Fast-Track Pathways in Colorectal Surgery

Fast-Track Pathways in Colorectal Surgery a b c, Paul J. Chestovich, MD , Anne Y. Lin, MD , James Yoo, MD * KEYWORDS Fast-track Enhanced recovery after surgery ERAS Colorectal surgery KEY POINTS Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) or “fast-track” pathways are a multimodal approach to the perioperative management of patients undergoing colorectal surgery designed to improve the overall quality of care. Typical fast-track management includes proper patient selection, avoidance of bowel preparation unless indicated, multimodal pain management including epidural catheters, use of a laparoscopic approach when possible, avoidance of excessive fluid administra- tion, early diet advancement and ambulation, and adherence to Surgical Care Improve- ment Project (SCIP) measures. Fast-track protocols are safe for patients and offer improvement in intestinal recovery and hospital discharge. A higher rate of hospital readmissions should be expected, although the overall hospital days will be lower than in standard perioperative management. INTRODUCTION Fast-track pathways, also known as ERAS pathways, were first introduced in the mid- 1990’s and are a more recent addition to the care of patients undergoing colorectal procedures.1 The purpose of these pathways is to use current evidence in a stream- lined multidisciplinary manner with the aim of minimizing surgical pain and enhancing recovery, leading to fewer complications, more rapid hospital discharge, and improved overall outcomes. These pathways encompass all facets of perioperative care, including preoperative planning, intraoperative management, and postoperative a Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 757 Westwood Plaza, B711, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; b Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte, 72-247 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; c Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, 72-253 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] Surg Clin N Am 93 (2013) 21–32 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2012.09.003 surgical.theclinics.com 0039-6109/13/$ – see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Chestovich et al care. Success is achieved by making evidence-based management decisions aimed to expedite recovery and minimize complications after surgery, which ultimately decreases the use of hospital resources and health care costs. Several small trials have been performed in the past several years comparing tradi- tional perioperative management with a fast-track approach in colorectal surgery.2–8 These studies demonstrated more rapid return of bowel function, shorter inpatient hospital stays, and fewer complications, although 2 studies3,8 noted an increased rate of readmissions after fast-track surgery. Systematic review and meta-analysis has supported these findings with decreased hospital stay and no change in mortality, complications, or readmissions.9 From this information, fast-track protocols are a safe useful tool for any surgeon performing colorectal procedures. PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND PATIENT SELECTION Proper patient selection is the first and perhaps most important component of a fast-track pathway. Not all patients should be considered for this type of management. The best candidates for fast-track protocol are primarily healthy individuals requiring straightforward procedures for diverticulitis, polyps, or nonobstructive malignancy (Box 1). Generally, any patient with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score 1 or 2 and select ASA 3 patients may be included. Finally, the patient should be well informed and amenable to fast-track management because active patient participation will directly affect the success of the program. In ideal circumstances, the protocol should be discussed with the patient in a preoperative clinic visit, and the goals, advantages, and risks discussed in detail. Box 1 Indications and contraindications to fast-track management in colorectal surgery Ideal patients for fast-track management Straightforward elective procedures ASA 1, 2, possibly 3 Ambulatory preoperatively Good nutritional status No prior abdominal surgery Compliant, reliable, and amenable to fast-track management Relative contraindications—use fast-track management with caution Contraindication to epidural analgesia Psychiatric issues Poor social support Difficult or unconventional procedure Absolute contraindications to fast-track management Emergent procedures (obstruction, perforation, ischemia) ASA 4 or higher Patients who are nonmobile or have limited mobility Severe malnutrition Noncompliant or reluctant to participate in the fast-track program Fast-track Pathways in Colorectal Surgery 23 There are also several patient groups in which fast-track management is inadvis- able. These include patients who are malnourished, immobile, or minimally mobile. Patients requiring emergent procedures should also be avoided, such as for ischemia, obstruction, or perforation. Medical comorbidities should be considered, and all patients with ASA 4 or higher and some ASA 3 patients would not be well suited for fast-track management. The specific procedure should be considered in the decision, and difficult procedures, such as those requiring extensive dissection or lysis of adhesions, would be best managed via standard postoperative protocols. Owing to the higher readmission rates after discharge from fast-track protocols, a patient’s social support and psychiatric history should be considered, and patients who may be unreliable, or may have difficulty returning for complications or follow-up, should be fast-tracked with caution. BOWEL PREPARATION Mechanical bowel preparation before elective colorectal surgery was previously considered the standard of care for decades. It was thought to decrease infectious complications and anastomotic dehiscence by decreasing intraluminal fecal mass and bacterial load. Although tolerated by most patients, cathartic bowel preparation may cause dehydration and potentially severe electrolyte toxicities, especially in elderly patients with renal insufficiency,10 and should not be treated lightly. Recently, use of bowel preparation has been extensively studied. Meta-analyses of multiple trials have concluded that bowel preparation is unnecessary and fails to decrease infectious complications or improve outcomes after colorectal surgery.11–13 Many surgeons continue using bowel preparation for patients requiring a low rectal anastomosis because of concern that the column of stool may cause anastomotic disruption. Detailed subgroup analysis comparing patients with and without bowel preparation has failed to find a difference in anastomotic leakage, infectious complications, mortality, peritonitis, or reoperation in both colon and rectal procedures. Furthermore, no difference was found between oral bowel preparation and enemas.11 However, in patients receiving cathartic bowel preparation, the addition of oral antibiotics may reduce infectious complications compared with prep alone.14 Current clinical practice guidelines from the Canadian Society of Colon and Rectal surgeons endorses omitting bowel preparation for open left-sided and right-sided colon surgery but has found insufficient evidence for patients undergoing laparoscopic or low anterior resection procedures. Some surgeons may prefer a bowel preparation in certain scenarios, such as resection of a small nontattooed lesion (<2 cm), or if there may be a need to perform an intraoperative colonoscopy. This preference is particularly relevant to laparoscopic procedures when the location of a lesion is uncer- tain and manual palpation is not possible. Some surgeons may also prefer to use a bowel preparation in all laparoscopic procedures to make colon manipulation easier, and guidelines published by the Society of Alimentary Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) have endorsed the use of bowel preparations in laparoscopic colorectal surgery.15 At present there is no study specifically investigating the use of cathartic bowel preparation in a fast-track pathway, although some studies investigating fast-track protocols omitted bowel preparation,6,16 whereas others included a standard bowel preparation.4,8 It is up to the specific surgeon as to the inclusion of a bowel preparation, but the general recommendation is to avoid routine use unless specifically indicated.2 24 Chestovich et al LAPAROSCOPIC VERSUS OPEN PROCEDURES Laparoscopy has revolutionized the modern practice of surgery and has become a standard method for performing colon resection. Properly performed laparoscopic colon surgery achieves appropriate surgical margins, accurate staging, and equivalent survival when compared with open surgery.17 A meta-analysis of long-term outcomes comparing laparoscopic to open colorectal surgery for cancer resection found no difference in tumor recurrence, cancer-related mortality, as well as reoperations for hernia or adhesions.18 When considering inclusion in a fast-track protocol, the laparoscopic approach to colon resection offers several advantages. In trials comparing laparoscopic and open colon surgery, patients undergoing laparoscopic colon resection have less postoperative pain, fewer wound infections, shorter time to return of bowel function, and shorter hospital stays. There is no difference in reoperation rate or postoperative

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