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8.1 El Enigma Del Don, Godelier

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8.1 El Enigma Del Don, Godelier Paidós Básica Maurice Godelier Últimos títulos publicados: 47. R. Wuthnow - Análisis cultural El enigma del don 48. G. Deleuze - El pliegue. Leibniz. y el barroco 49. R. Rorty. J. B. Schneewind y Q. Skinner - La filosofía en la historia 50. J. Le Goff - Pensar la historia 51 . J. Le Goff - El orden de la memoria 52. S. Toulmin y J. Gooldfield - El descubrimiento del tiempo 53. P. Bourdieu - La ontología política de Martín Heidegger 54. R. Rorty - Contingencia, ironta y solidaridad SS. M. Cruz - Filosofía de la historia 56. M. Blanchot - El espacio literario 57. T. Todorov - Critica de la crítica 58. H. White - El contenido de la forma 59. F. Rella - El silencio y las palabras 60. T. Todorov - Las morales de la historia 61. R. Koselleck - Futuro pasado 62. A. Gehlen - Antropología filosófica 63. R. Rorty - Objetividad, relativismo y verdad 64. R. Rorty - Ensayos sobre Heidegger y otros pensadores contemporáneos 65. D. Gilmore - Hacerse hombre 66. G. Geertz - Conocimiento local 67. A. Schütz - La construcción significativa del mundo social 68. G. E. Lenski - Poder y privilegio 69. M. Harnmersley y P. Atkinson - Etnograíia. Métodos de investigación 70. C. Solís - Razones e intereses 71. H. T. Engelhardt - Los fundamentos de la bioética 72. E. Rabossi y otros - Filosofía de la mente y ciencia cognitiva 73. J. Derrida - Dar (el) tiempo 1. La moneda falsa 74. R. Nozick - La naturaleza de la racionalidad 75. B. Morris -Lntroduccián al estudio antropológico de la religión 76. D. Dennett - La conciencia explicada. Una teoria interdisciplinar 77. J. L. Nancy - La experiencia de la libertad 78. C. Geertz - Tras los hechos 79. R. R. Aramayo, J. Muguerza y A. Valdecantos - El individuo y la historia 80. M. Augé - El sentido de los otros 8J. C. Taylor - Argumelltos [iloscíicos 82. T. Luckmann - Teoría de la acción social 83. H. Jonas - Técnica, medicina y ética 84. K. J. Gergen • Realidades y relaciones 85. J. R. Searlc - La construcción de la realidad social 86. M. Cruz (comp.) - Tiempo de subjetividad 87. C. Taylor ~ Fuentes del yo 88. T. Nagel-lgualdad y parcialidad 89. U. Beck - La sociedad del riesgo 90. O. Nudler (comp.) - La racionalidad 91. K. R. Popper> El mito del marco ('Off/U" 92. M. Leenhardt - Do Kamo. La personay el mito tP11l1mu"do m.lanuiu 93. M. Godelicr - El enigma del don 94. T. Baglcton -Ldeología 95. M. Platts . Realidades morales 96. C. Solís - Alta tensión: fUosot~a, .mdo/ullla. historia tlt la Di.rae'a TItulo orllllnal: L'tn/gm. du don Publicado en francés por L1brairic Artherne Fayard, París Traducción de Alberto López Bargados Revisión de Enrique Folch González Cubierta de Mario Eskenazi SUMARIO DE LAS COSAS QUE SE DAN, DE LAS QUE SE VENDEN Y DE LAS QUE NO HAY QUE DAR NI VENDER, SINO GUARDAR. 11 1. EL LEGADO DE MAUSS. ........... 23 EL RESPLANDOR DE UNA GRAN OBRA Y SUS SOMBRAS 23 La razón simple de una reputación: una visión global y poderosa del don como encadenamiento de tres cultura Libre obligaciones ................ 23 El don, una doble relación ............. 24 J' edición, J998 El enigma del don y su resolución por Mauss. ... 29 Mauss mistificado por los indígenas: la crítica de Quedan rigurosamente prohibidas, sin la autorización escrita de los titulares del «Copyright», bajo las sanciones establecidas en las leyes, la reproducción total o parcial . Lévi-Strauss ................... 31 de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, comprendidos la reprografía y el Retorno sobre la crítica de Lévi-Strauss a Mauss. 34 tratamiento informático, y la distribución de ejemplares de ella mediante alquiler o La solución del enigma según Lévi-Strauss: los «sig­ préstamo públicos. nificantes flotantes» ............... 39 © 1996 by Librairie Arthéme Fayard. París El big-bang del lenguaje y el origen simbólico de la !ti de todas las ediciones en castellano, sociedad . 41 Ediciones Paídós Ibérica, SA, El postulado de Lévi-Strauss: la primacía de lo sim­ Mariano Cubí, 92 - 08021 Barcelona bólico sobre lo imaginario ............ 44 y Editorial Paidós, SAICF, El olvido de la cuarta obligación (los dones de los Defensa, 599 - Buenos Aires hombres a los dioses y a los hombres que repre­ ISBN: 84-493-0525-X sentan a los dioses) ............... 49 Depósito legal: B-774/1998 Un Mauss olvidado. ................ 53 De las cosas que pueden donarse y de las que deben Impreso en A & M Gréfíc. S. L. guardarse (Annette Weiner y la paradoja del don) 54 08130 Sta. Perpetua de Mogoda (Barcelona) Del doble fundamento de la sociedad. ....... 58 Criticar a Mauss pero completándolo y tomando tam­ Impreso en España - Printed in Spain bién otras vías .................. 60 8 EL ENIGMA DEL DON OBSERVACIONES DE LA MODERNIDAD 9 Breve análisis de un ejemplo de dones y contradones Qué es un objeto precioso. .......... 229 no agonísticos .................. 65 De la metamorfosis de un objeto de comercio en ob­ Tan pronto donado como devuelto (¿existen dones jeto de don o en objeto sagrado. 240 absurdos?). ................... 69 El hau de la cosa, ¿es verdaderamente la clave del 3. LO SAGRADO ........... 245 misterio? (o cómo Mauss leyó los comentarios del ¿Qué es lo sagrado? ........ 245 sabio Tamati Ranaipiri, de la tribu de los ngati­ De los objetos sagrados como presencia-ausencia del raukawa, recogidos por el etnólogo Elsdon Best hombre y de la sociedad .............. 250 en 1909) . 76 De las cosas relegadas que hacen posible la existencia El potlatch, ese don que fascinaba a Mauss .... 86 social del hombre. ................. 252 El kula (un ejemplo melanesio de potlatch según De los dones desiguales que, desde los orígenes, se ha­ Mauss) . 117 cen los dioses, los espíritus y los hombres 255 Elmoka . 142 De la función crítica de las ciencias sociales 281 Las cosas no se desplazan sin motivo ni por si mismas 149 4. EL DON DES-ENCANTADO . 285 2. DE LOS OBJETOS-SUSTITUTOS DE LOS HOMBRES Y LOS DIOSES. ................... 157 De los puntos de anclaje necesarios para fijar la identidad de las sociedades y de los individuos en el OBJETOS SAGRADOS, OBJETOS PRECIOSOS Y OBJETOS-MO­ tiempo . 286 NEDA ENTRE LOS BARUYA DE NUEVA GUINEA ..... 159 De lo que se mantiene al margen del mercado en una De las cosas que se guardan entre los baruya. ... 160 sociedad de mercado. ............. 292 Los objetos sagrados como dones del Sol, de la Luna El retomo del don y el desplazamiento del enigma 295 o de los espíritus de los antepasados miticos de los baruya . 166 BIBLIOGRAFíA .................... 301 ¿Son símbolos los objetos sagrados? ........ 174 Lo que se oculta en el interior de un objeto sagrado. 179 El robo de las flautas realizado por los hombres .. 189 De lo sublime . 194 De las cosas que los baruya producen para donarlas o para intercambiarlas. ............. 198 Collares de conchas y objetos de «valor» entre los ba- ruya . 201 De los dones entre amigos ............. 206 Cuadro recapitulativo de las cosas que se guardan, se donan o se intercambian entre los baruya. .. 207 HIPÓTESIS SOBRE LA APARICIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO DE LAS SOCIEDADES CON SISTEMA DE POTLATCH ..... .. 209 Cuál es el lugar de las sociedades con sistema de pot- latch en la historia. ............. ., 219 DE LAS COSAS QUE SE DAN, DE LAS QUE SE VENDEN Y DE LAS QUE NO HAY QUE DAR NI VENDER, SINO GUARDAR ¿Por qué este libro? ¿Por qué haber emprendido un nuevo análisis del don, de su papel en la producción y reproducción del vinculo social, de su lugar y su importancia cambiantes en las diversas formas de sociedad que coexisten hoy día en la su­ perficie de nuestro planeta o [en las que] se han sucedido en el transcurso de los tiempos? Porque el don existe en todas partes, aunque no sea el mismo en todas partes. Pero también el pa­ rentesco existe en todas partes e, igualmente, la religión y la po­ lítica. Entonces, ¿por qué el don? ¿Por qué este libro? Nace del encuentro, de la presión convergente, de dos con­ textos, el primero sociológico, una situación de la sociedad occi­ dental a la cual pertenezco, y otro, que me es propio de otra ma­ nera, el del oficio que elegí un día ejercer en la vida, un contexto profesional, un estado de los problemas teóricos que debaten en la actualidad los antropólogos, entre quienes me incluyo. El contexto sociológico no me pertenece en particular. Está presente y a la vista de todos, alrededor de cualquiera de noso­ tros y, como muchos, puedo compartirlo, pero no lo he elegi­ do. ¿De qué se trata? Se trata del contexto de una sociedad occi­ dental en la que se multiplican los excluidos, de un sistema económico que, para mantenerse dinámico y competitivo, debe «desengrasar» las empresas, reducir los costes, aumentar la pro­ ductividad del trabajo y, con ello, disminuir el número de los que trabajan y arrastrarlos masivamente al desempleo, un de­ sempleo que se espera sea transitorio y que, para muchos, resul­ ta permanente. Y a las puertas de un mercado del empleo satu- 13 12 EL ENIGMA DEL DON DE LAS COSAS QUE SE DAN rado. hallamos a todos los jóvenes que se presentan para ingre­ la economía -lo queno sucede sino en una exigua propor­ sar en 61, muchos de ellos condenados a esperar mucho tiempo, cíón-, sino en la misma sociedad. Hasta aquí hemos llegado. Vi­ y algunos pocos a no entrar jamás. Para estos últimos, cada vez vimos en sociedades en las que el «tejido socia]", como suele de­ comienza una extraña existencia social, una existencia de asisti­ cirse, se ha «desgarrado» y se descompone en varias sociedades dos permanentes, a menos que encuentren los medios para ga­ cada vez más compartimentadas y herméticas. nar dinero sin trabajar. Están también todos aquellos que no es­ Habida cuenta del lugar que ocupa el Estado en esta sociedad, peran ser empujados hacia él, y que se acercan a las zonas de es a éste a quien corresponde recomponer la sociedad, salvar el sombra de la sociedad, esas zonas subterráneas en las que se abismo, reducir las fracturas.
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