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Travel Behavior of Elderly in George Town and Malacca, Malaysia sustainability Article Travel Behavior of Elderly in George Town and Malacca, Malaysia Saidatulakmal Mohd 1,* , Abdul Rais Abdul Latiff 1 and Abdelhak Senadjki 2 1 School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Business and Finance, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 12 August 2019; Accepted: 23 September 2019; Published: 25 September 2019 Abstract: We investigated the travel behavior of the elderly in two United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO Heritage Cities in Malaysia, George Town and Malacca, to assess the commonalities and differences in the mobility of the elderly and to analyze the factors influencing the mobility of the elderly. We relied upon a one-day travel diary where the elderly recorded their trip information including trip category, mode of travel, and distance travelled. A total of 455 travel diaries were completed and analyzed using descriptive analysis and Poisson estimation with the number of trips as the dependent variable. We found that the elderly in both cities recorded no more than five trips per day, travelled mostly within a distance of five kilometers, and chose private transportation as their preferred mode of transportation. Factors statistically significantly influencing the elderly’s trip frequency included location (city), education level, private vehicle ownership, health condition, and engagement in exercise. Findings from this study suggest that authorities need to strategize transportation planning to encourage mobility among the elderly without compromising the heritage status of both cities. Keywords: elderly; travel behavior; trip frequency; individual attributes; household attributes health attributes 1. Introduction Like many other countries, Malaysia is experiencing a demographic shift in the population, with those aged 65 years and above increasing rapidly and projected to increase to 14.5% of the population in 2040 from 5% in 2010 [1]. As of 2019, the estimated percentage of elderly population aged 65 years and above is 6.7% [2]. Of the 13 states in Malaysia in year 2018, Perak recorded the highest percentage of elderly population with 15%, followed by Penang with 13% and Malacca 12% [3]. To ensure the elderly remain active and productive so they may live independently throughout their retirement years, as outlined in the 2011 National Policy for Older Persons, the quality of life of the elderly must be enhanced. Among others, social activities and mobility are important aspects of quality of life for the elderly [4–6]. EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire (EQ-5D) incorporates mobility as one of its five determinants of quality of life [7]. To encourage elderly mobility, environment and social support, such as reliable public transport, ensuring age-friendly outdoor spaces, and building and engaging in community support for the elderly’s needs, are essential. As such, information about elderly mobility is a necessary tool for policies aimed at the aged [4] to encourage the elderly to leave the home and be physically active [6]. To plan future transportation needs for social activities of the ageing population, we need to understand the nature of elderly social activities and the travel involved in these activities [8]. Travel behavior analysis is the basis of transportation planning and management [9]. A hasty generalization Sustainability 2019, 11, 5251; doi:10.3390/su11195251 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2019, 11, 5251 2 of 20 is that the elderly have more leisure time compared to the young and potentially spend more time on social activities. However, due to age factor and decreasing mobility, the elderly are found to travel less than the young in terms of trips per day and distance travelled [10]. This is not the case for all trip purposes [11]. Banister and Bowling [5] proved that travel has substantially increased for elderly and the elderly constituted the fastest growing segment of the driving population. Hence, travel patterns of the elderly lack sustainability due to their dependence on private transportation (private car) and less on public transportation [12]. Whereas elderly mobility is important for social participation and quality of life, concerns exist about the impact of the induced automobile society with regard to emissions, environmental pollution, and congestion [5,13]. However, elderly travel behavior patterns are different due to the different levels of economic development in different counties and regions, and governments adopting policies and measures according to local conditions [12,14]. van Hoof et al. [15] noted that cities could provide the best possible environment for the elderly but elderly mobility needs to be addressed. Hence, studies on traveling and quality of life are important especially in the context of elderly mobility so that responses and policies can be appropriately addressed. Malacca City and George Town in Malaysia have implemented measures to address sustainability issues not only for World Heritage Sites status but also to improve the quality of life of its people. Being the capital cities of Malacca and Penang, respectively, Malacca City and George Town benefit from high per capita income that is higher than the national average. The 2017 per capita income for Malacca and Penang were MYR 46,015 and MYR 49,873, respectively, higher than the national average of MYR 42,228 [16]. With the cities’ statuses as World Heritage Sites awarded by UNESCO in 2008, both cities depend considerably on the services sector as important contributors to the high per capita income. In 2018, Penang reported a 28.4% increase in tourists [17] while Malacca reported a 32% increase [18]. Both cities currently face challenges related to urbanization and adhering to the requirements of a World Heritage Site in protecting the cities outstanding universal value (OUV), created by the exceptional qualities of the cities’ cultural and natural heritage [19]. As indicated by the UNESCO World Heritage Centre [20], UNESCO supports activities at World Heritage Sites that are ecologically and culturally sustainable, not impacting the sites’ OUV, and contributing to the quality of life the communities concerned. Through the George Town Special Area Master Plan, Penang transportation improved sustainable transport using a quality bus transit service, pedestrian improvements, and a bike share program [21]. Malacca had also progressed toward becoming a low carbon state, initiated through Green City Action Plan [22], and the city landscape had changed to less car usage and higher foot traffic [23]. With all the initiatives toward creating sustainable cities, the extendibility of cities as age-friendly cities has rarely been evaluated. As heritage cities, the cities not only need to maintain their unique architecture but also must be livable cities with a conducive environment for all, and particularly for special needs groups such as the elderly. As such, for researchers to deduce and recommend suitable policies to cater to the travel needs of an ageing society, we must first investigate and understand the travel behavior and preferences of the elderly. With all the sustainable initiatives that have been implemented by the two states, evaluating the extent of their impacts on the elderly is necessary. This study was conducted to answer two research questions (RQ): (1) What are the similarities and differences in elderly travel in Malacca City and George Town? (2) What are the factors that affect elderly travel in both cities? 2. Literature Review Traveling and the quality of life of older people are significantly linked [5,24,25]. Cheng et al. [26] and Tacken [4] reported that elderly quality of life is affected if they are unable to travel safely from one place to another. In some studies, the relationship between quality of life and elderly travel is still vague because most were conducted based on circumstantial evidence [4,27]. Banister and Bowling [5] concluded that traveling interruption was among the strongest variable influencing elderly mobility. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5251 3 of 20 In some studies, the relationship between elderly travel and quality of life was indeterminate because other behavioral factors might have stronger effects on elderly travel [5,26–28]. A more general study by Wen et al. [29] evaluated the factors that determine elderly quality of life. Their findings showed that aesthetics value (heritage) perceived and appreciated by the elderly influenced the elderly’s decision to travel to a particular place. Similar studies [29–33] explored the importance of heritage sites in attracting inbound tourists (including the elderly). Many factors influence the travel behavior of individuals. Due to age-related reasons, the elderly are sometimes regraded as less frequent travelers compared to the younger generations. The elderly were found to make fewer and shorter trips [34]. The trips made were influenced by individual characteristics, attitudes, and beliefs, and social and built environments, to some extent, shape the individual’s travel decisions [35]. The individual characteristics that have been investigated include age, education level, marital status, ethnicity, income level, household structure, and sex. Although all these factors remain relevant in influencing elderly travel behavior, their relationships may differ due to the
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