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STEPHEN CRANE an Annotated Bibliography of Secondary Scholarship: an Update STEPHENCRANE An Annotated Bibliography of Secondary Scholarship: An Update The following materid supplements my earlier bibliography (New Yo& G.K. Hall, 1992). I have retained the subject headings and the numbering indicates where each annotation will appear in any antici- pated revised edition of my 1992 volume. Biography l.la Benfey, Christopher. The Double Life of Stephen Crane. New York: Knopf, 1992. xiv+294. A fascinating and seminal biography. Benfey's thesis is that the secret to understanding Crane is to notice that he first imagined events and then he lived them, seeking verification or correction of his hypothe- ses. "The shape of Crane's career has a peculiar fascination for the biographer. If most writers tend to write about their expe- rience, however disguised, Crane did the reverse; he uied to live what he'd already written. For Crane lived his life backwards, or rather he wrote it forwards." This challenging and fruitful thesis has a basis in a number of events and works in Crane: he imagined slum life in Maggie before he moved there; he depicted combat in Red Badge before he became a war correspondent; and he wrote several shipwreck narratives before he was forced to endure "The Open Boat." That nucleus aside, Benfey's thesis fades out in Chapters 3 and 4 and disappears from Chapters 5 and 6. Solomon's thesis (2.15) that he'sbest works are parodies of nineteenth-cennuy genres had a similar strong-start-then-fade pattern. The sustainability of Benfey's thesis aside, his book remains a provocative and stimulating account of Crane's life with the considerable added bonus of a number of elegant and perceptive comments on themes in Crane's works. 1.4a Crane, Robert Kellog, compiler. Stephen Crane's Family Heritage. Stephen Crane Studies 4.1 (Spring 1995): 1-47. Interesting sleuthing by the grandson of Wilbur Fisk he, Stephen's older brother. Seven generations of Crane and eight generations of Pecks are traced Grandson Crane provides in- teresting information on Crane's mother and father, and details on the famdy burial plot. (Note: this compilation takes up the whole issue of Stephen Crane Studies 4.1). 1.10a Sufrin, Mark Stephen Crane. New York. Atheneum, 1992. 155. Classed as "juvenile fiction," Sufrin's book has two seri- ous flaws: a) it uncritically accepts Beer (1.1) and the memoirs of Willa Cather (6.9); and b) it fails to keep in mind the young adults it is designed to reach. Sufrin stresses Crane's war cor- respondent activities, apparently for a more interesting and ac- tion-filled narrative. Crane's major works are discussed; Maggie fares best. Young readers might staxt with Franchere's fictionalized biography (1.1) or even better yet, read Colvert's real one (1.4) 1.10b Wertheim, Stanley and Paul Sorrentino. The Crane Log: A Documentary Life of Stephen Crane, 1871-1900. New Yo& G.K. Hall, 1994. 500. An indispensable resource on Crane's life and works. Biographers since Beer (and there have been a half-dozen) have found Crane not only elusive but also hypnotic to the point that Crane and his biographers meld into sorts of third person alter-egos. In "The Angel Child" the narrator asks, "How do you pronounce the name of that barber up there on Bridge Street hill?" Crane continues, "before anyone could prevent it the best minds of the town were splintering their lances against William Neeltje's signboard" Wertheirn and Sorrentino are among the best minds at work on Crane, and there is no splintering of lances here. Not only does this pair know the ins and outs of Crane's life, they are knowledgeable about Crane's works and the secondary literature on him and his works. The dividend reaped from such breadth and depth of knowledge is that their wonderful chronological and documentary log gives context and meaning to vutd.ly every item in the Crane opus. The general editor of the G.K. Hall "Log Series" comments in the preface, "In The Crane Log Wertheh and Sorretino attempt to provide a truthful record- based on documented fact, not opinion, conjecture, speculation, wish fulfillment, or +-of all the known events in the life of Stephen Crane. This record should serve as the foundation for all subsequent biography, biographical criticism, and literary interpretation." To this should be added that the joint scholar- ship here is some of best ongoing and self-comective research in contemporary American arts and letters. (lhs book has been extensively reviewed. John Clendenning is more compe- tent to judge than most; see his review in American Literary Realism 27 [1995]: 92-94.) 1.16a "Crane, Stephen Townley." American Cultural Leaders: From Colonial Times to the Present. Ed Justin Harmon. Santa Barbara: ABCCLIO, 1993. 99-101. Standard reference book entry. 1.45a Benfey, Christopher. "Stephen Crane's Father and the Holiness Movement." Courier 25 (1990): 27-36. Helpful in- formation on Crane's father whose intellectual, social con- sciousness version of Methodism caused the Holiness Move- ment leaders (including his father-in-law [Crane's maternal grandfather] George T. Peck) to suppress Crane's father's books and pamphlets. The Holiness reform faction wanted to revive an intense, emotional personal variety of Methodism. Rep~tedas Chapter One of The Double Life of Stephen Crane (1.1 a). 1.65a Chouder, Ken. "A Test of Character: The Me of Stephen Crane." Smithsonian 25.10 (January 1995): 109-21. Bio- graphical sketch with a few comments on Red Badge and Crane's late war dispatches. Heady influenced by Benfey's (l.la) "imagine it, then live it" theme. Contains a few errors: for example, Chouder confuses Crane with Sergeant @ck in "Marines Signaling under Fire at Guantanarno." 1.66a Clendenning, John. "Thornas Beer's Stephen Crane:The Eye of His Imagination." Prose Studies 14 (1991): 68-80. An es- sential article on Crane's biography and biographers. A de- tailed analysis of the extent and reasons for Beer's fabricated (and sanitized) images of Crane in Stephen Crane (1.1). Clendenning argues that though Crane was "volcanic, seedy and fundamentally irreverent," Beer's Crane was "recklessly generous" and a perfect gentleman. Beer "erased irregularities from Crane's life and rewrote letters to match his vision" of himself and his image of Crane. 1.66b . "Rescue in Benyman's Crane." Recovering Berry- man: Essays on a Poet." Eds. Richard J. Kelly and Alan K. Lathorp. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1993. 179-87. Clen- denning persuasively argues that "Berryman's biography of Crane is substantially a self-portrait." Based on a worksheet in which Benyman outlines Crane's "primal scene," Clendenning shows that "identifymg strongly with Crane, yet lacking crucial information, Berryman delved into his own life in order to £ill his subject's interstices . [so that iril searching for Crane, we find Benyman everywhere." An interesting and provoca- tive piece. 1.66~ - "Stephen Crane and His Biographers: Beer, Berryman, . Schoberlin, and Stallman." American Literary Realism 28 (1995): 23-57. An important essay uncovering the elements of autobiography that have influenced, and in many cases, sub- verted the four full-length Crane biographies. Clendenning's long and insightful discussion gives fascinating information on the four biographers and helps us understand why Crane re- mains elusive. Certain to be a Crane scholarship landmark 1.66d . "Crane and Herningway: A Possible Biographical Connection." Stephen Crane Studies 5 (1996): 2-6. In this brief note Clendenning speculates that some of the affmities between Crane and Herningway might be explained Crane's acquaintance with Grace Hall Hemingway (Ernest's mother). Both lived for a time at the Art Students League and Clenden- ning sees Grace Hall as a possible prototype for both Helen Trent and Grace Fanhall, heroine of The Third Violet. 1.74a Crane, Robert K. "Famdy Matters: Stephen Crane's Brother Wdbur." Stephen Crane Studies 3.2 (1994): 13-18. Bio- graphical details about Crane's brother Wdbur Fisk Crane. See 1.4a for more information on Crane's ancestors, siblings, and "descendants." 1.76a Davis, Linda H. "The Red Room: Stephen Crane and Me." American Schohr 64.2. (1995): 207-20. Davis explores par- allels in her own and be's life. Several themes discussed herefascination with fire, the color red, upturned faces, death, and bodily decay-are sure to figure prominently in Davis's biography on Crane. 1.79a Edel, Leon. "Life Plans [review of Benfey's The Double Life of Stephen Crane]." Y%e New Republic 207 (21 December 1992): 40-42. A perceptive and generally favorable review of Benfey's biography of Crane (1.la). 1.95a Gale, Robert. "Stephen Crane." me Gay Nineties in America: A Cultural Dictionary. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1992. 76-80. Crane is given generous space in this dic- tionary. The main item, a typical biographical sketch, based on standard biographies, stresses that "in college he excelled only at boxing [?I and baseball" and concludes "Stephen Crane was a careless, pioneering literary genius who wrote with many sustained flashes of brilliance, especially in fiction, but who was addicted to alcohol and nicotine and led a suicidally undisci- plined life." The Gale volume also contains short plot summa- ries and critical broad strokes on some fifteen of Crane's im- portant works. 1.10Oa Gandal, Keith. "A Spiritual Autopsy of Stephen Crane." Nineteenth-Centuv Literature 51.1 (1997): 500-530. An in- sightful and rich meditation on why Cqne died at such a young age. Gandal's spiritual autopsy suggests, "Crane sought out situations that could satisfy at once his compulsion to disap- pear and his need to serve; he would satisfy both his personal and the common god at once.
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