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Diptera, Empididae) Da Amazônia Brasileira

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Diptera, Empididae) Da Amazônia Brasileira INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS DA AMAZÔNIA – INPA Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Tropical e Recursos Naturais Divisão do Curso de Entomologia – DCEN ESTUDO TAXONÔMICO E FILOGENÉTICO DE PORPHYROCHROA MELANDER, 1928 (DIPTERA, EMPIDIDAE) DA AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA. MIRIAN NASCIMENTO MENDONÇA Manaus, Amazonas Novembro, 2007 ii Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Tropical e Recursos Naturais Divisão do Curso de Entomologia – DCEN ESTUDO TAXONÔMICO E FILOGENÉTICO DE PORPHYROCHROA MELANDER, 1928 (DIPTERA, EMPIDIDAE) DA AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA. MIRIAN NASCIMENTO MENDONÇA Orientador: José Albertino Rafael Co-orientadora: Rosaly Ale-Rocha Dissertação apresentada à Coordenação do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Tropical e Recursos Naturais, do convênio INPA/UFAM, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências Biológicas, área de concentração em Entomologia. Manaus, Amazonas Novembro, 2007 iii Mendonça, Mirian Nascimento Estudo taxonômico e filogenético de Porphyrochroa Melander, 1928 (Diptera, Empididae) da Amazônia brasileira / Mirian Nascimento Mendonça – 2007. x, 17 f.: il. Dissertação (mestrado) – INPA/UFAM, 2007. 1. Amazônia 2. biodiversidade 3. Empidinae 4. novos registros 5. taxonomia CDD 19 ed. 595.77044 Sinopse: Porphyrochroa foi criado com base em uma espécie, Sciodromia palliata, espécie-tipo do gênero. Foi negligenciado ao longo do tempo até que foi sinonimizado com Macrostomus com base em caracteres que hoje são considerados sinapomórficos de ambos os gêneros. Os exemplares de Porphyrochroa depositados na coleção entomológica do INPA foram estudados e 17 espécies novas foram descritas para a Amazônia brasileira. Foi feito um estudo das relações filogenéticas entre estas espécies e outras já descritas no gênero. Palavras-chave: 1. Amazônia 2. biodiversidade 3. Empidinae 4. novos registros 5. taxonomia. iv BANCA EXAMINADORA Augusto Loureiro Henriques Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Coordenação de Pesquisas em Entomologia Av. André Araújo, 1756 – Aleixo – 69083000 – Manaus – AM – Brasil – Caixa-Postal: 478 Email: [email protected] Carlos José Einicker Lamas Universidade de São Paulo Museu de Zoologia – laboratório de Diptera, sala 404. Av. Nazaré, 481 – Ipiranga – 04263-000 – São Paulo, SP – Brasil Email: [email protected] Cátia Antunes de Mello Patiu Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Museu Nacional, Departamento de Entomologia. Quinta da Boa Vista s/nº – São Cristóvão 20940040 – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil Email: [email protected] Freddy Ruben Bravo Quijano Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana Departamento de Ciências Biológica, laboratorio LASIS. Av. Universitária s/n, Cidade Universitária, 44031-460 – Feira de Santana, BA – Brasil Email: fbravo@uefs br Vera Cristina Silva Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Ciências e Letras de Assis – Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Av. Dom Antonio, 2100 – Parque Universitário – 19806-900 - Assis, SP – Brasil Email: [email protected] v AGRADECIMENTOS Gostaria de expressar minha profunda gratidão aos amigos, familiares e inúmeros colegas que, direta ou indiretamente, contribuíram para a realização deste trabalho. Ao meu orientador, José Albertino Rafael, pela agradável convivência ao longo destes dois anos, por sempre se prontificar a me ajudar em todas as fases deste trabalho, pelos ensinamentos, e, sobretudo por me apresentar o mundo dos empidídeos. À Rosaly Ale Rocha, minha co-orientadora e orientadora substituta, pela amizade e carinho ao longo dos estudos em laboratório e por todo o otimismo. À coordenadora do curso, Dra. Beatriz Ronchi Teles, pelo apoio. Aos grandes amigos Marcelo Cutrim Moreira de Castro e Rafael Freitas Silva, pelas discussões taxonômicas, filogenéticas e biogeográficas nos corredores e laboratórios do INPA. Aos distantes amigos, mas companheiros de todos os momentos, Patrícia Natália de Oliveira, Marcelo Wippel da Silva, Ana Isabela Mafra e Rafael Censi, pelo apoio incondicional. Ao meu primeiro orientador Adriano Weidner Cacciatori Marenzi, por ter me ensinado a dar os primeiros passos em direção ao universo da ciência e por ter contribuído significativamente para minha formação como pesquisadora. Agradeço a todos os amigos e colegas da Entomologia, em especial ao Walter, Jesine, Hector, Renato, Fabio, Juliana, Vera, Leo, Rafael (Narck) e Charles, pelos vários momentos de descontração e por partilharem conhecimentos importantes à minha formação. Aos professores da Entomologia/INPA, Dr. Augusto Loureiro Henriques, Dra. Beatriz Ronchi Teles, Dr. Claudio Ruy V. da Fonseca, Dra. Elizabeth Franklin Chilson, Dr. Eloy Guillermo Castellón Bermudez, Dr. José Albertino Rafael, Dr. José Wellington de Moraes, Dr. Márcio Luiz de Oliveira, Dra. Nair Otaviano Aguiar, Dra. Neusa Hamada, Dra. Rosaly Ale- Rocha, Dr. Toby Vincent Barret e Dra. Vera Margarete Scarpassa, pelos conselhos e oportunidades e pelos inúmeros ensinamentos que contribuíram grandemente para minha formação profissional. Ao meu companheiro e esposo Armsterdan Jean Graça, pelo carinho, amizade e grande incentivo, e pela compreensão das minhas constantes ausências. vi Aos meus sogros, Sra. Maria da Conceição e Sr. Moacir e cunhados Dayane, Armstrong e Vandré, pela amizade e carinho; ao meu sobrinho João Victor, pelos sorrisos sinceros que me mostraram que a virtude e a felicidade estão nas coisas mais simples; e ao mais novo membro da minha família, meu sobrinho Samuel, por nos dar a esperança de um mundo melhor. Agradeço, em especial, aos meus pais Alair e Euclides e à minha irmã Adriane pelo imenso incentivo e apoio constante, e por estarem sempre acompanhando meus avanços e compartilhando minhas dificuldades, mesmo com a longa distância. Ao CNPq, pela bolsa de estudos concedida; Esta dissertação foi financiada pelo MCT/INPA, Projeto PPI 0559. Muito obrigada. vii Dedico este trabalho ao meu esposo Armsterdan, aos meus pais, Alair e Euclides e à minha irmã Adriane. viii RESUMO A família Empididae está classificada dentro da ordem Diptera. Inclui mais de quatro mil espécies descritas no mundo e é calculado que a diversidade total do grupo excederá 7,5 mil espécies, sendo uma das maiores famílias de Diptera. São reconhecidas três subfamílias em Empididae no mundo: Hemerodromiinae, Empidinae e Clinocerinae. Porphyrochroa Melander, 1928 é um dos 29 gêneros da subfamília Empidinae. Atualmente há 35 espécies no gênero, ocorrendo 14 no Brasil, 6 no Peru, 5 na Bolívia, 5 na República Dominicana, 3 no México, 1 na Guiana e 1 no Panamá. Até o momento eram conhecidas somente três espécies da Amazônia brasileira. Nesse contexto, para aumentar o conhecimento taxonômico das espécies amazônicas do gênero Porphyrochroa, ampliar os dados de distribuição geográfica e fazer novos registros para a Amazônia brasileira, cerca de 500 espécimes do Acre, Amazonas e Roraima, depositados na Coleção entomológica do INPA, foram estudados com base na morfologia externa e genitália. Para a preparação do material foi necessária a extração da parte final do abdome, o qual foi macerado em ácido lático 85% a quente por tempo variável, dependendo do grau de esclerotização do abdome. Após a maceração as peças foram transferidas para lâminas escavadas contendo glicerina, onde a genitália foi dissecada e suas estruturas ilustradas e caracterizadas. As estruturas das genitálias masculinas possuem uma série de caracteres de grande valor sistemático, o que possibilitou a determinação de 17 espécies novas. Um estudo filogenético incluindo as 17 novas e mais 8 espécies já descritas no gênero da Amazônia brasileira e de outras regiões foi realizado e grupos de espécies com distribuição biogeográfica ficaram evidentes. ix ABSTRACT The Empididae is a family in the order Diptera and it includes more than 4 thousand described species around the world and probably this number will exceed 7,5 thousand species, being one of the largest Diptera´s family. It is divided in three subfamilies: Hemerodromiinae, Empidinae and Clinocerinae. Porphyrochroa Melander, 1928 is one of the 29 Empidinae´s genera. Currently it has 35 species, 14 in Brazil, 6 in Peru, 5 in Bolivia, 5 in Dominican Republic, 3 in Mexico, 1 in Guyana and 1 in Panama. Only three species from Brazilian Amazonic Region were known until now. In order to increase the taxonomic and geographical distribution knowledge of the Porphyrochroa´s Amazonian species, it was about 500 specimens from Acre, Amazonas and Roraima were studied based on external morphology and genitalia, all them deposited at INPA Entomological Collection. The abdomen of the male specimens was and the terminalia was macerated in hot lactic acid 85% during variable time, depending on the abdominal sclerotinization degree. After maceration, the peaces were transferred to excavated slides with glycerin and the genitalic pieces were illustrated. A phylogenetic study with the 17 Amazonian new species, described here and more 8 species already described from other regions, was made and resulted in differentent biogeografic groups of species. x SUMÁRIO LISTA DE TABELAS................................................................................................................. xii LISTA DE FIGURAS................................................................................................................. xiii 1. INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................................
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