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Ethiopia: CCTV Well Field Review 2009 Ethiopia: CCTV well field review 2009 Groundwater Science Programme Commissioned Report CR/09/080N BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GROUNDWATER SCIENCE PROGRAMME COMMISSIONED REPORT CR/09/080N Ethiopia: CCTV well field review 2009 D F Ball The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data are used with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Licence No:100017897/2009. Keywords Ethiopia, groundwater, CCTV, corruption. Front cover Cover picture details, delete if no cover picture. Bibliographical reference BALL D F. 2009. Ethiopia: CCTV well field review 2009. British Geological Survey Commissioned Report, CR/09/080. 29pp. Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, e-mail [email protected]. You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the extract. Maps and diagrams in this book use topography based on Ordnance Survey mapping. © NERC 2009. All rights reserved Keyworth, Nottingham British Geological Survey 2009 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full range of our publications is available from BGS shops at British Geological Survey offices Nottingham, Edinburgh, London and Cardiff (Welsh publications only) see contact details below or shop online at www.geologyshop.com BGS Central Enquiries Desk 0115 936 3143 Fax 0115 936 3276 The London Information Office also maintains a reference email [email protected] collection of BGS publications including maps for consultation. The Survey publishes an annual catalogue of its maps and other Kingsley Dunham Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG publications; this catalogue is available from any of the BGS Sales Desks. 0115 936 3241 Fax 0115 936 3488 email [email protected] The British Geological Survey carries out the geological survey of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the latter as an agency service for the government of Northern Ireland), and of the Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LA surrounding continental shelf, as well as its basic research 0131 667 1000 Fax 0131 668 2683 projects. It also undertakes programmes of British technical aid in email [email protected] geology in developing countries as arranged by the Department for International Development and other agencies. London Information Office, Natural History Museum, The British Geological Survey is a component body of the Natural Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD Environment Research Council. SW7 2DE 020 7589 4090 Fax 020 7584 8270 020 7942 5344/45 email [email protected] Columbus House, Greenmeadow Springs, Tongwynlais, Cardiff CF15 7NE 029 2052 1962 Fax 029 2052 1963 Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB 01491 838800 Fax 01491 692345 Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, Colby House, Stranmillis Court, Belfast BT9 5BF 028 9038 8462 Fax 028 9038 8461 www.bgs.ac.uk/gsni/ Parent Body Natural Environment Research Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon SN2 1EU 01793 411500 Fax 01793 411501 www.nerc.ac.uk Website www.bgs.ac.uk Shop online at www.geologyshop.com CR/09/080 Acknowledgements The author would like to thank the following people who worked extremely hard during the field work phase: Elizabeth Mekonnen (social studies consultant) Yemarshet Yemane (consultant engineer) Ali Aman (MoWRD – engineer) Michael Tekeste (MoWRD – engineer) Ato Ayalew Wube (MoWRD main contact for the project) Zeleke Ashenafi (FEACC representative for the project) Behrane (MoWRD driver) Zeyede (driver and pump removal team member). Both Ali and Micki were tasked with learning how to use the camera and record borehole data. In addition, they worked very hard and enthusiastically, beyond the call of duty, at devising ways to remove and re-install pumps. Their initiative, organisation skills and devotion to the work was extremely impressive and they are a credit to the MoWRD. Elsa and Yemarshet had the task of obtaining documentation and organising group discussions at borehole sites. Without their enthusiasm and skills, the project would not have progressed so smoothly. Thanks go to Ayalew and Zeleke for their contribution and background knowledge of Ethiopian water resources and society. Zeleke is now also a fully-trained CCTV operator! Behrane and Zeyede both transported the team safely to all the sites, covering 4000 km in 22 days. Zeyede, also beyond the call of duty, involved himself, along with Ali and Micki, in the complexities of pump removal and repair. He quickly became a valuable member of the survey team. i CR/09/080 Contents Acknowledgements i Contents ii Summary iv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 project objectives 1 1.2 Terms of Reference 1 1.3 the questioning framework 2 2 Methodology 5 2.1 Selection of sample 5 2.2 Data collection 5 2.3 Site surveys 6 3 Results of the field work 10 3.1 Borehole depth 12 3.2 Screen length and diameter 13 3.3 Borehole construction 16 4 Lessons learned 18 4.1 Planning and time allocation 18 4.2 Field surveys 18 4.3 Interpretation of results 19 5 Conclusions 21 References Error! Bookmark not defined. FIGURES Figure 1. Ethiopia, showing site locations......................................................................... 3 Figure 2. Water sampling .................................................................................................. 8 Figure 3. The CCTV camera ............................................................................................. 8 Figure 4. Tripod and camera.............................................................................................. 9 Figure 5. Screen slots and iron bacteria in the Gayo borehole ........................................ 14 Figure 6. Partly-threaded PVC casing in the Gayo borehole........................................... 15 Figure 7. Steel rising main in the Gasory borehole ......................................................... 15 Figure 8. Wayou borehole at 33.8 m below surface........................................................ 16 ii CR/09/080 Figure 9. Partially-blocked screen in the Tatesa borehole at 78 m bgl............................ 16 Figure 10. Removing the PVC riser .................................................................................. 19 TABLES Table 1. Boreholes: a questioning framework.................................................................. 4 Table 2. Site summary.................................................................................................... 10 Table 3. Borehole depth details...................................................................................... 11 Table 4. Comparison of invoice, completion report and survey depths......................... 12 Table 5. CR and survey screen length ratios.................................................................. 13 iii CR/09/080 Summary • This report covers data collection and field work for the technical aspects of the World Bank-funded Joint Governance Assessment and Measurement Initiative (JGAM) in Ethiopia. The work comprised a survey on rural borehole drilling in Ethiopia, in support of the Water Sector Diagnostic. It was carried out as part of an initiative to assess the degree of corruption within the water sector in the country. • The objective of the technical aspect of the work was to compare the variables of location, depth, diameter, construction across the contract specification, completion report, invoice and actual field data. • A total of 26 boreholes were visited in order to gather information. These boreholes were funded by a variety of funding agencies and all were constructed within the past 3 years. A borehole CCTV camera was used to measure well screen and casing lengths, plus borehole depth. • Out of the sample, 20 boreholes had both documentation available and a CCTV survey undertaken successfully. Of these, 12 had depths within 90% of those stated in the documentation. A further 6 were between 79% and 90% and were considered to have suffered from silting-up. Only two boreholes had surveyed depths less than 70% of those originally documented and were considered to be outside the range of normal silting. • Overall, the standard of reporting and borehole construction for shallow boreholes fitted with hand pumps is very good. It was found that there were some issues with poor well head completion where concrete plinths had cracked, or where inadequate drainage channels had been installed. iv CR/09/080 1 Introduction For many years the water sector in Ethiopia has been the recipient of many schemes designed to alleviate chronic deficiencies in the country’s water supply chain. A significant proportion of this funding has been invested in the construction of groundwater abstraction sources. Many of the latter have comprised shallow (<60 m depth) boreholes fitted with hand pumps and located close to villages in rural areas. In spite of the large number of installations completed over the years, relatively little is known about the quality of the constructed boreholes or even the processes involved in locating sites for them. The current review has been funded by the World Bank with a view to assessing the extent of corruption in the water sector. The Bank commissioned the British Geological Survey to undertake the survey work and interpret the results. The
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