Financial Reporting Framework for Small- and Medium-Sized Entities Comparisons of the FRF for Smestm Reporting
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Financing Your Small Business
Jim Green Outline Importance of cash flow Creating a cash budget Managing your cash in and out Finding cash in your business Help is available Cash Flow Cash flow is the net amount of cash and equivalents moving into and out of a business. Positive cash flow indicates that a company's liquid assets are increasing, enabling it to settle debts, reinvest in its business, return money to shareholders, pay expenses and provide a buffer against future financial challenges. Negative cash flow indicates that a company's liquid assets are decreasing. Net cash flow is distinguished from net income, which includes accounts receivable and other items for which payment has not actually been received. Cash flow is used to assess the quality of a company's income. Cash and Profits Cash ≠ profits. Profit is the difference between a company’s total revenue and total expenses. Cash is the money that is free and readily available to use. Cash flow measures a company’s liquidity and its ability to pay its bills. Sources and Uses of Cash Sources Uses Cash payments (sales) Payroll Accounts Receivable Inventory purchases Other income (i.e., Utilities investments) Rent Borrowing Insurance Supplies Loan payments Taxes Cash Flow Statements The statement of cash flows is one of the main financial statements. (The other financial statements are the balance sheet, income statement, and statement of stockholders' equity.) The cash flow statement reports the cash generated and used during the time interval specified in its heading. Cash Flow Statement Because the income statement is prepared under the accrual basis of accounting, the revenues reported may not have been collected. -
Business Overhead Expense Disability Insurance Plan
A benefit of your membership! INSURANCE SPECIALISTS, INC. BUSINESS OVERHEAD EXPENSE DISABILITY INSURANCE PLAN Affordable Business Overhead Expense Disability Insurance, designed for small professional practices. 0188490 INSURANCE SPECIALISTS, INC. BUSINESS OVERHEAD EXPENSE DISABILITY INSURANCE PLAN Peace of mind for you and your practice Whether you are just starting your own professional practice or growing the one you already have, you know how fast your financial obligations can add up. Employee salaries and insurance premiums, rent, utilities, real estate taxes, are just some of your regular monthly practice expenses. How would you cover those expenses if you were disabled and couldn’t work for months? How long could your business survive if you weren’t there practicing? The Business Overhead Expense Disability Insurance (BOE) Plan can help keep your practice open and viable during periods of disability. Whether you return after a disability or choose to sell your practice, its marketable value can remain intact with good business overhead insurance available to you. If you become disabled, the Plan reimburses you for your regular monthly business expenses. Separate from your disability income insurance coverage that protects the money you earn, BOE coverage could make the difference between keeping the doors of your practice open during a disability and having to close it permanently. The Business Overhead Expense Disability Insurance Plan offers: Apply today for this • Up to $20,000 of monthly coverage for eligible business expenses. important coverage! Go to www.isi1959.com and download a • Coverage for disability for up to 24 months Request for Coverage Form from our website. -
Cost Accounting Standard on “Overheads”
COST ACCOUNTING STANDARD ON “OVERHEADS” The following is the text of the COST ACCOUNTING STANDARD 3 (CAS- 3) issued by the Council of the Institute of Cost and Works Accountants of India on “Overheads”. The standard deals with the method of collection, allocation, apportionment and absorption of overheads” In this Standard, the standard portions have been set in bold italic type. These should be read in the context of the background material which has been set in normal type. 1. Introduction 1.1 In Cost Accounting the analysis and collection of overheads, their allocation and apportionment to different cost centres and absorption to products or services plays an important role in determination of cost as well as control purposes. A system of better distribution of overheads can only ensure greater accuracy in determination of cost of products or services. It is, therefore, necessary to follow standard practices for allocation, apportionment and absorption of overheads for preparation of cost statements. 2. Objective 2.1 The standard is to prescribe the methods of collection, allocation, apportionment of overheads to different cost centres and absorption thereof to products or services on a consistent and uniform basis in the preparation of cost statements and to facilitate inter-firm and intra-firm comparison. 2.2 The standardization of collection, allocation, apportionment and absorption of overheads is to provide a scientific basis for determination of cost of different activities, products, services, assets, etc. 2.3 The standard is to facilitate in taking commercial and strategic management ` decisions such as resource allocation, product mix optimization, make or buy decisions, price fixation etc. -
Accrual Vs. Cash Accounting
Accrual vs Cash One of the first steps in setting up an accurate accounting system is selecting a method of recording transactions. The two most common methods are the cash basis of accounting and the accrual basis of accounting. This article highlights the differences between these methods, and presents considerations when choosing which method is right for your organization. Cash Method Accrual Method The cash method is the simplest option, and replicates The more complex accrual method is what is required by checkbook accounting used in personal finances. Income Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). If your and expenses are recognized when the cash is transferred. organization plans to go through a financial statement au- Revenue is recorded when funds are received and expens- dit or review, it is highly recommended that the organiza- es are recorded when bills are paid, regardless of when tion adopt the accrual method so that it is in conformance the transaction was entered into between the organiza- with GAAP. Lending and funding sources also often re- tion and the donor/customer or vendor. As a result, the quire financial information be submitted using the accrual balance sheet of a cash basis organization only contains method. This method records income when it is earned cash and net assets. Receivables, prepaid expenses, paya- and expenses when they are incurred. As a result, income bles and deferred revenue are all accrual concepts ignored and all of the costs incurred in the process of earning the when using the cash method. The benefits of this method revenue are matched and recorded in the same fiscal peri- are the simplicity and a clear sense of cash flow. -
Financial Forecasts and Projections 1473
Financial Forecasts and Projections 1473 AT Section 301 Financial Forecasts and Projections Source: SSAE No. 10; SSAE No. 11; SSAE No. 17. Effective when the date of the practitioner’s report is on or after June 1, 2001, unless otherwise indicated. Introduction .01 This section sets forth standards and provides guidance to practition- ers who are engaged to issue or do issue examination (paragraphs .29–.50), compilation (paragraphs .12–.28), or agreed-upon procedures reports (para- graphs .51–.56) on prospective financial statements. .02 Whenever a practitioner (a) submits, to his or her client or others, prospective financial statements that he or she has assembled, or assisted inas- sembling, that are or reasonably might be expected to be used by another (third) party1 or (b) reports on prospective financial statements that are, or reasonably might be expected to be used by another (third) party, the practitioner should perform one of the engagements described in the preceding paragraph. In de- ciding whether the prospective financial statements are or reasonably might be expected to be used by a third party, the practitioner may rely on either the written or oral representation of the responsible party, unless information comes to his or her attention that contradicts the responsible party's represen- tation. If such third-party use of the prospective financial statements is not reasonably expected, the provisions of this section are not applicable unless the practitioner has been engaged to examine, compile, or apply agreed-upon procedures to the prospective financial statements. .03 This section also provides standards for a practitioner who is engaged to examine, compile, or apply agreed-upon procedures to partial presentations. -
Business Overhead Expense Worksheet
Business Overhead Expense Worksheet When completing this worksheet, keep in mind that as a general rule, if a regular and normal business expense incurred in the operation of the proposed insured business owner’s office or place of business will continue (because of contractual obligations or the necessity of the expense for maintenance) after that person becomes disable, that expense will most likely be covered. However, if the expense is income-generating, is for a new capital improvement or increases the net worth of the business, it most likely will not be covered. Type of Business Normal Monthly Type of Business Normal Monthly Overhead Expense Outlay Overhead Expense Outlay 1. Rental Real Estate Depreciation, or 8. Professional license & dues $ Business Mortgage Principal 9. Business-related loan interest (show only one) $ including business-related mortgage 2. Utilities interest $ a. Heat $ 10. Replacement salary (calculated as b. Power $ the lesser of 50% of the proposed insured business owner’s salary or c. Water/Sewer $ 50% of all other eligible expenses) $ d. Fixed Telephone/Fax $ 11. Either business-related depreciation 3. Compensation of employees or payment on loan principal (show (including members of the proposed one or the other but not both) $ insured owner’s immediate family who have been continuously 12. Car, truck & equipment leases (any employed by the business for at least portion of lease which is for personal usage is not covered) 90 days) $ NOTE: Compensation to partners is 13. Telephone answering service and/or not covered in overhead expense. $ mobile paging system $ 4. Business related taxes (only those 14. -
Absorption Costing - Overview
Absorption Costing - Overview 1. Overview of Absorption costing and Variable Costing 2. Review how costs for Manufacturing are transferred to the product 3. Job Order Vs. Process Costing 4. Overhead Application - Under applied Overhead - Over applied overhead 5. Problems with Absorption Costing 6. Concluding Comments Absorption Costing The focus of this class is on how to allocate manufacturing costs to the product. - Direct Materials - Direct Labor - Overhead Absorption costing is a process of tracing the variable costs of production and the fixed costs of production to the product. Variable Costing traces only the variable costs of production to the product and the fixed costs of production are treated as period expenses. Absorption Costing There are three different types of Absorption Costing Systems: - Job Order Costing - Process Costing - ABC Costing In Job Order Costing costs are assigned to the product in Batches or lots. - Printing - Furniture manufacturing - Bicycle Manufacturing In Process Costing, costs are systematically assigned to the product, since there are no discreet batches to assign costs. - Oil Distilling - Soda Manufacturing ABC Costing assigns cost from cost centers to the product - Best in a multi product firm, where there are different volumes Absorption Costing A simplified view of Production: Introduce Raw Manufacture Store finished Sell Finished Materials Product goods Goods 1. Direct materials 1. Direct labor 1. Production process are purchased applied to completed 2. Direct materials product 2. Goods are shipped are placed into 2. Overhead costs for sale production are incurred Absorption Costing How do we account for the production process? 1. Direct materials are purchased and recorded as an asset. -
Financial Management: Cash Vs. Accrual Accounting Danny Klinefelter, Dean Mccorkle and Steven Klose*
EAG- 036 February 2017 Risk Management Series Financial Management: Cash vs. Accrual Accounting Danny Klinefelter, Dean McCorkle and Steven Klose* Selecting a record-keeping system is an A business can be going broke and still generate important decision for agricultural producers. a positive cash basis income for several years The system should help with decision making in a by building accounts payable (accruing but not risky environment and calculate taxable income. paying expenses), selling assets, and not replacing Most producers keep their records with the cash capital assets as they wear out. receipts and disbursements method or with an However, most farmers and ranchers use accrual method. cash basis accounting because: 1) the accounting Either method should be acceptable for principles of an accrual system can be complex; calculating taxable income (except for corporate 2) given the cost of hiring accountants to keep taxpayers who have revenues exceeding their records, accrual accounting is more $25,000,000). However, it is not acceptable to keep expensive; and 3) cash basis accounting is more books throughout the year using one method flexible for tax planning. of accounting and then convert at year-end to another method, solely because the second Getting the Best of Both Systems method might compute taxable income more There is a process by which cash basis income favorably. and expense data can be adjusted to approximate The main difference between accrual basis and accrual income. This can be very beneficial to cash basis accounting is the time at which income producers, giving them the simplicity and tax and expenses are recognized and recorded. -
Example: Accounting in a Job Order Costing System
ACCT 102 - Professor Johnson Lecture Notes – Chapter 17: ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING AND ANALYSIS ASSIGNING OVERHEAD COSTS Background In Chapter 14, we learned that product costs consist of direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead. We also understood that direct materials are assigned to product costs via the materials requisition form, and direct labor is allocated to product costs using time tickets. Direct material and direct labor costs are easily traceable to these source documents, so accuracy in assigning these costs is not difficult to achieve. However, factory overhead cannot be allocated to products using source documents. We must use an allocation system to assign overhead costs, such as factory maintenance and factory supervisors’ salaries, to products. As factories become more and more mechanized, factory overhead becomes a larger portion of product costs. As a result, assigning factory overhead to individual products manufactured becomes more important. This chapter introduces three methods of allocating overhead: 1. The single plantwide overhead rate method 2. The departmental overhead rate method 3. The activity-based costing (“ABC”) method. Why is this important? Most companies produce more than one product. An important managerial accounting function is to accurately allocate direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead costs to each product so that the cost of each product is available. Management can then determine the gross profit per product, and use this cost data to set appropriate selling prices for each product. If the product costs are not allocated accurately, the gross profit for each product will be incorrect, and management may set inappropriate selling prices. Plantwide Overhead Rate Method The plantwide overhead rate method is practical when (1) overhead costs are closely related to production volume, or (2) a company produces only one product. -
Revenue Recognition - Academic Year (Tuition & Fee Revenue, Housing Revenue & Credits, Financial Aid, and Stipend Expense) Policy
ADMINISTRATIVE POLICY Revenue Recognition - Academic Year (Tuition & Fee Revenue, Housing Revenue & Credits, Financial Aid, and Stipend Expense) Policy Approval Authority: Vice Chancellor for Finance Originally issued: May 2018 Responsible Administrator: Controller Responsible Office: Finance Current version effective as of: Enrollment Affairs’ Office November 2019 Policy Contact: Assistant Controller POLICY STATEMENT/REASON FOR POLICY All academic year tuition and fee revenue, housing revenue and credits, financial aid, and stipend expense are deferred at the time of billing. The goal of this document is to define how to recognize tuition and fee revenue, housing revenue and credits, financial aid, and stipend expense in accordance with general accepted accounting principles (GAAP) on a quarterly basis. THIS POLICY APPLIES TO This policy applies to all Vanderbilt financial units receiving tuition and fees revenue, housing revenue and credits, financial aid, and stipend expense for the academic year. This policy does not apply to the summer term; see separate Revenue Recognition Summer Term policy. POLICY A. Entries are recorded quarterly to recognize tuition and fee revenue, housing revenue and credits, financial aid, and stipend expense to ensure revenues and related expenses are properly matched when earned. B. Entries must be posted by the fourth day of close. C. Recognition Methodology Page 1 of 3 DEFINITIONS General Ledger - The general ledger contains all Vanderbilt financial transactions. Currently, the general ledger (system of record) is Oracle. Information from the general ledger is used by Vanderbilt to analyze, report, and monitor the results of the business. Tuition and fees - Tuition is money received in exchange for instruction for which the student receives course credit. -
Job-Order Costing; T-Accounts; Income Statement
JOB-ORDER COSTING 1 Job-order Costing; T-Accounts; Income Statement Gold Nest Company is a family-owned enterprise that makes birdcages in Chinatown. A popular pastime among older Chinese men is to take their pet birds on daily excursions to teahouses and public parks. The birdcages are often elaborately constructed from exotic woods and contain porcelain feeding bowls and silver roosts. Gold Nest Company makes a broad range of birdcages that it sells through an extensive network of street vendors who receive commissions on their sales. All the company’s transactions with customers, employees, and suppliers are conducted in cash; there is no credit. The company uses a job-order costing system in which overhead is applied to jobs on the basis of direct labor cost. At the beginning of the year, it was estimated that the total direct labor cost for the year would be $200,000 and the total manufacturing overhead cost would be $330,000. At the beginning of the year, the inventory balances were as follows: Raw Materials ……………….…. $25,000 Work in Process ………..…….. 10,000 Finished Goods …………..…… 40,000 During the year, the following transactions were completed: a. Raw materials purchased for cash, $275,000. b. Raw materials requisitioned for use in production, $280,000 (materials costing $220,000 were charged directly to jobs; the remaining mater ilials were idiindirec t). c. Costs for employee services were incurred as follows: Direct labor …………….….… $180,000 Indirect labor ………..………….. 72,000 Sales commissions ……......….. 63,000 Administrative salaries..……..... 90,000 2 d. Rent for the year was $18,000 ($13,000 of this amount related to factory operations, and the remainder related to selling administrative activities. -
Chapter 9 Joint Costs, General Farm Overhead, and Rights to Produce
CHAPTER 9 JOINT COSTS, GENERAL FARM OVERHEAD, AND RIGHTS TO PRODUCE JOINT COSTS Definitions Joint production costs have been defined in the economic literature as costs that "are incurred on groups of products rather than on individual and separate ones” (Hopkins and Taylor: 404). At least three different situations give rise to joint costs. These include (1) expenses incurred in the production of joint products (defined as technically interdependent commodities arising from a joint technology), (2) expenses for inputs that affect the production of more than one enterprise (independent but organizationally related commodities) even if the production technologies are non-joint, and (3) outlays for production inputs that are either purchased for the farm as a whole or are used for the entire set of production activities undertaken by the farm. The second category is best exemplified by the allocation of capital inputs (and/or their services) or fixed expendable inputs to different enterprises. For example, the total amount of fertilizer applied by the firm is usually divided among several different crops. Or the total number of tractor hours is divided between crop and livestock operations. The third category is usually referred to as general farm or business overhead and typically includes items for which it is difficult or impossible to determine the impact of the input on either output or cost for a specific enterprise. For example, it is difficult to determine the impact of buying a new set of Allen wrenches on the average corn yield per acre or the impact of attending pesticide applicator training on cucumber gross returns.