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Diplomat and Dissident: the Involvement of Chargã© H. W Swedish American Genealogist Volume 19 Number 2 Double Issue Article 13 9-1-1999 Diplomat and Dissident: The Involvement of Chargé H. W. Ellsworth in the Janssonist Emigration John E. Norton Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.augustana.edu/swensonsag Part of the Genealogy Commons, and the Scandinavian Studies Commons Recommended Citation Norton, John E. (1999) "Diplomat and Dissident: The Involvement of Chargé H. W. Ellsworth in the Janssonist Emigration," Swedish American Genealogist: Vol. 19 : No. 2 , Article 13. Available at: https://digitalcommons.augustana.edu/swensonsag/vol19/iss2/13 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Swenson Swedish Immigration Research Center at Augustana Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Swedish American Genealogist by an authorized editor of Augustana Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Diplomat and Dissident: The Involvement of Charge H. W. Ellsworth in the J anssonist Emigration John E. Norton* During Nils William Olsson's long service in the U.S. diplomatic corps, he made wonderful Scandinavian contacts, both personal and archival, which he later used to develop his magnificent genealogical works on the Swedish immigrants. A century before, other U.S. diplomats had been directly involved in planting seeds leading to the "great migration." Their efforts helped bring some 80 million Europeans to North America, among them around 1.2 million Swedes. It is thus fitting that this fe stschriftcontain something about one of the most remarkable of those diplomatic efforts-the flight of the perfectionist "Erikjansare" dissidents from north central Sweden to the plains of western Illinois, begun in 1846 and continuing into the 1850s. Their departure helped open the floodgates of migration from Sweden, and was planned in consultation with U.S. representatives in Sweden. Those representatives clearly wished to encourage migration of Swedes, sometimes in the national interest (e.g., to help build the American west) and sometimes for more practical reasons of personal gain. In the late winter and early spring of 1846, U.S. Secretary of State James Buchanan began receiving dispatches from the newly arrived thirty-two-year-old 1 U.S. Charge d' Affaires Henry Ellsworth in Stockholm. They concerned an unusual series of events leading eventually to the first mass migration ever to leave that country for the United States. His dispatches described migration plans of about 1200 "Eric Janssonist" dissidents, from the provinces of Halsingland, Gastrikland, Vastmanland, and Dalarna, who had already been under pressure for nearly two years from church and state through religious persecution and political repression. Their "dream of America" was formed and realized, in part, by U.S. diplomats. ' John E. Norton, FIC, a retired U.S. Army Foreign Area Officer, is now a district representative for Lutheran Brotherhood and vice-president of the Bishop Hill Heritage Association. He resides at 3614 76'" St., Moline, IL 61265-8003. 1 The Ellsworth dispatches are housed in the U.S. National Archives, Records of the Department of State, Dispatches fromthe United States Minister to Sweden and Norway, 1813-1906. Diplomat and Dissident 143 These dispatches show Ellsworth's direct involvement, along with associates like Consul C. D. Arfwedsson, in that first major Swedish emigrant enterprise to North America. They also give a fascinating look into its causes and results. They confirm that the Janssonists' flight from Sweden was not just an isolated, ill-planned, independent effort of religious fanatics, and that its outcome was more far-reaching than just the founding of a new "prairie utopia'' called Bishop Hill, in western Illinois. On 17 February 1846, Charge d' Affaires Ellsworth wrote the following in dispatch number 8: "It is now feared that the hoped-for exemption of Sweden fromthe famine that is scourging NorthernEurope, will not be realized. Around Stockholm, indeed, and in SouthernSweden, there is at present no great scarcity of provisions, but during the past two weeks sad accounts have reached the government of great distress in the NorthernProvinces." Less than one month later, in dispatch number 10 dated 7 March, Ellsworth wrote: "I regret to state that much sickness is now prevailing in Sweden and indeed to a greater extent than has been known since the cholera, the result of scarcity of food and an extremely open winter. ...I have received information that a large number of Swedes are intending to emigrate as early as practicable in the spring to the United States. They are inhabitants of the province of Dalecar[l]ia [i.e., Dalarna] and among the most industrious and honest of the Swedish population." They were the Erik Janssonists. On 5 May 1846, his dispatch number 13 noted that "a Norwegian vessel of about 500 tons admeasurement [probably the brig Tricolor of Christiania] has just departed [Stockholm] for the United States for the sole purpose of conveying emigrants, and the question of how many passengers she is entitled to carry was submitted for my decision. [His answer was 2 persons for each 5 tons, or about 200 persons, dictated by the 2 March 1819 Congressional Act Regulating Passenger Ships and Vessels. She carried 22 Janssonists from 2 Dalarna, including the family of Lindjo Gabriel Larsson of Malung, who is said to have contributed the single largest sum, 24,000 riksdaler, to the Janssonist venture]. He continued: "There will be considerable emigration this year from Sweden to the United States, and this fact renders the question of some importance... In the best seasons, however, and under the most favorable circumstances, the Swedes produce little more than sufficient to supply the demand created by the wants of her own citizens-her soil is poor and badly cultivated, and her peasants are too often thriftless and improvident." 2 Nils William Olsson and Erik Wiken, Swedish Passenger Arrivals in the United States 1820-1850 (Stockholm, 1995), 45, 231-32. 144 Swedish American Genealogist Ellsworth's dispatch number 14 of 5 June reported: "I have alluded in former dispatches to the large emigration from Sweden to the U.S., which will probably take place during the present year. The arrangements are now completed, and about 1,000 persons will sail this month from Gefle [Gavle] and Stockholm ....The emigrants in question may be regarded as a fair specimen of the better class of Swedish peasants, and some are men of considerable property. They are generally hard-working, honest, lovers of order, and will, no doubt, prove a valuable asset to our population. They are dissenters from the Established Church of Sweden, and are in fact driven out by the strong hand of religious tyranny. I understand it is their intention to form a Colony as soon as possible in some of the Western States." The Janssonists' dream of building a colony "in the western States" had indeed been in planning for some time, and had already been widely reported by provincial newspapers. Tidning fo r Falu Zan och stad and Hudikswalls Veckoblad both reported in November of 1845 that the Janssonists were preparing to emigrate, expecting " ... to locate near the Mississippi River, on the plains along the Mississippi and its tributaries. There they hope to find the Promised Land. It is true that these plains are very fertile, especially in the production of wheat, corn, rice, many fruits, flax and hemp. Nature there is very generous and mild. But what is primarily attracting the Janssonists is the complete religious freedom there." They would build their agricultural utopia in a " Promised Land where they would eat figs, wheat bread and pork, since swine are in such excess that one needs only shoot, slaughter and eat." No language problems were anticipated, since they would be given the Biblical gift of tongues. The heathens would even build walls and towns for them. All would be as one happy family, with lions and cattle grazing together. While editorial comment was caustic and doubting, it shows clearly that these northern Swedish farmers had already gained a substantial impression of North America from sources they trusted. One such source was American Presbyterian temperance missionary Robert Baird,, whose 1832 immigrant guide, Vi ew of the Valley of the Mississippi, or the Emigrant 's and Travelers' Guide to the West, had doubtless traveled with Baird during his temperance lecture trip to northern Sweden in August of 1840. Baird's book reported that "there is in the Valley of the Mississippi an immense extent still of the finest land in the world, which may be purchased at the sum of one dollar and a quarter per acre." He was even more specific about Illinois: "The soil of this state is generally very fine, and exceedingly productive ....Horses, cattle, hogs, sheep and poultry of every kind, are raised with the greatest ease.... No country in the world has greater advantages for Diplomat and Dissident 145 raising livestock. Hogs are raised with little trouble and expense. The fruits of the forest. .. are fine food forthem .... The staple productions ...are Indian corn, wheat, Irish and sweet potatoes, beef, pork, horses, tobacco and lead ...hemp, flax and silkworms succeed well. Apples, peaches, pears, plums, cherries, grapes, gooseberries and currants arrive at great perfection." The similarity between Baird's description and that published in provincial Swedish newspapers is striking and probably not accidental. On 2 September 1845, Norrlands Posten of Gavle reported that Olof and Jonas Olsson, Janssonist "apostles" from Soderala, had sold their substantial farms and were heading forAmerica. On 4 October even the distant Ostgotha correspondenten reported Olof Olsson's 8 September departure for New York aboard the Neptunus, while at the same time answering a critical reader who claimed emigration was "a sickness." After arriving in New York on 16 December 1845, Olof Olsson, acting as scout for the Janssonist settlement, wrote: "The Communion table is spread for you upon the New Earth.
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