FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT Why we need open borders FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT Why we need open borders

December 2020

Written by Sohail Jannesari, edited by Ed Lewis, with additional input from Nick Dearden, Aisha Dodwell, Zoe Gardner, Dorothy Guerrero, Alex Scrivener and Jonathan Stevenson.

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Design & layout: revangeldesigns.co.uk CONTENTS

Introduction 4

1. Why we need open borders 7

2. Achieving free movement 16

3. Addressing challenges 24

Conclusion 32

References 33

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT | 3 INTRODUCTION

Even in the middle of a global with hope and energy about the sort pandemic, few days go by of world we want to see. After all, when migration is not in the really big changes have always come news. Migrants have become the about when those campaigning and perpetual scapegoat, to distract organising have been ‘unrealistic’ from the damaging anti-social in what they’re calling for; when we policies of the elite and to boost have demanded the impossible. the votes of demagogues – in the How else would the slave trade have UK and around the world. been defeated? How else would Under constant assault, even those women and working men have won who normally support human rights the vote? How else would the NHS, can be forced onto the back foot. social housing or comprehensive Rather than big visions – of a world schooling have come into being? in which all enjoy equal rights to move freely around the globe with It cannot be right that the equal protection – we are forced place you are born dictates into defensive campaigns. Migrants whether you will live a life of battle to meet their most basic needs in the face of threats of poverty or plenty, of freedom destitution, arrest and deportation. or imprisonment. It cannot In this, we face an uphill struggle, be right that while the richest as even the limited system set up move around with ease, the to protect the rights of refugees poorest are imprisoned in is being unwound at an alarming geographical poverty. rate, by authoritarians and populists who pretend that the victims of That’s why Global Justice Now is our global economic system are proudly calling for for the right to free actually the cause of our problems. movement of all people in the world. So we need to do something more: We know this will not come about to change this narrative we must get overnight – and indeed, Covid-19 back on the front foot. We must speak has brought about necessary

4 | FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT temporary restrictions on freedom people in the world. And then they of movement even within countries. prevented people from leaving those But freedom of movement is a long nations to come and share in the term struggle. It will require many wealth which was stolen from them. years and decades of persistent Here, then, we need to be clear work. Huge movements will need to what we mean by free movement. be built, with those most deprived of We reject entirely the free market the right to move at the forefront. notion that ‘free movement’ is The scale of the challenge should about people being forced to move not prevent us from starting, here and so that they can produce a greater now. After all, the ethical case for profit for someone somewhere else. free movement is strong: it cannot Our starting point is that movement be right that the place you are born is not ‘free’ until people have the dictates whether you will live a life choice not to move as well. of poverty or plenty, of freedom or There is a myth that the last few imprisonment. It cannot be right that decades – the era of neoliberalism – while the richest can move around have seen unprecedented openness, with freedom, the poorest – those tearing down the barriers of old. This who have most to benefit from isn’t true. Neoliberalism has been such movement – are imprisoned in about the dismantling of barriers to geographical poverty. This is a form capital, so that big business and big of apartheid on a global scale. finance can accumulate ever more The injustice is particularly acute money. But this same period, with a when we remember that the very few notable exemptions, has also reason so many people need to seen the borders faced by most move is the result of economic people in the world multiply. The and political decisions made in barriers to movement have become the richest part of the world. For harder and more brutal, from an hundreds of years, Europeans have environment so ‘hostile’ that migrants run empires, conducted one-sided are persuaded to ‘deport themselves’ trade, allowed their big businesses here in the UK, to incarceration to pillage the planet. Our countries in concentration camps in Texas, have created environmental and torture in North Africa, and mass social disaster. They drew the lines on death in the Mediterranean. Even maps which created the ‘nations’ the border industry that implements that still dictate the fates of most this system generates big profits for

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT | 5 a few – a quasi-military economic about keeping resources and sector worth £15 billion in Europe power in the hands of the few, and alone – and misery for the many. controlling and dividing the many.

If we want to create a more equal This pamphlet is our small world, we must reverse this logic. contribution to making the vision We must create barriers so that big of free movement a reality. We look business and big finance cannot at the major reasons why borders exploit at will, so that people are are unjust, at some previous and not forced to move in search of existing examples of free movement a decent life. But at the same around the world, and at some steps governments could take to time, we must lower the barriers bring this vision a step closer. And which prevent the great majority we show how this vision is not nearly of humanity from being able to as impossible as we might believe. achieve their rights and live the lives of dignity that we all deserve. On its own, this pamphlet will hardly change the world. But we hope it The truth is that people have always might begin to change minds, to moved, and those in control of inspire, to mobilise. And we present society have often tried to stop them it in the certain knowledge that, like in order to control them. Throughout all systems of apartheid, this one history, borders are fundamentally must eventually fall. Photo: © Jess Hurd/Global Justice Now

March 2016: Global Justice Now, with the help of guerrilla projectionists Feral X, project “Refugees welcome” across the white cliffs of Dover, just before an alliance of far-right groups were due to hold anti-migration protests in the town.

6 | FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT 1. WHY WE NEED OPEN BORDERS

Borders are violent Those attempting dangerous journeys are typically moving because of The first argument for opening borders poverty, conflict or persecution. The is simple: by doing so, we would end UN refugee agency estimates that the violence of border controls. over 70 million people were forced In November 2019 the British public to flee their homes in 2018 alone – were shocked by the discovery of the highest numbers on record. the bodies of 39 Vietnamese migrants But in response to rising numbers of in a refrigerated lorry, who had paid people attempting to move, around traffickers to be smuggled into the the world states have been clamping UK. While this tragedy rightfully led to down on irregular migration. There public shock and dismay, it is among are now over 50 border walls across thousands of cases of migrants dying the world, a phenomenon almost while attempting dangerous journeys. unheard of in the middle of the Between 2014 and 2019 almost 20,000 20th century, and the sums being people died in the Mediterranean spent on border enforcement have 2 while attempting to cross the EU’s surged in recent years. external border with Turkey and Mainstream reaction to the deaths North Africa. These deaths primarily of migrants on precarious journeys occurred because border controls often points the finger at the forced people to take dangerous callousness of smugglers.3 But this routes, often via sea on ill-suited narrative is deeply flawed. It fails vessels. The situation deteriorated in to acknowledge that if movement 2016 following the EU-Turkey deal, in was unrestricted by border controls, which Turkey agreed, in exchange people would not be forced to for €6 billion, to seal its border with resort to such desperate measures. Greece to prevent migrants travelling And when states impose greater into the EU. This led to an increase in barriers to movement, the resulting the number of migrants who were suffering is often made worse. driven to try and reach Europe by sea, significantly increasing the number This suffering is not merely caused of fatalities from sea crossings.1 by the dangerous routes migrants

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT | 7 have been forced to take. Today’s Jose Rodriguez was acquitted of increasingly militarised borders all murder and manslaughter,10 the killer too often produce violence directly. of Felani Khatun found not guilty due Consider, for example, the long and to insufficient evidence,11 while a tragic list of people killed by border Spanish judge deemed that the case guards the world over. Since 2003, against the killers of Larios Foto, one along the US-Mexican border 97 of the Moroccan migrants, had no people have been killed as a result merit.12 Instead, the institutional and of encounters with the US border legal response to these murders is, force.4 Between 2001 and 2017, 936 typically, to deny, cover up and lie. people have been killed along the In the US, border patrols have justified Bangladesh-India border by the their violence by faking statistics to Indian Border Security Force and show a sharp rise in the number of other state forces.5 assaults against them.13 And after the 2014 Ceuta shootings, the Spanish Human Rights Watch has reported Interior Minister Fernández Díaz numerous incidents of Turkish border initially denied that shots were fired; guards shooting at and killing Syrian the lie was quickly exposed through refugees as they try to cross the private footage. The Spanish police border.6 Murders at the US-Mexico then released propaganda footage border include those of 16-year-old of a large number of people Mexican Jose Rodriguez, killed by approaching the border fence a US border patrol agent in 2012, in a bid to deflect criticism.14 shot from behind by 10 bullets as he ran away.7 They include the A further dangerous trend in border murder of 15-year-old Bangladeshi control in recent years is the way in Felani Khatun shot by India’s border which rich countries have outsourced security force in 2011, her dead body this violence to other countries whose left hanging on the barbed wire state institutions are even more border.8 Or a group of at least 15 repressive. The EU is particularly guilty migrants travelling from Morocco of this. Beyond driving migrants to to the Spanish enclave of Ceuta dangerous sea crossings, a further who died after being shot at by the consequence of the 2016 EU-Turkey Spanish Guardia Civil, unable to stay deal was that thousands of migrants afloat in the water.9 faced human rights abuses at the hands of Turkish authorities.15 The EU Murders at the border almost never has agreed similar arrangements result in convictions. The killer of with Sudan, Morocco and Libya,

8 | FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT leading to abuses in all cases. The in the Mediterranean Sea.18 In 2018 case of Libya is particularly troubling Hungary passed a law making it – with joint support from the EU a crime to assist any migrants in and Italy, the Libyan Coast Guard acquiring a residence permit.19 In the and Ministry of Interior have been US, four women have been charged implicated in the abuse, extortion, for leaving food and water along torture, sexual violence and forced the US border for migrants crossing labour of migrants.16 the desert in the baking heat.20

The violence of borders is not Despite the huge architecture of confined to those attempting to repression designed to control the journey to another country, however. movement of people, the fact Repressive immigration controls remains that people still move continue within the territory of states. in huge numbers, ‘legally’ or For borders to be enforced, states otherwise. Indeed, the migration must have the power to snatch of groups of people is a constant migrants from their homes, imprison feature of human history. Border them in detention centres and controls impose upon a natural and forcibly deport them. This often inevitable process a huge dose of involves brutal treatment – for fear, insecurity, suffering and death. example, the UN observes that in all regions of the world migrants are Borders are a form of detained in “appalling physical and global apartheid hygiene conditions” which violate international human rights law; Borders may be violent, but what is and physical and sexual abuse is their function? Most directly, today’s widespread in detention centres.17 borders serve to exclude people from the global south moving to countries In their attempts to double down on in the global north. As author and border control, states have resorted academic Reece Jones points out, to criminalising those acting in this is part of a long historical trend solidarity with migrants against border dating back many centuries – it is violence. At the time of writing Pia the world’s poor whose movement is Klemp, a German boat captain of controlled, from master-serf relations the charity Sea Watch, is awaiting in the middle ages through to the trial in Sicily, threatened with up to electrified fences and walls of 20 years in prison after rescuing more today’s national borders.21 than 1,000 people from drowning

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT | 9 Excluding people from the global There is a further dimension to south from moving to the north this problem. Borders don’t merely prevents them from having the prevent people from poorer countries opportunity to significantly increase moving to richer ones. They also their income. It is worth noting compound the disadvantage the scale of this phenomenon. experienced by workers in poor A professional earns eight times countries. This is because, by limiting more in the UK than in Mali,22 even the ability of workers from those accounting for the UK’s higher cost countries to move, they compel them of living. Around 50% of the variation to accept poorly paid, dangerous in personal incomes across the world work. The era of neoliberal can be linked to a person’s country of globalisation has intensified this residence.23 Calculations at the time problem – as capital has become of the study found that “compared able to move around the globe more to living in the poorest country in freely, businesses are able to locate the world (DR Congo), a person themselves where labour is cheapest gains more than 350% if she lives in and least well protected. Notoriously, the United States, more than 160% if industries such as the garment she lives in Brazil, but only 32% if she industry are concentrated in countries lives in Yemen”.24 Each country has where poorly paid workers are faced a range of potential incomes, from with often horrendous conditions. which it is very difficult to escape. This was tragically revealed by the Rana Plaza disaster in Bangladesh in Further, the income disparities 2013 in which 1,134 people ere killed resulting from this exclusion relate when a factory ceiling collapsed. to a whole raft of socio-economic Media reaction focused on the disadvantages. For instance, failings of the company and its compared to those in wealthier owners. But this was not simply a countries, people born in the case of ‘bad apples’. In a situation poorest countries are “five times of free movement, the dramatically more likely to die before the age increased bargaining power of of five”, “ten times more likely to be workers would raise wages and malnourished” and much less likely standards, making such outcomes to have access to clean water, significantly less likely. However, shelter and basic education.25 when labour is immobilised by border controls, workers often have

10 | FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT little option but to provide cheap politics rights and were therefore labour to unscrupulous employers. easily exploitable. And of course, South African apartheid rested on In excluding, disempowering and deep-rooted racism. Today’s border impoverishing millions of people from regime reproduces both of these poor countries, overwhelmingly from features of apartheid as well.26 formerly colonised countries, today’s border regime effectively maintains a system of global apartheid. Borders exploit The fundamental feature of South migrant workers African apartheid was to construct In May 2019, hundreds of people took a social order based on keeping to the streets of Beirut, Lebanon, the black population both separate to protest the ‘Kafala’ system and and unequal. Black workers were demand a change in labour laws. compelled to labour under poor The workers from countries such as conditions and low wages, enriching Ethiopia, Bangladesh and Kenya South Africa’s white elite, and marched with the slogans “I am not access to the white parts of South your property”, “our lives matter” Africa was governed by a regime and “include us in the labour law”.27 of identity documentation and The Kafala system, present in many mobility controls, backed up by high-income Arab countries, ties militarised authorities. The same foreign workers to their employers basic dynamic operates between while denying them the same labour the populations of the global south protections as citizens. Workers need and the global north today. And the permission of their employers just as the ending of apartheid to change employment and even was marked by the end of mobility to leave the country and can be restrictions on the black population, deported if they complain about so too is free movement required to their work conditions.28 Under the end global apartheid today. Kafala system, employers commonly The apartheid analogy extends withhold payment and confiscate further, in fact. A crucial element of identity documents such as South African apartheid involved passports.29 This policy has therefore granting limited access for black given employers absolute power workers to white areas, but ensuring over migrant workers, leading to such workers lacked economic and numerous reports of physical attacks

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT | 11 and torture,30 sexual abuse31 and withdrawal of sponsorship often leads even murder.32 The system amounts to deportation. Similarly, ‘guest’ to a form of modern-day slavery worker visa programmes in East Asia with many dying in an attempt allow foreign workers to temporarily to escape their employees. The fill dirty, dangerous and difficult jobs. situation is so intense that Lebanese Workers can only live in the country activists have built an underground for the duration of their employment.35 railroad, like the ones used to Visa conditions do not allow guest transport slaves in North America to workers to change employment. This free states, to get people to safety.33 system is similar to many of the guest worker programmes Western European The Kafala system is an extreme countries instituted after World War II, manifestation of the third reason to and, just as with the Kafala system, oppose border controls: that they leads to abuse from both employers are intimately bound up with the and employment agencies.36 exploitation of workers. By limiting the rights of workers, borders skew the In addition to these legal forms of power balance between worker and exploitation, border controls create employer further in the direction of a class of undocumented, ‘illegal’ the employer. Millions of migrant migrant workers, who lack the most workers the world over are tied to their basic rights and are therefore highly specific employer in the host country vulnerable. Undocumented workers’ and vulnerable to deportation if their lack of legal status undermines their employment contract is terminated pay – in the US, the ‘wage penalty’ for or changed in significant ways. The being undocumented is estimated sponsorship scheme in the UK is one at between 6% and 20%.37 Minimum example of this. Under this system, wage violations are much more likely skilled workers from outside the EU are for undocumented workers than able to work in the country provided others; in Italy, undocumented workers their employer, their sponsor, has been in the agricultural sector earn less than granted a work permit by the Home half the minimum wage established Office. The employer has the right to by collective agreements.38 withdraw this sponsorship at any time, Undocumented workers are or refuse to renew the sponsorship, also subject to some of the most and significant increases in a dangerous working conditions worker’s salary might also affect faced by any workers. In the US, the conditions of their sponsorship undocumented workers are vital to and result in non-renewal.34 The

12 | FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT the agriculture industry, one of the By creating groups of workers who country’s most dangerous sectors in are easier to exploit – whether which hundreds of workers die each undocumented, guest worker or year and 100 workers a day lose time other – border controls thus divide at work due to injury. The systemic workers, making it harder for them mistreatment of agricultural workers to organise to defend their interests. is enabled by the huge proportion Attitudes towards immigration have of undocumented workers in the long been a contested issue within the industry. It has been estimated labour movement, with support for that fully 53% of farmworkers are exclusionary policies by some trade undocumented, though the true unions all too prominent. Others, number could be even higher.39 however, have recognised that the Lacking legal status, undocumented workers movement cannot succeed workers have very limited means without overcoming divisions among to challenge workplace violations. workers. 100 years ago, the anarchist And evidence suggests that when North American union the Industrial immigrant workers, and especially Workers of the World clearly those who are undocumented, die recognised this, declaring that: at work, their deaths are less likely The Industrial Workers of the World to be investigated.40 is an INTERNATIONAL movement... We realize workers have no country… Given the limited rights and As long as we quarrel among bargaining power of undocumented ourselves over differences of workers, it is no surprise that it can nationality we weaken our cause, we defeat our own purposes… be highly profitable for businesses In our organization, the Caucasian, to employ them. For example, one the Malay, the Mongolian and the 2012 study found that across all firms Negro, are all on the same footing. in the state of Georgia, employing All are workers and as such their undocumented workers decreased interests are the same. An injury to them is an injury to us.43 the risk of going out of business by 19%.41 Where businesses do support As the writer Suzie Lee argues, it is giving legal status to undocumented not enough simply for trade unions workers, what is often proposed to advocate for stronger rights for is the expansion of ‘guest worker’ migrant workers in their country of programmes, which as we have residence. Under a system of border seen keep migrant workers controls, the risk of deportation or disempowered and easy to exploit.42 detention renders those rights less

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT | 13 enforceable and has a chilling effect a divide between people holding on migrant workers’ organising. This different documents, or even solely in turn weakens the entire workers’ a divide between rich and poor. movement, which depends on There is also a racial dimension. unifying the largest number of While we must be careful to avoid workers possible.44 the simplistic categorisation of whole countries or continents along If we are to overcome worker racial lines, the global border regime exploitation, therefore, we need means that the predominantly black to fight for free movement.45 Free and brown people of the global movement liberates migrant south are excluded from the wealth workers from the vulnerability and of a largely white global north. exploitation that comes with the limited rights conferred on them by The reasons for this go back to before border controls. And it ends the the origins of modern immigration division of workers into camps control and reflect the underlying with different rights and freedoms, economic reasons why the global undermining the solidarity needed to north-south divide is also a rich-poor rebuild a powerful labour movement. divide. This divide is closely linked to European colonialism and slavery, in Borders have racist roots which the plunder of the global south formed the basis of the inequality “It’s not racist to want controls on between south and north today.46 immigration”. We hear this a lot from This was justified at the time (and by everyone from cynical politicians some even today) by ideologies of looking to signal their support for an racial and cultural supremacy. anti-migrant agenda to well-meaning people who perhaps understandably Modern border controls in the global wish to avoid labelling vast swathes north, first introduced in the late of the population as ‘racist’. But 19th century, were built on the same whether we like it or not, the evidence racist foundations as colonialism, suggests that racism is embedded in aiming to exclude populations seen the very idea of immigration control. as racially inferior. The first immigration controls in the US included the Asian We have already talked about Exclusion Act of 1875 and the Chinese borders as being a ‘global apartheid’ Exclusion Act of 1882, which aimed separating people on the basis of to drastically curtail immigration by the accident of birth. This isn’t just Chinese people, while European

14 | FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT migrants continued to travel freely prohibit migrant rescue boats from to the country. In the early 20th docking at Italian ports when in century British Canada introduced office.51 In other cases, immigration immigration restrictions based on controls may be justified by less race: Chinese immigrants required inflammatory and overtly racist $500 before entry was permitted, rhetoric, but produce racist outcomes South Asians $200 and white nonetheless. The ‘hostile environment’ migrants only $25. In the UK, the legislation introduced by Theresa May Aliens Act of 1905 aimed to restrict in 2014, ostensibly to crack down on Jewish immigration, which was ‘illegal immigrants’, has had racially compared by one Conservative MP discriminatory effects, for example to the entry of diseased cattle to the leading landlords to discriminate country. 47 Meanwhile in Australia the against tenants (whether migrants or ‘White Australia Policy’, introduced otherwise) on racial grounds.52 in 1905 and remaining in force The language used by Trump and until after the Second World War, Salvini points to a key feature of the aimed to achieve exactly what its connection between borders and name implied: to prohibit “all alien racism. Racism is often fuelled by coloured immigration” and secure notions of the ‘other’ or ‘outsider’ a white society.48 who is dangerous, subversive and The politics of border control threatening. Border controls offer have continued to work in racially a means of fulfilling the desires of discriminatory ways since then. The racists to keep ‘disturbing’ groups of recent wave of nationalist right-wing people out of one’s own community. world leaders has invoked the need This helps explain why immigration for draconian immigration policies control is always a pre-occupation on the basis of overt racist rhetoric. of far right movements and parties, Donald Trump notoriously branded along with deportation of unwanted Mexicans as “rapists” and “drug groups within the nation. And dealers” in order to stoke support while these fears are most explicitly for an expanded border wall with articulated by the far right, they Mexico.49 Italy’s Matteo Salvini, are nonetheless given oxygen by leader of the far right Lega party, xenophobic and racist media outlets, branded migrants as “an army of such as the Daily Mail’s depiction of benefit thieves and criminals” during migrants as rats53 and the Sun running the country’s 2018 general election articles about ”cockroaches” during campaign,50 before proceeding to the surge in Syrian refugees in 2015.54

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT | 15 2. ACHIEVING FREE MOVEMENT

Is free movement by boat.57 In the UK, the party which a pipe dream? introduced the ‘hostile environment’ for migrants was last year re-elected Any argument for global free with 44% of the popular vote. movement must recognise the In this context, it may seem that free enormous challenges of arguing movement is simply not a viable for this goal in the current political political project. However, this context. The idea has few vocal conclusion is too hasty. Without supporters in the political mainstream, downplaying the above challenges, being largely confined to circles of the current political attitudes sympathetic activists and intellectuals. regarding migration are by no Moreover, the rise in right-wing means uniformly negative. In the nationalist political parties and 2019 European elections, the rise movements, deeply imbued with of the far right was accompanied anti-migrant politics, make the task by a ‘green wave’ of broadly more difficult still. Far-right parties pro-migration parties, winning won around 25% of the vote in the around 20% of the total vote coming 2019 European elections, and in second in Germany and third in South America a ‘conservative France.58 In the US, despite Trump’s wave’ has brought to power Jair repeated attacks on migrants in Bolsonaro in Brazil, Mauricio Macri recent years, polling data shows in Argentina and Sebastian Piñera that almost a quarter of people in Chile in recent years, all of want to see immigration increased whom have described refugees as and 40% would like it to stay the disease-ridden or criminals.55 The same. The centre ground has moved anti-immigrant attitudes of Trump in significantly on this issue with 34% the US are well-documented, and of Democrats wanting an increase Australia recently voted in Scott compared to around 20% in 2014.59 Morrison, a man who promised Most strikingly of all, almost a to drastically cut migration56 and quarter of people in the US believe used unlawful measures to prevent that we should have ‘basically asylum seekers arriving in Australia

16 | FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT open borders’.60 During the ‘migrant tactics of hunger strikes, vandalism crisis’ of 2015-17 in Europe, huge and civil disobedience.68 In Iran, mobilisations in support of admitting women went on strike and organised more refugees took place in London counter-protests in 1963 in order to (attended by around 100,000)61 maintain their suffrage and right to and in Barcelona (attended by stand for political office.69 While these around 150,000),62 with hundreds legal developments do not represent of thousands of people marching panaceas for the emancipation of against the far-right in Berlin.63 LGBT+ people or women, they attest Furthermore, demographic shifts are to the possibility of major progressive likely to lead to increasing support change in unpredictable ways. for free movement, with young For free movement to be achieved, people holding more progressive it will require a powerful, coordinated views on migration.64 global movement. And of course, It is also important to recognise how many elements of such a movement dramatically political attitudes and are already in place and being led social structures can shift in the space by migrants themselves. In recent of a few years or decades. At the years we have seen hunger strikes turn of the millennium, for example, from migrants detained in UK and there was not a single country on South African detention centres; earth where same sex marriage was protests from migrant workers on the authorised by law. At the time of streets of Beirut; in France, the Gilet writing, there are 27 countries that Noirs movement of undocumented have legalised the practice,65 people campaigning for better including the vast majority of western living conditions;70 anti-deportation European countries. In Europe, these protests in Israel, led by Sudanese changes happened partly due to a and Eritrean women; in Hong European wide network of determined Kong, campaigns by domestic LGBT activists, academics and policy workers from Indonesia and the makers working in tandem.66 Similarly, Philippines for better wages and at the start of the 20th century working conditions. A particularly women’s suffrage was extremely striking example was the ‘caravan’ limited – now women have voting of thousands of migrants that left rights in every country in the world Honduras in October 2018, heading aside from Vatican City.67 To achieve for the US-Mexico border. En route suffrage, women in the UK used they were joined by migrants from

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT | 17 other Central American countries, Short-term measures such as El Salvador and Guatemala. to strengthen migrant The caravan transformed the often isolating process of trying to migrate rights to the US into a collective one, with The path to free movement requires positive political consequences. short-term measures which strengthen Observing the caravan, Martha the rights and well-being of migrants. Balaguera and Alfonso Gonzalez Given the wide variety of national described the consciousness-raising policies regarding migration around process that took place, as those the world, the demands which bring involved came to see their this about will naturally be varied. experiences through a political, However, one vital step in most structural lens. In the words of Boris, countries would be to make it easier one member of the group: for people to immigrate by liberalising Before coming in the [caravan], I the rules governing entry. For thought of myself as an individual. instance, in the UK there has been a But through the journey, I learned push to remove the minimum income that any of us could have to migrate one day and that we are living a threshold for migrant workers to collective problem. When I get out of bring over family members;72 this law here, I will struggle for my detained was only introduced a few years compañeros, and I urge people to ago and could easily be reversed. struggle in solidarity with us as well.71 Reducing the exorbitant visa fees Around the world, then, there exist and improving accessibility to visa significant currents of support for fee waivers would also make a huge migration and greater migrant difference. Over 70% of those who rights, and a powerful migrant-led claim they are facing destitution, movement already exists. That is and a similar proportion of child not to deny the range of obstacles applicants, are turned down for and objections to free movement financial help with visa fees by the – which we return to in the final Home Office.73 Encouraging the section of this pamphlet. But first, proliferation and institutionalisation we must consider in more detail of humanitarian visas, which can what kind of political and structural allow people to apply for asylum changes could bring us towards a without having to take hazardous world of free movement, and what journeys across borders, would also demands the movement for open be an important step in this regard. borders should make. Humanitarian visa policies already

18 | FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT exist in countries such as Brazil, where independence against EU demands they have been issued in response for a crackdown on irregular migrants to crises in neighbouring countries.74 attempting to travel into Europe from the country. Unfortunately, Moroccan A full defence of the right to freely policy has since become increasingly move must go beyond removing draconian at the behest of the EU, barriers to entry by also strengthening with thousands of violent removals the rights of migrants living in host of sub-Saharan Africans.79 Thus, countries. This could be achieved by though the amnesty may have granting undocumented migrants an provided momentum towards free amnesty or regularisation, allowing movement, it was ultimately not them to acquire legal status, a sustained. Moreover, many NGOs demand currently being made in complained that the eligibility the UK by groups including Migrants criteria of the Moroccan amnesty Organise.75 Similarly, migrant were too strict. Applicants required communities in the US have also a valid employment contract and been demanding an amnesty for proof of at least 5 years continuous several decades, ever since the last residence, both very difficult to amnesty in 1986.76 Evidence suggests prove for people on the margins of that the 1986 US regularisation society working illegally.80 programme increased wages and job opportunities as well as helping with social integration.77 In 2005, a Regional free Spanish amnesty regularised around movement zones 600,000 migrants, with each person Over the longer term, one route to adding on average €4,400 to the universal free movement could be Spanish tax coffers.78 built through regional free movement However, amnesties can come in zones. Existing free movement zones many different forms; in order to could be expanded and new ones bring us closer to free movement created, leading eventually to their they need to be part of a consistent being merged into a single global set of policies, with broad eligibility system operating without border criteria and accompanied by controls. Many such zones already measures to enforce workers’ rights. exist: the European Union, the In 2014, Morocco regularised almost Caribbean Community, the 18,000 undocumented migrants, in MERCOSUR agreement in South what was seen as an assertion of America, and the Trans-Tasman

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT | 19 Travel Arrangement between around half a million refugees from Australia and New Zealand. Other Syria, which has caused its population moves are underway elsewhere. to grow by 30%. After an initial period For example, in 2018 the African of pressure on housing stock, wages Union agreed a protocol aiming and drinking water, the local to facilitate “the progressive government embarked on a series of implementation of free movement infrastructural reforms benefiting both of persons, right of residence and refugees and the local population, the right of establishment in Africa”.81 with the city now considered a For some, the idea of an African model for migrant integration.83 free movement zone is a core Working towards a world of free anti-colonial demand – in the words movement through gradually of Cameroonian political theorist expanding regional free movement Achille Mbembe: “If we want to zones carries huge challenges. Firstly, conclude the work of decolonisation, free movement zones often overlap we have to bring down colonial with areas of economic cooperation boundaries in our continent and turn between states that are skewed Africa into a vast space of circulation towards the interests of big business. for itself, for its descendants and for The European single market, for everyone who wants to tie his or her example, guarantees the free fate with our continent”.82 movement of goods, capital and Free movement zones could grow services, alongside freedom of gradually, allowing countries to adapt movement for workers. Since the to the changes brought about by 1980s, when some European population changes, as governments countries began to embrace do within existing borders today. neoliberal economic policies, the Although we should be sceptical EU has contributed to weakened of the assumption that global free unions, reduced wages and lower movement would necessarily create rates of employment by pursuing a unsustainable population flows (see “labor market flexibility agenda… part 3), increases in migration to some having a monetary policy focus on countries could lead to short-term inflation instead of full employment challenges. It is important, however, to and imposing fiscal austerity and emphasise that with good planning, central bank independence”.84 even such short-term challenges can This trend has continued in recent be overcome. For example, the Turkish times with the EU imposing austerity city of Gazaintep is today hosting on countries such as Greece, Italy,

20 | FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT and Portugal; the case of Greece having gone to work or start businesses occurred in spite of a national in other countries.86 Similarly, some referendum rejecting austerity.85 To be of the public opposition in the EU to truly emancipatory, free movement Turkey’s accession is due to the fact needs to go hand in hand with a that it is a predominantly Muslim levelling up of workers’ rights and a country.87 The UK’s vote to leave the fairer distribution of wealth. EU, and reduce a free movement zone, was partly linked to a backlash Secondly, free movement zones against immigration and was starkly in the rich parts of the world can divided across racial lines. A 2016 undermine the rights of those coming poll found that 67% of Asian voters from beyond the zone’s borders. For voted to remain, as did 73% of black example, the development of free voters, compared to 47% of white movement in Europe has been used voters.88 The referendum result was as a justification for the development followed by a rise in hate crime of ‘Fortress Europe’ and repressive against black and brown people, as policing of the EU border. Furthermore, well as Eastern Europeans.89 those coming from outside of the free movement zone are vulnerable to exploitation. The Gulf Cooperation Free movement: Council (GCC), for instance, has free past and present movement between member states. There have been numerous examples However, this free movement coexists of free movement between states with a regime of extreme exploitation in the post-war era. None is perfect, and abuse of migrant labourers from but together they point to the outside the GCC, many of whom are possibility of one day dismantling tied to their employers (see part 1). border controls altogether. We need to ensure that free movement is intimately linked Citizenship of the United Kingdom to a push for workers’ rights. and Colonies

Anti-racist groups in high-income Dates: 1948–1962 countries must also be strengthened Member states: United Kingdom and if regional free movement zones all its colonial territories are to expand effectively. In the The 1948 British Nationality Act free movement zone in West Africa, granted 600 million Commonwealth ECOWAS, many people have been citizens not only the right to migrate murdered in xenophobic attacks, to the UK, but equal legal rights with

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT | 21 all British-born citizens including The Economic Community of West access to work and social and African States (ECOWAS) political rights. Whether a person Dates: Treaty agreed 1979–present was born in Colchester, Colombo Member states: Benin, Burkina Faso, or Kingston, they had the same Cape Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, The citizenship and the same rights. Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Despite the theoretical equality of Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Commonwealth citizens, when they Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. came to the UK discrimination in employment and housing was widely Following the establishment of and openly practised. This was not ECOWAS in 1975, the 1979 Protocol prohibited until 1965, when the UK Relating to the Free Movement of introduced its first Race Relations Act. Persons, Residence and Establishment However, this act was introduced envisioned the creation of a region in tandem with harsh immigration of free mobility to be implemented legislation, with Labour MP Roy in three phases. The first phase, Hattersley infamously claiming that removing visa requirements for travel “integration without limitation is for up to 90 days between ECOWAS impossible”. In 1967, Indians living states for citizens, has been fully in Kenya were forced to leave the implemented. The second and country and came to the UK on third phases, providing for the right account of their British citizenship. of residence and establishment, However, the UK government quickly including equal treatment with local introduced emergency legislation, citizens regarding economic and the 1968 Commonwealth Act, to stop social rights, are in the process of them arriving based on the colour of implementation. There is a common their skin.90 This discrimination against ECOWAS travel document, issued by British citizens from the colonies has the governments of all member states continued to the present day, most and recognised across the region. recently through the Windrush scandal A notable feature of the ECOWAS in which the British government model is the provision for the actively illegalised, excluded, and in integration of refugees displaced some cases detained and deported across the region by the war in those who moved from Caribbean Liberia and Sierra Leone. As ECOWAS former colonies before 1973, and citizens, as well as refugees, these were therefore entitled to effective populations should theoretically have rights of citizenship.91

22 | FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT the right to residence and labour Roma communities into Sweden market access on a non-discriminatory were an initial stumbling block. This basis. Although significant hurdles group had been previously explicitly remain, the UNHCR has developed excluded from entry to Sweden a framework for the integration of under a Roma immigration ban. refugees in ECOWAS host countries. Throughout the 1960s and ‘70s, under the new mobility rights of the The Nordic Passport Union Union, proportionately significant Dates: 1952–present numbers of Finnish Roma did move Member States: Finland, Sweden, to Sweden, drawn not only by Norway, Denmark and Faroe Islands, the booming labour market and Iceland (joined 1966) higher quality of life, but also fleeing the intense social exclusion and In a series of treaties and agreements discrimination they faced in Finland. concluded between 1952 and 1958, restrictions on mobility between The Passport Union created the citizens of the Nordic countries, circumstances whereby Swedish and including requirements for visas, Finnish Roma populations came into work-permits or passports in order to regular contact and thus were able travel, settle and work, were removed. to begin to mobilise and radicalise, This was accompanied with the demanding equal treatment and an Nordic Convention on Social Security end to assimilationist policies in both of 1955 which ensured equality of countries.92 Riding the wave of this treatment for all Nordic citizens in political momentum, the international receipt of all social welfare including Nordic Roma community that had pensions, sick-pay and unemployment taken shape thanks to the Passport benefits among others. Union and relaxation of mobility rights was able to emerge as a new form of The Passport Union was motivated transnational minority politics, forming by a widely shared desire for closer pressure groups and forcing through political and economic ties across a more rights-based approach in the Scandinavian bloc. However, education and integration policy its implementation nonetheless among others. Although unintended, generated opposition motivated this is a striking example of the by racism and protectionism. benefits of free movement for In particular, concerns over the enabling subordinate groups to possible free movement of Finnish defend and extend their rights.

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT | 23 3. ADDRESSING CHALLENGES

In this final section we address some of labour to undercut existing pay and the key concerns about the ultimate conditions”96 and in the US, Senator goal of global free movement. Bernie Sanders has argued that “there is no question in my mind that Would free movement [open borders] would substantially reduce jobs and wages? lower wages in this country”.97 There is, however, a large body of The argument is intuitive and evidence on how migrants affect simple: more migrants means more jobs and wages, with the consensus competition for jobs and fewer being that migration typically has a jobs for native workers. Moreover, if small or neutral effect. In the UK, a key migrants are willing to work for longer report is a government-commissioned hours or for less money they will push review of 12 studies.98 It found that wages down. It’s an argument used migration has “no or little impact” by anti-migration politicians across on employment, and “the evidence the world from Nigel Farage in the shows that it as a small short-term UK (“What we have got is a massive negative effect on low-paid workers”. oversupply in the labour market The report suggests that those on which has driven down wages”),93 to medium and high incomes enjoy Donald Trump in the USA (“They’re a small positive increase in wages. taking our jobs. They’re taking our This is because new workers can be manufacturing jobs. They’re taking complementary, stimulating new our money. They’re killing us”),94 to work, innovations and productivity Tony Abbott in Australia (“It’s a basic among native workers. law of economics that increasing the supply of labour depresses wages”).95 Similarly, recent work in Australia99 Many on the left also repeat this logic. and the US100 has not found any For example, in the UK former Labour profound impact of migration leader Jeremy Corbyn has expressed on wages or unemployment. The concerns about “employers being US study examined hundreds of able to import cheap agency papers, finding a positive impact

24 | FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT of immigration on the US economy Thus, the existing evidence suggests in the long-term. Among its findings that claims about the negative that skilled migrants might increase impacts of free movement on jobs wages for some citizens, it also found and wages is typically hyperbolic and that existing immigrants and high misleading, while free movement also school drop-outs could see a very presents an opportunity to increase small wage reduction. This is partly overall prosperity and well-being. because new migrants often work in the same low-paid jobs as these Does free movement groups. Existing migrants are most create ‘brain drain’? likely to be affected by any negative wage shifts partly because newer Concerns around ‘brain drain’ are immigrants have a similar set of skills often used as an argument against and provide direct competition.101 free movement. The idea is that Nonetheless, even the small poorer countries tend to lose some effects identified by academics of their brightest and most skilled are expected to dissipate in the people to rich countries through medium to long term.102 migration, thus depriving the sending countries of vital human resources. We should also note the overall The sending countries shoulder the economic benefits that can be costs of training and education, expected from free movement. while seeing few of the benefits. The economist Michael Clemens has argued that the introduction of There is some evidence behind this global open borders could as much argument. For example, around as double world GDP, adding trillions 70% of all university graduates in the of dollars to the global economy.103 Caribbean migrate to rich countries.105 Although rapidly increasing global These migrants come from some of GDP would come with many issues, the lowest income countries in the not least in terms of environmental world such as Haiti. Similarly, one impact, the significance of Clemens’ study found that the UK is home to study is to challenge the view that almost as many Malawian doctors as increased migration is economically Malawi, with the majority of Malawian harmful. Many have emphasised the doctors moving abroad to work.106 positive net economic contribution This contrasts with the severe shortage migrants can make, and the of doctors in Malawi, with only one economic damage reducing college of medicine in a country of migration might cause.104 around 17 million people.107

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT | 25 But there are several strong counters to more of a mixed picture. For some the brain drain argument, too. Firstly, countries, the export of health migrant workers send huge amounts workers, even at a rate of 40%, does of money back. In 2018 alone, $529 not appear to affect child mortality billion worth of remittances (money or other health indicators such as sent by migrant workers to family or measles vaccination rate, prevalence friends in their country of origin) were of respiratory infection or HIV infection sent to lower and middle income rates in the long term.113 Indeed, countries – a comparable figure to emigration of health workers has the total foreign direct investment been found to lead to a greater into the global south of $671 billion.108 production of health workers and Unlike foreign investment, which is indicative of a ‘brain gain’ effect under many liberal investment rules resulting from emigration.114 The is often repatriated as the profit of Philippines, for example, exports foreign companies, remittances the highest number of nurses in the largely go directly into the pockets of world – but has more nurses per people living in developing countries capita at home than Britain.115 and are spent on crucial areas. A variety of factors have been For example, studies show that suggested to explain these findings, remittance money is largely spent which may seem counter-intuitive. on education and healthcare in First, foreign demand is likely to India109 and education in Ghana.110 encourage more people to go into Likewise, remittances have been training and more institutions to shown to lead to a slight reduction offer it. Some countries, such as the in inequality and poverty in 10 Latin Philippines, have an active and American and Caribbean countries.111 explicit policy of training skilled Moreover, the stark figures around workers so that they can work the emigration of skilled workers only abroad and send back money.116 occur in a minority of countries. The Furthermore, the prospect of majority of large labour exporting emigration can encourage people countries, including Indonesia, India, to stay in education for longer in Pakistan and Brazil, send less than 10% order to boost their chances of of their university graduates abroad.112 success in their new country. For What’s more, the emigration of skilled example, one study in Cape Verde workers, such as health workers, does finds that the more likely someone is not necessarily do detriment to the to migrate, the more likely they are sending country and the results are to complete primary education.117

26 | FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT Free movement may even Would everyone encourage a ‘brain circulation’ come at once? effect where those who have been working abroad create the networks Global free movement would and knowledge needed to inspire represent such a dramatic new types of economic activities transformation of our society that in their countries of origin. For there is no way of confidently stating example, one study found that “a the levels of migration it would lead 10% increase in immigration from to. However, the concern that wealthy exporters of a given product is countries would be ‘flooded’ with associated with a 2% increase in the migrants does not rest on rock-solid likelihood that the host country starts foundations. Historically free exporting that good ‘from scratch’ movement has seldom led to an in the next decade”.118 immediate mass movement of people. This fear did not come However, because the costs of to pass in Germany in 2012 when training skilled workers are high, restrictions on Polish migration were sending countries would still stand to lifted, the US in 1986 when its borders lose a significant amount of income opened to Micronesia and the UK in under free movement. For instance, 2014 when restrictions on Romanian just nine countries in sub-Saharan migration were lifted.121 While it is Africa collectively lose around $2.2 true that Polish migration to the UK billion in training costs for doctors was greater than predicted after who work abroad. At the same time, Polish accession to the EU in 2004, the UK gains $2.7 billion in doctor the numbers need to be kept in training bills it doesn’t have to foot; perspective: net Polish migration to low-income countries are effectively the UK was under 30,000 per year subsidising the health service of from 2004 to 2012 – substantial, but high-income ones.119 One proposal not a ‘flood’.122 to mitigate this damage is to have the high-income countries It is also worth noting that much of the compensate low-income countries world’s migration today occurs within, for training costs. This could occur rather than beyond regions, including through a “restitution fund”, paid for 63% of all African migration and 55% by the receiving country, for the of that in Europe and Central Asia. “reconstruction and support of Roughly a third of migrants in the health care” in the sending country.120 Middle East, North Africa and South Asia also remain within their regions.123

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT | 27 A 2018 global Gallup poll found If anything, it is a sudden closing that, while large numbers of adults of borders that can result in mass worldwide (15%) would like to move migration. For instance, in 1975 to another country if they had the Suriname became independent chance, the majority would move from the Netherlands, stopping free within their region.124 Meanwhile, in movement between the countries. 2017, the International Organisation In the run up to independence, for Migration found that less than there was a surge in migration with 10% of the people who express a around 40% of the entire Surinamese general desire to migrate actually population migrating.126 A policy have any plans to do so within the of permanently open borders, by next 12 months. Of these, even fewer, contrast, would contain no such spur only 3%, have taken any kind of for a rapid surge of people moving. steps to make that plan a reality.125 Global Justice Now CC BY 2.0

To coincide with the inauguration of Donald Trump as president of the US, people around the world hung banners on 200 bridges with messages of peace, equality and tolerance. This banner was hung from North Bridge in Edinburgh.

28 | FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT Could our public to UK public finances than they use 129 services cope with per year. Though non-EU migrants contributed less than they consumed, open borders? these figures will be skewed by the A frequent misunderstanding high proportion of forced migrants concerning migration and public among them. Similarly, hospital services is that it is a zero-sum game, admission rates in England were that there is a simple equation where found to be lower for international more people necessarily means migrants than the native population, 130 increased demand and pressure on even when age is considered. public services. Actually, migrants In Australia the government’s own are often crucial to the running report states that “migrants are of public services, particularly in estimated to have a positive fiscal high-income countries with ageing impact since they are predominantly populations placing increased of working age when they arrive”, demand on health and social contributing around 9.7 billion services. One study found that Australian dollars (£5.4 billion) to the 131 migrants consisted of 25% of UK public Australian economy. Humanitarian sector workers between 2008 and migrants and the family of skilled 2010 and 40% in health and social migrants were the categories which, work.127 Immigrant workers in the understandably, proved an exception public sector tended to be younger to this trend. and better educated than native In addition to these points, it is workers. The need for migrant workers important to recognise that free in health and social care in countries movement means abolishing the with ageing populations will only category of the ‘illegal immigrant’, increase with time. It is unsurprising, which may well reduce pressure therefore, that the UK’s NHS has on public services as they would been pressuring the government to be able to access the full range of 128 ease restrictions on migrants. primary health care. The European Moreover, while many migrants Agency for Fundamental Rights staff public services and pay taxes looked at what would happen if to ensure they keep running, they Germany, Greece and Sweden are often less likely to use them. allowed undocumented people full EU migrants have been found to access to health services related to contribute on average £2,300 more high blood pressure, as opposed to

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT | 29 only emergency access. They found London where it is not uncommon that it would result in a 9% cost saving for people to identify themselves as a after one year as it would help Londoner first, and British/English/ prevent many hundreds of strokes and European second.134 Thus, free heart attacks.132 Similarly, allowing movement advocates can usefully women full access to prenatal care use arguments around the devolution would result in savings of up to 48% in of power from the centre and Germany and Greece. This is because capitals of countries to regions and it would help prevent many health other cities. This line of argument is issues related to low birth weight. related to the attempts by activists in 1949 in France to set up a network What about of global towns and cities. Their nationalism? movement enjoyed some short-term success with 300 small ‘global cities’ To build support for free movement, established in the province of Lot.135 we need to develop persuasive Nation states are set up to protect arguments and methods of the privileges of their citizens, to be communication to win people exclusive and to violently enforce over in large numbers. This is no their borders.136 Arguments for free easy task. Thus, the ideas presented movement need to move people in this report are beginnings, and beyond this exclusionary politics. better approaches may well be In 2008 the socialist president of developed through more research Ecuador, Rafael Correa, enshrined and experience. in the constitution “the principle One of the key changes needs of universal citizenship, the free to be in how we see nations and movement of all inhabitants on the citizenship. Arguments for free planet and the progressive extinction movement need to encourage of the status of alien or foreigner”.137 people to primarily identify and make This article was part of efforts to decisions through non-exclusive resist racism and xenophobia. The communities which transcend constitution itself was wide-ranging, nations; communities which new including articles on gender, the migrants are free to join and help environment, economic resources, shape.133 This already happens to fair trade, and food sovereignty.138 a limited extent, with cities such as Correa won the argument for

30 | FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT the constitution, and hence free in 2018, has adopted a nationalist movement, by arguing for people’s and anti-migrant politics. Its leader, autonomy to live their lives as Sara Wagenknecht, has criticised they wanted. And he promised to Chancellor Angela Merkel’s provide people the social assistance decision to accept more than and opportunities needed to realise 1 million refugees and argued this. The focus on economic justice that anti-capitalist politics requires may have helped win the argument border controls: “All successes in against exclusionary politics. So too, restraining and regulating capitalism might the framing of autonomy, a have been achieved within individual natural counter to nativist worries states, and states have borders.140 about globalisation. Meanwhile Jean-Luc Melenchon’s latest political vehicle, La France In a more visionary vein, in a Insourmise, has been critical of mass world of free movement national migration, with Melenchon claiming citizenship might be superseded that migrants are “stealing the bread” by a global citizenship and ideas of French workers.141 And in the US, of universalism. Promoting ideas Democratic presidential candidate of global citizenship can help win Bernie Sanders explicitly came out the argument as well as prompt against open borders, citing familiar practical changes. A world passport right wing arguments about being does currently exist in a limited form. overrun by migrants.142 It is issued by the World Government of World Citizens, a campaign for Ultimately, we need to reach a free movement. Almost 750,000 point where progressive politicians have been distributed, they are can confidently state the reasoned accepted in Mauritania, Tanzania case for more open borders. Social and Togo, and have been used by movements have a key role to forced migrants as identification play in creating the conditions for documents to open bank accounts that to be possible. The youngest or to rent accommodation.139 ever female US senator, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, points the way. She We also need to guard against the argues that people have to “respect rise of nationalism in left-wing and the right of human mobility”, stating progressive movements. In Germany, that all Latinx people should be able the new left-wing Aufstehen to freely migrate to the US.143 (‘Stand Up’) movement formed

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT | 31 CONCLUSION

This pamphlet is aimed at persuading, arguments more effective and begin inspiring and mobilising activists to build the movement necessary for and campaigners behind a vision the radical transformation we require. of what a different world could The next step is down to you. look like. Only by starting to free our Campaigning, protesting, discussing imaginations can we begin to really and more generally ‘spreading the see how things could be otherwise. word’ can really change attitudes, On its own, though, vision is not and can lay the path for a different sufficient. We need to discuss and sort of world. If you agree with debate, both with those who tend us, get involved and get active. to agree with us, and those who Change will only come about when have genuine concerns about our sufficient people demand it, loudly vision. In so doing, we will make our enough and for long enough. Mstyslav Chernov/Unframe CC BY-SA 4.0

A child refugee paces a camp on the Greek island of Lesbos, January 2016.

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34 | FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT 45 For example, when 2.5 million Migration and the “Refugee Crisis”: undocumented workers were legalised On the Asylum-Migration Nexus, the in the US in 1986, as they would be under Transatlantic White European Settler free movement, union membership Colonialism-Migration and Racial surged. Within five years of campaigning Capitalism, Refuge, 34(1), pp. 16-28. there was, on average, a 15% increase 56 Bevage, A. (2019), Australian PM promises in wages for the newly legalised workers, migration cut, refugee freeze if re-elected, with citizen workers also benefitting Reuters, 28 April 2019, https://uk.reuters.com/ (Department of Labor cited in Chacon article/uk-australia-politics-immigration/ JA and Davis M (2018), No One Is Illegal: australian-pm-promises-migration-cut- Fighting Racism And State Violence On The refugee-freeze-if-re-elected-idUKKCN1S403A U.S.-Mexico Border, Haymarket Books 2018). 57 Hanns, S (2019), Scott Morrison’s single- 46 Hickel, J (2017), The Divide: A Brief Guide mindedness when immigration minister is to Global Inequality and Its Solutions, a frightening trait, The Guardian, 14 William Heinemann 2017. December 2019, https://www.theguardian. 47 Corporate Watch (2018), The UK Border com/commentisfree/2019/apr/26/scott- Regime: A Critical Guide, Corporate morrisons-single-mindedness-when- Watch 2018, p. 17. immigration-minister-is-a-frightening-trait 48 National Museum Australia (2020), White 58 Kirby, J (2019), The “Green wave” and 4 Australia policy, https://www.nma.gov. other takeaways from the European au/defining-moments/resources/white- parliamentary elections, Vox, 2 July 2018, australia-policy https://www.vox.com/2019/5/28/18642498/ 49 Neate, R (2015), Donald Trump announces european-parliament-elections-2019- US presidential run with eccentric speech, takeaways-greens-salvini-brexit-eu The Guardian, 16 June 2015, https://www. 59 Taxin, A (2019), Poll: More Americans want theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/16/ immigration to stay the same, AP News, donald-trump-announces-run-president 20 October 2019, https://apnews.com/ 50 Reynolds J (2019), Matteo Salvini: Can fd35d6b9eba64f8e884168ef064be080 Italy’s populist leader return to power?, 60 Harvard-Harris Poll (2018), Monthly BBC News, 24 September 2019, https://www. Harvard-Harris Poll: January 2018 Re-Field, bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-44921974 http://harvardharrispoll.com/wp-content/ 51 Sciorilli Borrelli S (2020), Matteo Salvini: uploads/2018/01/Final_HHP_Jan2018- Italy’s ports are closed to migrant vessels, Refield_RegisteredVoters_XTab.pdf Politico, 19 April 2019, https://www.politico. 61 Slowson, N (2016), Thousands march in eu/article/matteo-salvini-migration-italy- London during pro-refugee demonstrations, ports-closed-to-migrant-vessels The Guardian https://www.theguardian. 52 JCWI (2019), JCWI: how we beat the hostile com/world/2016/sep/17/thousands-march- environment in court, Free Movement, 1 in-refugees-welcome-rally-in-london March 2019, https://www.freemovement. 62 Lago, J (2017), More than 150,000 join org.uk/jcwi-right-to-rent-high-court pro-refugee protest in Barcelona, France 53 Hopewell Barreda, T (2017), The Horrible 24, 23 June 2019, https://www.france24. History of the Daily Mail, Global Justice com/en/20170218-over-150000-join-pro- Now, 31 October 2017, https://www. migrant-protest-barcelona globaljustice.org.uk/blog/2017/oct/31/ 63 Davies, P (2018), Hundreds of thousands horrible-history-daily-mail of Germans march against far right 54 Martin, J (2015), Katie Hopkins Wrote This ahead of election, Euronews, 2 January In The Sun About Migrants And Now 2019, https://www.euronews.com/2018/ Everyone Is Really Angry, Huffington Post, 10/13/berlin-marches-against-far-right 18 April 2015, https://www.huffingtonpost. 64 Gallup (2018), More Than 750 Million co.uk/2015/04/18/katie-hopkins-russell- Worldwide Would Migrate If They Could, bra_n_7091674.html https://news.gallup.com/poll/245255 55 Rodríguez, E (2018), The Coloniality of /750-million-worldwide-migrate.aspx

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