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DTP September 08.Qxd 15.08.2008 08:19 Seite 5 DTP_September 08.qxd 15.08.2008 08:19 Seite 5 Der „Sandgrund-EEuchilus“ ist eine Naturhybride! Anmerkungen zu Cheilochromis euchilus und Chilotilapia rhoadesii Andreas Spreinat auch andere Wulstlippen-Buntbarsche aus dem Malawisee, nur ansatzweise die eindrucksvolle Lippenform der freilebenden Artgenossen aufwei- Im November 1990 fotografierte ich Fische in der sen. Somit dürfte ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Hälterungsanlage von Stuart Grant, dem im Okto- Art der Nahrungsaufnahme und der Ausbildung ber 2007 verstorbenen Malawisee-Fischexporteur. der Wulstlippen nahe liegend sein. Seine einheimischen Angestellten brachten mir einen etwas eigenartigen Fisch, der zwar ein Vor diesem Hintergrund erschienen mir die An- Zeichnungsmuster wie Cheilochromis euchilus gaben der Fischfänger plausibel, und ich veröffent- aufwies, aber die für diese Art so charakteri- lichte 1992 ein Foto des oben erwähnten Fisches stischen, hakenförmigen Wulstlippen nur andeu- und gab die erhaltenen Informationen weiter tungsweise zeigte. Zudem sah der Fisch auch etwas (Spreinat 1992): „In diesem Zusammenhang ist es „stumpfköpfiger“ und hochrückiger aus als die C. bezeichnend, dass nach den Informationen der euchilus, die ich bisher gesehen hatte. Zierfischfänger am Malawisee bei Cheilochromis euchilus, einer Art, die eine weite Verbreitung im Die Aquarienfischfänger berichteten, dass sie See aufweist, die Wulstlippen nicht oder nur an- Cheilochromis euchilus manchmal über Sandgrund satzweise bei den Exemplaren ausgebildet sind, die fangen würden und dass diese Tiere keine ausge- über Sandgrund gefangen werden. Den Zierfisch- prägten Wulstlippen hätten - so wie das mir stolz fängern ist dies bereits seit längerer Zeit bekannt, präsentierte Exemplar, von dem ich selbstverständ- und sie bezeichnen derartige Tiere dieser Art ein- lich einige Aufnahmen schoss. Normalerweise lebt fach als „Sandgrund-Euchilus“. Vergleicht man die die Art – das ist hinreichend bekannt - über felsigen beigefügten Aufnahmen, so kann man eigentlich und gemischten Untergründen und zeigt die oben nur erstaunt sein über ein solch hohes Maß an erwähnten Wulstlippen. Nun weiß man aber schon innerartlicher Variabilität beziehungsweise An- lange, dass in Aquarien gezüchtete C. euchilus, wie passungsfähigkeit.“ (Ende des Zitats.) DCG-Informationen 39 (9): 197–209 197 [Limberg Box Patch : TrimBox [0] BleedBox [3] MediaBox [10] Patch : Page 5] DTP_September 08.qxd 15.08.2008 08:19 Seite 6 Seite 197: 1990 am Malawisee foto- grafiert: Dieser ursprüng- lich als „Sandgrund- Euchilus“ bezeichnete Cichlide ist mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit eine Naturhybride zwischen Cheilochromis euchilus und Chilotilapia rhoadesii. Dasselbe Exemplar wie auf Seite 197 abgebildet: Beachte die angedeuteten Wulstlippen (= euchilus), die steile Stirn (= rhoade- sii) und die ansatzweise erkennbaren Querstreifen (= rhoadesii). Sonderbare Wildfänge Kurze Zeit später erhielten Löfflad und Lepel zwei Es dauerte 17 Jahre, bis ich wieder einen solchen weitere derartige Hybriden, die von ihrem an der Fisch zu Gesicht bekam. Allerdings nicht am oder tansanischen Ostküste stationierten Fangteam im Malawisee, sondern in der Hälterungsanlage erbeutet worden waren. des auf ostafrikanische Buntbarsche spezialisierten Importeurs Helmut Löfflad (Cichliden-Stadel, Dass es sich um Hybriden und nicht um „Sand- Alerheim-Bühl). Dessen Mitarbeiter Thomas Lepel grund-euchilus“ handelt, lässt sich wie folgt ein- war der sonderbare Wildfang sofort aufgefallen, leuchtend begründen: Sowohl das 1990 von Grants weshalb er das Tier separat setzte. Als ich im Team gefangene Exemplar als auch die drei von September 2007 zu Besuch war, zeigte er mir den Lepel auf den vorangegangenen Seiten vorgestell- Buntbarsch. Allerdings, Lepel sah das Exemplar ten Exemplare zeigen mehr oder weniger interme- keineswegs als C. euchilus an, sondern als Misch- diäre (in der Mittel liegende) Eigenschaften, also ling zwischen C. euchilus und Chilotilapia rhoade- Eigenschaften zwischen denen der beiden Arten sii. Und damit hatte Lepel völlig Recht, wie heute Cheilochromis euchilus und Chilotilapia rhoadesii. für mich zweifelsfrei feststeht (vergleiche den vor- Lepel hat diese Merkmale bereits erwähnt, sie angegangenen Bericht von Lepel auf den Seiten seien der Vollständigkeit halber hier dargestellt: 193 bis 196). Vollgefärbtes Nachzucht- männchen von Cheilochromis euchilus 198 DCG-Informationen 39 (9): 197–209 [Limberg Box Patch : TrimBox [0] BleedBox [3] MediaBox [10] Patch : Page 6] DTP_September 08.qxd 15.08.2008 08:19 Seite 7 Intermediäre Eigenschaften betreffen die Lippen- Viel stärker wiegen aber die anderen, ebenfalls klar form, die Steilheit der Stirnlinie, die Körperhöhe intermediär ausgeprägten Merkmale der vier und das Zeichnungsmuster. Bei der Lippenform Naturhybriden. Die Stirnlinie verläuft bei Chilo- sind anhand der vier bekannten Exemplare sehr tilapia rhoadesii wesentlich steiler und die unterschiedliche Grade der Wulstlippen-Aus- Schnauze ist kürzer als bei Cheilochromis euchilus. prägung zu erkennen. Von nur wenig verdickten Bei einem Vergleich der Naturhybriden mit den Lippen bis kräftig entwickelten Hakenlippen ist beiden Elternarten fällt der „gemittelte“ Verlauf der eine breite Variabilität zu erkennen. Die Erklärung Stirnlinie sofort ins Auge. Die Stirn ist nicht so liegt auf der Hand: Je nachdem, ob sich mehr oder „bullig“ wie bei Chilotilapia rhoadesii, verläuft weniger die Gene von Cheilochromis euchilus aber dennoch steiler als bei Cheilochromis euchi- durchgesetzt haben, variiert dementsprechend die lus. Ähnliches gilt für die Körperform, genauer Lippenform. gesagt für die relative Körperhöhe, wobei hier die Varianz der vier Naturhybriden anscheinend so Vor dem Hintergrund der Erfahrungen mit Aqua- groß ist, dass ein so weiter Bereich abgedeckt wird, riennachzuchten könnte man an dieser Stelle argu- dass es sowohl eine Überlappung mit der großen mentieren, dass die Art der Nahrungsaufnahme für Körperhöhe von Chilotilapia rhoadesii als auch die unterschiedliche Ausbildung der Lippen ge- mit der relativ geringeren Körperhöhe von sorgt hat. Dagegen spricht aber bereits die Fest- Cheilochromis euchilus gibt (vgl. die Aufnahmen). stellung, dass zumindest die drei jüngst bekannt gewordenen Exemplare gemäß Mitteilung von Schließlich ist das Zeichnungsmuster zu erwähnen. Lepel über felsigem beziehungsweise gemischten Cheilochromis euchilus zeigt keine Querstreifen, Untergrund gefangen wurden - und nicht über bei Chilotilapia rhoadesii sind solche aber stim- Sandgrund. mungsabhängig deutlich zu sehen. Die Natur- hybriden zeigen alle mehr oder weniger stark angedeutete Querstreifen, wodurch sie sich von Nahezu ausgewachsenes Männchen von Chilotilapia Cheilochromis euchilus klar unterscheiden. rhoadesii; beachte die senkrechten Körperstreifen. DCG-Informationen 39 (9): 197–209 199 [Limberg Box Patch : TrimBox [0] BleedBox [3] MediaBox [10] Patch : Page 7] DTP_September 08.qxd 15.08.2008 08:19 Seite 8 Ausgewachsenes Wildfangweibchen von Cheilochromis euchilus. Unten: Nachzuchtmännchen von Cheilochromis euchilus: Die Lippen sind nur ansatzwei- se entwickelt. Es ist die oben genannte Kombination an Eigen- Sinn und Unsinn von Naturhybriden schaften, die nun an vier Exemplaren nachge- Während Hybridisation im Pflanzenreich recht wiesen wurden und die genau zwischen den beiden häufig unter natürlichen Bedingungen vorzukom- Arten liegen, was keinen Zweifel daran lässt, dass men scheint, dürften Naturhybriden unter Tieren es sich um Naturhybriden handelt. Und es ist das große Ausnahmen darstellen. Mitunter sind es nah Verdienst von Thomas Lepel, der die Mischlinge verwandte, eigentlich räumlich getrennte Arten, in als solche erkannte und nun erstmals in den DCG- deren Überlappungsgebieten Hybride (Bastarde) Informationen darauf aufmerksam macht. entstehen. Ein bekanntes Beispiel für eine natürli- che Bastardierung in Mitteleuropa betrifft den 200 DCG-Informationen 39 (9): 197–209 [Limberg Box Patch : TrimBox [0] BleedBox [3] MediaBox [10] Patch : Page 8] DTP_September 08.qxd 15.08.2008 08:19 Seite 9 Chilotilapia rhoadesii: Weibchen (oder Männchen in Unterlegenheits- färbung?). Unten: Relativ junges, aber bereits geschlechtsreifes Männchen von Chilotilapia rhoadesii mit starken gel- ben Pigmenten. * Das „kl.“ steht für Klepton (griechisch Kleptos = Dieb), was sich auf die Tatsache bezieht, dass sich die Bastarde nur dann fortpflanzen können, wenn sie die Geschlechtszellen einer der Elternarten „steh- len“ (vergleiche Nöllert & Nöllert 1992: 313). Teichfrosch (Rana kl. esculenta*, siehe Kasten Artbildung durch Hybridisierung nicht ausge- oben), der nach den vorliegenden Erkenntnissen schlossen. eine Hybridform aus den Elternarten Seefrosch (R. ridibunda) und Kleiner Wasserfrosch (R. lessonae) Erst vor Kurzem hat Roland F. Fischer in dieser darstellt. Laut Nöllert & Nöllert (1992: 313) beste- Zeitschrift (2008) über Naturhybriden, insbesonde- hen allerdings kaum Hinweise darauf, dass es sich re bei Fischen geschrieben, so dass hier keine wei- bei diesen Bastardfröschen um in der Entstehung teren Beispiele angeführt beziehungsweise keine begriffene Arten handelt. In der Evolutionstheorie weiteren allgemeinen Ausführungen gemacht wer- wird aber generell die theoretische Möglichkeit der den sollen. DCG-Informationen 39 (9): 197–209 201 [Limberg Box Patch : TrimBox [0] BleedBox [3] MediaBox [10] Patch : Page 9] DTP_September 08.qxd 15.08.2008 08:19 Seite 10 Bei diesem Exemplar, gefangen 1990 vor Chipoka, könnte es sich um einen Naturhybriden zwi- schen Nimbochromis
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