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The Ethnography of South- America Seen from Mojos in Bolivia

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The Ethnography of South- America Seen from Mojos in Bolivia Oomparatwe ethnographical studies. 3. THE ETHNOGRAPHY OF SOUTH- AMERICA SEEN FROM MOJOS IN BOLIVIA Seiend JYo p d GJ2 sk l 0 GÖTEBORG 1914 EIANDERS BOKTRYCKERI AKTIEBOLAG Q)edica/ed to mg frienc/j 3>r 9aul 3iwet, tfie initiator of the J^mericanist Gongress at Rothenburg, 1924. PREFACE. This, the third part of my series «Comparative Ethno- graphical Studies», follows Parts 4 and 5 in order of pub- lication, the reason being that the whole work has assumed far greater proportions than were originally intended. Parts 6 and 7 are in preparation. The publication of the work has been considerably helped by the kind generosity of Consul General Axel Ax:son John- son, to whom I once more beg to express my wärmest thanks. The present part of the Series will appear in time for the second session of the Twenty-first Americanist Congress, to be held in Gothenburg. As this Congress has come about through the initiative of my friend Dr. Paul Rivet, I have taken the liberty of inscribing this volume to him. By this means I am also able to show him a small token of gratitude for all the kindness he has shown me. Mr Robert Dickson has been good enough to enable me to hand over to the Congress a number of copies of my Series as a memento of visits paid to the Ethnographical Section of the Gothenburg Museum, to which he has already present - ed valuable collections. To all those who have supplied me with information of various kinds for my work, I herewith beg to tender my sincere thanks; especially to C. Nimuendajü, Esq., Professor R. Karsten, Dr Paul Rivet, Dr. F. Krause, the Ethnological museum in Leipzig (M. f. V. I,.), Professor C. Skottsberg, Chief Librarian Dr. L. Wählin, Dr. G. Lindblom, O. Thulin, Esq., Dr. G. Bolinder, and Dr. S. Ikoven. My collections from the tribes dealt with in this part of my Series, are housed partly in the Gothenburg Museum (G. M.), partly in the Riksmuseum, Stockholm (R. M.). The translation into English from my Swedish manuscript has been carried out by Dr. G. E. Fuhrken, the drawing of the maps in this volume by Miss H. Nordlund. CONTENTS. Introduction i D Wellings 23 Beds and other Fittings of the Hut 29 Cultivation : 34 Hunting Implements 44 Fishing 86 Weapons for Attack and Defence 103 Domestic Animals 114 Implements 115 Appliances for fire-drilling and lighting -. 118 Utensils used in preparing and consuming food 126 Narcotics 143 Clothing 144 Articles connected witli the Deformation of the Body 155 Ornaments, etc 165 Carrying 171 River Craft 175 Games and Playthings 186 Musical Instruments 189 Various Kinds of Handicraft 194 Burial 224 Summary and Comparisons } 225 Biljliography 234 Table to Map i 7 » » » 2 19 »> » » 3 38 » » » 4 76 » » » 5 77 » » » 6 79 » » » 7 80 » » » 8 91 » » » 9 94 » » » 10 99 » » » 11 102 » » » 12 106 » » » 13 123 » » »14 134 » » »15 x35 » » » 16 138 » » » 17 140 » » » 18 141 » » » 19 149 » » »20 160 » » » 21 174 » » » 22 182 » » » 23 183 » » »24 214 » » » 25 215 » » »26 6 » » » 27 217 » •» » 28 219 » » »29 220 » » »30 222 Introduction. It is my intention in the present volume to analyse the material culture of the Indian tribes I learnt to know du- ring my j ourneys in N. E. Bolivia and the adjoining areas of Peru and Brazil (See Map i) in 1904—05, 1908—09, and 1913—14, and try to deduce something of their history by means of my analysis. The volume is a direct continuation of Parts I and II of this series, to which I shall contin- ually be referring. It also systematically complements my books of travels, «Indianer och Hvita» and «Forskningar och Äventyr i Sydamerika». In these will be found a number of statements relative to the Indians here treated, their manners and customs, implements, weapons, clothing, etc.1) A great number of objects are depicted and described there. It would be un- reasonable to repeat all this, and I must therefore refer readers to these books of travels, particularly readers who are interested in the different tribes of the area I have studied. Those who are more interested in the ethnography of S. America in general will, I hope, find something of interest in the present volume of comparative studies, even without a knowledge of the aforementioned books of tra- vels. The method of work I have followed here is the same as in Parts I and II. To those who have not seen the See also other articles of mine, especially No. 2, included in the bibliography. The books of travels referred to above have also been published in German. latter, the method will be clear from what follows, and I need not waste Space in enlarging on it.1) This, the third part of the series, has so considerably increased the material included in the maps of distribution of the various cultural elements, that much is revealed in them about the history of most of the better known tribes in S. America. The study of the distribution in S. America of the cul- tural elements of this particular area has led, as in the foregoing parts, to a few noteworthy observations, which I have, of course, not failed to indicate even when they did not directly concern the tribes I have closely studied. The tribes I visited or otherwise got to know pretty intimately, are the following: (See Map i) The Mojo and Baure, who are Arawaks. The following may be noted with regard to the maps of the dis- tribution of the various cultural elements. In these maps it is necessary, as far as possible, to indicate if a cultural element occurs among a certain tribe. It is not sufficient to State that it occurs in a certain area, as tribes with different cultures often live quite close to one another. A statement must also be added, of course, regarding the authority or the museum material on which facts in the maps are based. In this connection I venture to assert that the maps published by FROBENIUS and others about the distribution of cultural elements in Africa, would gain in scientific value if the same method of publication had been adopt- ed. In drawing up distribution maps, it is necessary to make a close study of the literature of the time of the Discovery. The old books on the S. American Indians are at least as reliable as the new ones. The pure ly fantastic works are of the I9th rather than of the i6th Century. Of the old museum material, on the other hand, one must be rather suspicious, in my opinion, as it is often faultily labelled. I have pointed out in previous publications that the maps of sever- al cultural elements could not be drawn up at all were it not for the older literature. How, for instance, would a map of the distribution of palisades in S. America look, that only took cognizance of modern works. Take away all the statements about shields derived from the literature of the i6th Century, and Map 12 will at once become very incomplete. The Guarayü (the Guarayü living at the Missions I call Guarayos, the independent ones Pauserna). They are Guarani. The Siriono. Of these I only got to know a few indivi- duals. They are presumably Guarani-ized. The Palmela, who are Caribs. The Chacobo, Yamiaca and Atsahuaca, who are Pano. The Huanyam and Chapacura, who are Chapacura. The Chimane and Mosetene, who practically belong to the same tribe. The latter live at the Mission. The lan- guage is an isolated one. The Yuracäre, with an isolated language. The Cayubaba, » » » » The Canichana, » » » » The Itonama, » » » » The Movima, » » » » The Huari, » » » » The Churapa, a Chiquito tribe. The Cavina, Tambopata-Guarayo (Chäma) and Maropa, who speak Tacanan.1) In the books of travels referred to above, I tried to give a picture of the natural conditions in the area under consideration, and will therefore confine myself here to giving a few particulars which go to prove that the differ- ences in the culture of the various tribes cannot be ex- plained by their living under different natural conditions, but only by their history. The fact is that in the whole area the natural conditions are, broadly speaking, very uniform. It is not possible anywhere to speak of natural boundaries between the tribes. It is also remarkable that tribes living close to one another, even with the same na- vigable river, should have retained the differences in lan- guage and culture, especially in view of the fact that the tribes are so small. ') I cannot imagine where FARABEE got the quaint idea from that the Tacana-speaking Indians are Tupi. See FARABEE (2). The climate throughout is tropical, with clearly mark- ed periods of rain and drought. The whole area is tra- versed by a number of rivers, the chief of which are the Rio Beni, the Rio Mamore and Rio Guapore, all three com- bining further north into the Rio Madera. To a very large extent the rivers are navigable, especially in the rainy sea- son. They therefore play a very large part in intercom- munication. N. E. Bolivia is largely a vast piain. None of the tribes here dealt with live in real mountain region, though a few, such as the Guarayü, Atsahuaca, and Mosetene live in country that is intersected with hills and Valleys. In the rainy season a good part of the piain is inundated, which considerably hinders intercommunication. There is no stone on the plains of N.
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