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Land Tenures in Cooch Behar District, West Bengal: a Study of Kalmandasguri Village Ranjini Basu*
RESEARCH ARTICLE Land Tenures in Cooch Behar District, West Bengal: A Study of Kalmandasguri Village Ranjini Basu* Abstract: This paper describes and analyses changes in land tenure in Cooch Behar district, West Bengal. It does so by focussing on land holdings and tenures in one village, Kalmandasguri. The paper traces these changes from secondary historical material, oral accounts, and from village-level data gathered in Kalmandasguri in 2005 and 2010. Specifically, the paper studies the following four interrelated issues: (i) land tenure in the princely state of Cooch Behar; (ii) land tenure in pre-land-reform Kalmandasguri; (iii) the implementation and impact of land reform in Kalmandasguri; and (iv) the challenges ahead with respect to the land system in Kalmandasguri. The paper shows that an immediate, and dramatic, consequence of land reform was to establish a vastly more equitable landholding structure in Kalmandasguri. Keywords: Kalmandasguri, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, sharecropping, princely states, history of land tenure, land reform, village studies, land rights, panel study. Introduction This paper describes and analyses changes in land tenure in Cooch Behar district, West Bengal.1 It does so by focussing on land holdings and tenures in one village, Kalmandasguri.2 The paper traces these changes by drawing from secondary historical material, oral accounts, and from village-level data gathered in Kalmandasguri in 2005 and 2010. Peasant struggle against oppressive tenures has, of course, a long history in the areas that constitute the present state of West Bengal (Dasgupta 1984, Bakshi 2015). * Research Scholar, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, [email protected] 1 Cooch Behar is spelt in various ways. -
Life Behind Bamboo Doors
Frontier Vol. 44, No. 49, June 17-23, 2012 KAMTAPUR MOVEMENT Life Behind Bamboo Doors Partha Sen & Abhijit Dutta Since independence North Bengal is witnessing continuous sub-regional movements. The demand for a separate Gorkhaland State comprising Darjeeling, Kurseong and Kalimpong was first raised in 1907, and later in 1917, 1929, 1934 and 1939. In the post-independence period the movement for Gorkhaland is still going on. Although the Gorkhaland movement is basically an ethnic movement, yet the Gorkha Jana Mukti Morcha has expressed their grievances against the exploitation of the Hills by the Calcutta based rulers. Recently the Government of West Bengal, the Central Government and the GJMM have signed a tripartite agreement by which a Gorkha Territorial Administration will be formed and thereby the Hill people will get greater autonomy. To counter the GJMM's demand for the inclusion of certain areas of Terai Duars the tribals of the Terai Duars area are demanding the introduction of the sixth Schedule in the Terai Duars area. As the newly emerged middle class tribals will not be able to compete with the Nepali middle and affluent classes, so they are against the inclusion of Terai Duars in Gorkhaland. The Nepali middle classes are the most advanced in education. The demand for a separate Kamtapur state comprising the six districts of North Bengal (Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Coochbehar, North Dinajpur, South Dinajpur and Malda) for the sons of the soil is not a new one. The seeds of the demand for a separate Kamtapur state were laid during the merger of the princely state Coochbehar with the Indian Dominion. -
INTRODUCTION Cooch Behar As a Princely State Had Undergone
INTRODUCTION Cooch Behar as a princely state had undergone treinendous changes in different fields of life to grapple with the rapid changes which affected the Cooch Behar State system both from within and without. As a matter of fact, the rigid and closed characteristics of a traditional society had to undergo changes because of innovative ideas in respect of-political and economic milieu. Evidently, the study confines itself to the reign of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan (1863-1911) which witnessed the most significant changes that ushered in modernity in the State. Now the basic questions are : (1) what was the nature of the whole society as well as the nature of administration under the rule of his great grand father. Raja Harendra Narayan ? (II) What were the factors and forces responsible to bring about change in the society, its economy and administration ? (Ill) What were the factors and forces contributed to the making of a modern ruler ? (IV) What elements of modernity influenced the socio-econoroic milieu and administrative system under the reign of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan ? (V) How much modern was the modern King ? Theoretically, an attempt may be made to understand 'tradition' and the process of 'Modernization'. The celebra ted writers of the sub-ccmtinent as well as European scholars, in their attempts in exploring the factors and forces influencing the society, have tried to analyse the process of historical development. For example, David E.Apter in his work The Politics of Modernization (1965); S .N .fiisenstadt in his treatises Modernization-Protest and Change (1967) and Tradition, Change and Modernity (1973); N.J.Smelser in his book Sociology - Aa Introduction (1973); M.B.Jansen in his edited work Qtanqinq Japanese Attitudes Towards Modernization (1965); Singer Milton in his work Social Qianqes in. -
A Study of the Loans of the Princely State of Cooch Behar, 1863-1911
A Study of the Loans of the Princely State of Cooch Behar, 1863-1911 Tapas Debnath1 and Dr. Tahiti Sarkar2 1Research Scholar, Department of History, University of North Bengal 2Assistant Professor, Department of History, University of North Bengal Abstract: This article focuses on the loans of the Cooch Behar State especially the loans of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan. Cooch Behar became a protected State of the British in 1773. In the initial years of the British connection, Cooch Behar had some debts. After that, there was an increase in the savings of the State from 1864-1883. But the transfer of administration of the Cooch Behar State to Maharaja Nripendra Narayan in 1883 once again faced a shortfall in the State budget. The enormous development activities and personal expenses of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan created this situation. During his reign and afterward, the princely State of Cooch Behar was largely dependent on loans for the smooth running of the State. The British Government was very anxious to collect the debts from Cooch Behar. They wanted to control and reduce the personal expenditure of the Maharaja indirectly for the effective payment of the debts of the Cooch Behar State and the Maharaja. Maharaja Nripendra Narayan didn't control it entirely. After the death of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan, and apathy was seen in the attitude of the British Government to approve the large loan application of the Cooch Behar State from the British treasury. Keywords: Cooch Behar, Loan, Debt, Nripendra Narayan The British connection with Cooch Behar has established in 1773.1 The question, whether Cooch Behar was a native State or part of British Indian arose in 1873. -
An Empirical Study of Cooch Behar District, West Bengal, India Dulon Sarkar
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online) Vol 2, No.9, 2012 Status of Rural Women, Left Behind for Male Labour Circulation: an Empirical Study of Cooch Behar District, West Bengal, India Dulon Sarkar Research Scholar (UGC NET), Department of Geography, Visva-Bharati, Santineketan, West Bengal, India, *Email of corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Circulation, being a typical component of migration creates dynamic and complex social process through the constant interaction with economic, demographic, social and political elements of a particular society in a space time lattice. The term ‘circulation’ refers to temporary cyclical movement of a person or a group of person with no declared intention of permanent change of residence. It always ends in the place of origin. The study area, Cooch Behar district of West Bengal, India ranked 11 out of 19 districts (HDR, 2004) of West Bengal proves its incredible backwardness in every aspect. Inadequate employment opportunity due to industrial backwardness, inherited fragmented landholdings, minimum returns from agricultural activities, growing price of necessary commodities and increasing consumerist ideology have compelled simple rural male of the district to migrate in search of work elsewhere. In rural society of Cooch Behar district; women generally participate in food processing, child care, nursing, gossiping, and intensive agricultural task as helper. Temporary absence of man affects social status and life style of the women who are left behind both positively and negatively. -
A Case Study of the Tea Plantation Industry in Himalayan and Sub - Himalayan Region of Bengal (1879 – 2000)
RISE AND FALL OF THE BENGALI ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A CASE STUDY OF THE TEA PLANTATION INDUSTRY IN HIMALAYAN AND SUB - HIMALAYAN REGION OF BENGAL (1879 – 2000) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH BENGAL FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY BY SUPAM BISWAS GUIDE Dr. SHYAMAL CH. GUHA ROY CO – GUIDE PROFESSOR ANANDA GOPAL GHOSH DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH BENGAL 2015 JULY DECLARATION I declare that the thesis entitled RISE AND FALL OF THE BENGALI ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A CASE STUDY OF THE TEA PLANTATION INDUSTRY IN HIMALAYAN AND SUB - HIMALAYAN REGION OF BENGAL (1879 – 2000) has been prepared by me under the guidance of DR. Shyamal Ch. Guha Roy, Retired Associate Professor, Dept. of History, Siliguri College, Dist – Darjeeling and co – guidance of Retired Professor Ananda Gopal Ghosh , Dept. of History, University of North Bengal. No part of this thesis has formed the basis for the award of any degree or fellowship previously. Supam Biswas Department of History North Bengal University, Raja Rammuhanpur, Dist. Darjeeling, West Bengal. Date: 18.06.2015 Abstract Title Rise and Fall of The Bengali Entrepreneurship: A Case Study of The Tea Plantation Industry In Himalayan and Sub Himalayan Region of Bengal (1879 – 2000) The ownership and control of the tea planting and manufacturing companies in the Himalayan and sub – Himalayan region of Bengal were enjoyed by two communities, to wit the Europeans and the Indians especially the Bengalis migrated from various part of undivided Eastern and Southern Bengal. In the true sense the Europeans were the harbinger in this field. Assam by far the foremost region in tea production was closely followed by Bengal whose tea producing areas included the hill areas and the plains of the Terai in Darjeeling district, the Dooars in Jalpaiguri district and Chittagong. -
Gorkha Identity and Separate Statehood Movement by Dr
Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: D History Archaeology & Anthropology Volume 14 Issue 1 Version 1.0 Year 2014 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-460x & Print ISSN: 0975-587X Gorkha Identity and Separate Statehood Movement By Dr. Anil Kumar Sarkar ABN Seal College, India Introduction- The present Darjeeling District was formed in 1866 where Kalimpong was transformed to the Darjeeling District. It is to be noted that during Bhutanese regime Kalimpong was within the Western Duars. After the Anglo-Bhutanese war 1866 Kalimpong was transferred to Darjeeling District and the western Duars was transferred to Jalpaiguri District of the undivided Bengal. Hence the Darjeeling District was formed with the ceded territories of Sikkim and Bhutan. From the very beginning both Darjeeling and Western Duars were treated excluded area. The population of the Darjeeling was Composed of Lepchas, Nepalis, and Bhotias etc. Mech- Rajvamsis are found in the Terai plain. Presently, Nepalese are the majority group of population. With the introduction of the plantation economy and developed agricultural system, the British administration encouraged Nepalese to Settle in Darjeeling District. It appears from the census Report of 1901 that 61% population of Darjeeling belonged to Nepali community. GJHSS-D Classification : FOR Code : 120103 Gorkha Identity and Separate Statehood Movement Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of: © 2014. Dr. Anil Kumar Sarkar. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. -
Chapter 6 the District of Cooch Behar 6.1. a Profile of the District : 6.1.1
Chapter 6 The District of Cooch Behar 6.1. A profile of the District : The district of Coach Behar having an area of 3,368 square kilometer and 21,58169 populatioi1 accoi·ding to 1991 census is an industrially backward zone. Most of the people belong to the economically weaker sections and backward communities who suffer from deep socio-economic misbalance of devel9pment. Situated in the north and north-east of the state of West Bengal in India, the district of Coo~h Behar finds itself the gateway to the state of Assam, with two neighbouring countries like Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh in the South. 6.1.1 The plight of the people in Cooch Behar deserves special attention for more than one reason. The district is washed by more or less 22 rivers, which multiply the sorrows of the rural re'ople as the rivers frequently change courses thereby causing floods and devastations. There is dumping of sand by the riverside, frequent soil erosion wipitg the irrigated land and affecting the agricultural economy and ch~'elling places of the rural people. 6.1.2. The district is predominantly rural. 92.32 percent of the population of the district lives in the villages. The people of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are 52 percent. Agriculture forms the principal source of income. But the production is traditional. There is lack of.irrigation facilities. 107 There are no large, medium or agro-related industries in ·the district. Among the people, only 32.15 percent belong to the workers. There is no regulated common market for the farmers producing the principal agricultural crops like jute ·and tobacco. -
Role of the Cooch Behar State Regency Council (1922 - 1936)
Karatoya: NBU J. Hist. Vol. 6 :70-84 (2013) ISSN: 2229-4880 Role of the Cooch Behar State Regency Council (1922 - 1936) Joydeep Pai* .. The history of British India is mainly indicated the formation of Paramountcy in the Princely States of India. During the first half of the 19th century one of the policy of the British Government was the implementation of the indirect rule. For that purpose .. British Government introduced the system of Regency Council in the Princely States. Regency Council is a person or group of person selected to act as the head of the State when the ruler is minor or not present or debilitated. The period of a regent or regents is referred to as regency. Cooch Behar, the tiny Princely State in North - Eastern India is not an exception of that. The geographical location of the State interested the British Government to take some measures in this regard. However, the administration of the Princely State of Cooch Behar found a new dimension from I 863. Here it deserve to mention that after the death of Maharaja Harendra Narayan in 1839, the Colonial Government had the free run in the State. The successor, Maharaja Shivendra Narayan had a pro- British attitude. Therefore, when he ascended the throne, it helped the British Government to fulfi ll their designs. So, the policy of indirect rule found its strong foothold in Cooch Behar. After that the British helped the Maharaja in all avenues of administration. Regarding smooth running of the State there were broad lines of the British administration for Cooch Behar during the minority of the Maharaja and the general principles of the British Government adopted by the State, was a beneficial scheme for the smooth running of the State. -
APPENDIX Spelling of "Cooch Behar"
APPENDIX Spelling of "Cooch Behar". The spelling of "Cooch Behar" used in different forms in different times. To avoid diversity, the State of Cooch Behar has directed by an order published in 1896, that "Cooch Behar" shall be the spelling to be used. "His Highness the Maharaja Bhup Bahadur having signified his approval of the use of the Spelling "Cooch Behar", all other spelling of the Word should be dropped" - Cooch Behar Gazette, Part - I, 1896, p. 28. APPENDIX A COOCH BEHAR MERGER AGREEMENT .\r;u~:t:lu·:.NT ll.\DJ~ TillS Twenty-llighth clay of .\ugust l!J~!J between the Governor-General of India anu His Highness the 'lfaharaja of Cooch Beho.r. ·.'.:~ .. ~ ._.! r.. ,_ .. Wu~Jti::.\:; in the best interests· of the State of·· Cu01•h Bt•har n~ wtJ11 as of the Dominion of India it ill de.Jiirable to oro,·icle for the administration of the said Stute l•:v or.-:itl!der the authorit_,. of the Dominion Government: · IT rs HERI-:IIY .waan aR follows:- .4.. rtic·l c 1 Hi~ Hi~IIC~S the Muhurnja of Cooch Behar hereby cedes to th•· Dominion Oovemmeut Cull and t•xc!usivc authoritYI' jmisdit·tioM nne! r)OwcrK for and in reolotion to tho llOveinnoee of the Stutfi and agrerF· to trun:;fcr the aclmlnistrution' of: the Stnte to tht• Domin ion · Ooveromeot on thn I :.?th dit.y ."of Septemhet· 1949 {hnrt>inaft.er referred tn o~ "tht> ~n!n doy'•'). AR fa·om tht' ,;niu cloy the Dominion Go,·ernment will.be t•tmtpet~nt to ··~erl'i~A . -
Koch Coinage: from Anglo-Koch Treaty to Merger (1773-1949)
Chapter IV Koch Coinage: From Anglo-Koch Treaty to Merger (1773-1949) The year 1773 was marked by the Anglo-Koch treaty in the history of the Koch kingdom and this treaty had profound influence over the following course of events in the Koch kingdom. By this treaty the kingdom became a subsidiary state and the administrative power to a great extend fall into the hand of the authorities of the English East India Company. This treaty had profound impact over the Kingdoms age long currency system also. Though the treaty had not banned the free minting of Narayani currency but from the later developments after the treaty we can understand that the British authorities was in no mood of its free circulation and different times they imposed certain restriction over the minting of Narayani coins. Though the Koch rulers took some initiatives but their efforts were not enough to revive the glory of the Narayani currency and due to the pressure of the imperial powers the currency lost its hold from the markets of the state and finally the circulation stopped officially form 1866.But before analyzing the declining process of the Narayani currency we will first look at the successive rulers who issued coins after 1773. The coins issued after this date was mainly ceremonial coins and issued only in the time of accession in limited numbers. This coronation issues started from the time of Dhairyendra Narayan and came down to the state‟s last ruler Jagaddipendra Narayan. Harendra Narayan (1783-1839): After the death of Dhairyendra Narayan his young son Harendra Narayan a baby scarcely four years old was placed in the throne. -
Cooch Behar Marriage Controversy: a History Of
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Issn No : 1006-7930 COOCH BEHAR MARRIAGE CONTROVERSY: A HISTORY OF BRAHMO-HINDU MARRIAGE Prosenjit Ray Doctoral Fellow, Department of History, Raiganj Unversity, West Bengal, India Lecturer, Department of History, Sitalkuchi College, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India, email: [email protected] Absract: The Cooch Behar marriage is most debatable chapter in the history Brahmo Samaj. Maharani Suniy Devee was the dauther of Brahmo leader Keshab Chndra Sen. She was marriaed to Maharaja (king) Nripendra Narayan Bhup Bahadur, Cooch Behar State in 1878. Due to this marriage Keshab Chandra Sen had to face so criticm in and out of his Samaj that he had to lose his image. In the marriage traditional Hindu rites and Brahmo faith both were followed. As a result of this marriage the Calcuttan culture entered in the royal family and its advent helped in Volume XII, Issue III, 2020 Page No: 4025 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Issn No : 1006-7930 the spread of Brahmo faith in the State (Cooch Behar). On the other, due to this mariage the Brahmo Samaj was bifercuted into groups. Key words: Cooch Behar, Marriage, Sunity Devee, Brahmos, The most popular king of Cooch Behar State was Maharaja Nripendra Narayan Bhup Bahadur (1863-1911). During his reign the State saw socio-cultural changes. During his kingship the Cooch Behar Marriage was a most vital and debatable chapter in the history of Brahmo Samaj of India as well as in the renaissance movemnt in India. The royal family of Cooch Behar State belonged to Koch by caste and the members of the family believed in Brahmin culture before the Cooch behar Marriage in 1878 CE.