemokine was College of Medicine, Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, 1300 Mor- held within a 33-gauge microneedle containing Matrigel (BD ris Park Avenue Bronx, NY 10461. E-mail address: [email protected] Biosciences, San Jose, CA) and then positioned and stabilized The online version of this article contains supplemental material. within the primary tumor to collect responsive cells (18). It was Abbreviations used in this paper: AU, approximately unbiased; EGF, epidermal noted that whether the tumor cell chemokine epidermal growth growth factor; EGFP, enhanced GFP; FDR, false discovery rate; GSEA, gene set enrichment analysis; GT, general tumor-associated macrophage; IPA, Ingenuity Path- factor (EGF) or the macrophage chemokine CSF-1 was placed into ways Knowledge Base; PyMT, polyoma middle T; QRT-PCR, quantitative real-time the needles, both tumor cells and macrophages migrated in re- polymerase chain reaction; SAM, significance analysis of microarray; SM, splenic sponse (18). Moreover, pharmacologic or Ab functional inhibition macrophage; TAM, tumor-associated macrophage; VEC, vascular endothelial cell. of EGF/EGFR or CSF-1/CSF-1R signaling halted the movement of Copyright Ó 2010 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 0022-1767/10/$16.00 both cell types (15, 19, 20). Further experiments confirming the www.jimmunol.org/cgi/doi/10.4049/jimmunol.0902360 The Journal of Immunology 703 results of the in vivo invasion assay demonstrated that significantly lection. Matrigel was added to 10% total volume (needle mixture). This fewer cells were collected in Csf1op/op animals (21), but cell mixture was then filled into six 33-gauge microneedles and kept at 4˚C numbers increased when CSF-1 was transgenically restored to the until the animal was prepared. A mouse with two solid tumors of ∼2 cm diameter was anesthetized mammary fat pad. Furthermore, preinjection of wild type tumors using isoflurane, and a small flap of skin was removed to expose the tumor. with CSF-1 significantly increases collected cell numbers (19). A micromanipulator connected to a needle holder (consisting of three 25- These results are in agreement with human breast cancer studies in gauge needles) was used to stably guide the insertion of three guide wires ∼ 2 which increased levels of circulating CSF-1 (22) and/or increased 2 5 mm into the surface of the tumors. Two micromanipulators were used per animal in separate tumors. Gently, the guide wires were removed tumor CSF-1R staining (23) correlate with poor prognosis and the and replaced with the filled collection needles one by one. The animal was observed expression of EGF by TAMs in breast cancer (24). kept under monitored anesthesia for 4 h and sacrificed by cervical dislo- Isolation and
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