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Cinema General Information History of Cinema Cinema Lusophone Film Processes Script Treatment Pre-production Filming Production Post-production Sonorization Decupagem Editing Editing Editing Editing Subtitling Dubbing/folding Soundtrack Continuity Sound effect Special effect Making-of Cinema by country Germany Angola Argentina Armenia Azerbaijan zo Brazil Chile South Korea Scandinavia Usa France India India Japan Japan Japan Portugal United Kingdom Russia Russia Taiwan Professionals Figure Director /Scenographer Continuist Filmmaker Director of Photography Shining Illuminating Director Director Sound Director Film Critic Mounted ensemble cast genres and formats Action Animation Assault Adventure Comedy comedy romantic drama Drama Faroeste Favela movie Science Fiction Film noir War Musical Police Romance Suspense Documentary Short Film Gothic Movie Movie Serial Movements and styles Dogma 95 Expressionism Hollywood Cinema new Kino-Pra V Neorealism Nouvelle found footage Equipment Camera Camera Projector Moviola Reflectphotograph Cinematographer Praxinoscope Film Awards Annie APCA Aquila BAFTA Authors Bodil Candango C'sar David Raspberry Golden Globe Golden Globe Gold Globe ( Portugal) Goya Brazilian film Grand Prix Guldbagge Independent spirit of Kikito Golden Lion Oscar Palme d'Or Saturn Sofia Golden Bear Film Festival Berlin Brasilia Cannes Festroia Figueira da Fos Gothenburg Lawn Havana Istanbul Paulia Porto Rio San Sebastian Setubal Sundance Toronto also popularized under the terms of cowboy movies or Western films, it is a classic genre of American films( The English term western means western and refers to the border of the North American West during colonization. This region has also been named far west - and this is where the term used in Brazil and Portugal, westerns (also used by the term juvenile explosion, in promoting old matinees and comics) comes from this. Westerns can be any form of art that represent, in a way that events of this time and region. In addition to cinema, you can mention sculptures, literature, painting and television programs. Although westerns have been one of the most popular movie genres in the history of cinema and still have many fans, the production of films of this genre is almost residual in times that work, especially after the commercial disaster of the film Gates of Heaven (The Gates of Heaven in Portugal and the portal of paradise in Brazil), by Michael Chamino, in the early 1980s. However, there have been more recent commercial successes that have even won an Academy Award for best film, such as Kevin Costner's Dancing with the Wolves or Clint Eastwood's Unforgiven. But the westerns that come to the memory of most moviegoers, even those of their golden age: the films of John Ford, Howard Hawkes, among other top names in the cinema. The main features of westerns, defined by the French critic Andre Bazin as American cinema par excellence, in his book What is cinema?, were also considered by one of its main creators, Clint Eastwood, as the only original American art form, with the exception of jazz. The western scenario, as has already been said, is the Wild West of the United States, from the Mississippi line, from the period preceding the American Civil War (Antebellum) at the turn of the twentieth century. This is the time of occupation of land; Creation of large livestock farms; combating Indians and their segregation; gold races in California; demand for promised land (such as the creation of Utah's Mormons) and the war in Texas. The typical image of a cowboy The most common type of character of this movie genre is that of a lone cowboy (strictly, we don't even have to call them cowboys because they're not always pastoralists, often being gunlingers, thugs, players, sheriffs, diggers or, simply, strays) who roam stray from town to town, possessing only the clothes he carries on his body, a revolver and a horse( and a horse( A classic example of a lone action movie is Shane (from the 1953 film of the same name, known in Brazil as Brutes also love). Cities usually consist of only one main avenue, where the salon (gambling, alcohol and, eventually prostitution), and the prison where the sheriff lives, stand out. The technology of the time often seemed to be a counterpoint to young people, without the law, except the law on power and weapons. Thus, the telegraph (constantly destroyed by groups of bandits or Indians), the locomotive and even the press appear as elements foreshadowing the arrival of civilization and order and symbolizing the near-wild way of life of the western border. The belief in the Manifesto of Destiny, under which the continent's ownership of the Atlantic Ocean in the Pacific Ocean was destined, by divine providence, is often found among the characters seeking the West in search of a glorious future driven by patriotic ideals. Dramatic physical pursuits and confrontations, in the duel genre, are the most commonly used methods to emphasize the main ingredient of the idea of imminent danger, in a society where risks occur daily and where violence seems to be the only way to ensure security. The idea of the journey is constant: cowboys cross long stretches of territory with cattle; stage work cuts through the roads of ermas, stopping at some meagre hotels; caravans roam the inhospitable plains, and sometimes the fort, which signify the military presence of settlers. Monument Valley, Arizona, is a recurring setting in many of the most famous westerns It's basically just with these elements that some of the most famous movies have been created. In terms of storytelling, stories are often linear, without big plots, with clearly defined morality (as always, goodness must win anyway). As a backdrop, the landscape is marked by large open spaces such as Monument Valley, which have become symbolic and can almost take over as the main character of the film. The western characters also identify themselves with these spaces and the relationship between the earth and the open air. Another frequent element is the conflict between white settlers and indigenous peoples. The Western genre itself includes a few subgenres, such as epic westerns, so-called shots (where action and filming occur irrationally), musicals, drama, tragedy and even some comedy and parodies. The main elements of the classic western were later reinterpreted, criticized and questioned by films that could be seen as part of the revisionist western. Cowboys and arrows often play an important role in these films - which is infamous in the popular way these films are labeled in Portuguese. Fights with Indians also occur frequently, occupying these, in general, the role of a threat; revisionist westerns then intended to be more benevolent to the role of indigenous peoples, and they took the place of In the 1970s, several copies of this trend appeared: The Little Big Man, which shows the former revered hero General Custer as an ambitious and unbalanced man; A man named Horse, the first in a trilogy with English actor Richard Harris; and Soldier Blue (When it takes to be a man in Brazil), from 1970, with Candice Bergen, which shows shocking scenes of Indian massacre. Other recurring themes are traveling across the American West, or attacking more or less organized groups of thugs who terrorize small nascent cities, as happens in the Magnificent Seven (The Magnificent Seven in Portugal, and seven people and destinations in Brazil). Westerns and popular culture World popular culture, now heavily dependent on American culture because of globalization, tends to prefer and appreciate a culture of honor, as opposed to a culture of law and law. Westerns depict a society in which a person is valued for the struggle he establishes with his surroundings, and where codes of honor (not to shoot in the back, for example) intersect with the law and where the social hierarchy is established on the basis of reputation, earned by acts of violence or creative generosity depending on human relationships. These themes are not unique to the Western and feature many gangster films, revenge films and, in a more global perspective, samurai films (Japanese film genre) that have sometimes inspired the arguments of some famous westerns such as The Magnificent Seven, 1960, based on Shichinin's Samurai (Seven Samurai), a 1954 akira Kurosawa film. Civilization is not always seen as a blessing to be achieved. Sometimes it is even considered a pathetic, fate-threatening courageous way of life, highly valued by the collective subconscious. Hollywood westerns Justus D. Barnes in the famous 1903 Western pioneer The Great Robbery train image in the movies, the western dates back to the productions of Keith Carson in 1903 and the Great Train Heist, a silent film directed by Edwin S. Porter and starring Broncho Billy Anderson. Made in 1903, his popularity among the audience at the time earned Anderson the privilege of becoming the first cowboy movie star, as was the case in hundreds of short films in which he later participated. But the competition did not wait, and William S. Hart soon became another star of art, which took its first steps. It is interesting to see that the first film, shot in Hollywood in 1910, in Old California, D.W. Griffith, was a western. In fact, Griffith is often touted as the genre's great artistic restorer. Another film, Squaw Man, from 1914, in which Cecil B. DeMille, will be the first feature film made in Mecca cinema.