Study no. 128 Publication No. 175

Management of Waterlogged Areas in Uttar Pradesh

Prof. P.N. Mehrotra Shri Ramji Pandey

2009

AgroAgro----EconomicEconomic Research Centre University of Allahabad AllahabadAllahabad----211002211002 PREFACE

Agriculture and allied activities sector is the most important basic attribute of Indian

Economy. The progress of this sector holds vital importance for the development of the whole economy of the country. Nearly 60% of the country’s population resides in the rural areas and nearly 70% is still deployed in agriculture and allied activities sector. Agriculture depends upon the nature and quality of land resource. Temperature, rainfall and climatic factors are responsible for good or bad quality of land. Land is a scarce resource and its every available part has already been brought under cultivation. Further ever growing population pressure on land has necessitated the treatments of waste and barren lands under economic use. The Waste Land Development Board has launched a number of measures to reclaim the alkaline and saline soil, but no proper attention has been paid to develop the waterlogged area in the country. No doubt if the waterlogged areas are tapped, it may be of great economic help to reduce the problem of unemployment and poverty in the rural areas. Therefore, the development of waterlogged area to make it useful and productive, is felt necessary. It would be beneficial for maintaining the good environment as well.

In U.P. State the programme of soil and water conservation had been initiated since the first Five Year Plan but for effective implementation of soil and water conservation programme the U.P. Government passed the U.P. State Soil and Water Conservation Act in

1963. At present the Soil Conservation Division of Agriculture Department of U.P.

Government is implementing the development programmes for usarland, ravines land, khader land dry land. The Soil Conservation Department has also made tremendous efforts

- 2 - to develop the usar and barren land for cultivation of crops. Out of 70 districts of Uttar

Pradesh, 62 districts (excluding 8 districts of Bundelkhand region) have been covered under the Development Programme of waterlogged area. At present waterlogged area development programme is limited to the construction of the drains only. As per guide lines of the programme of waterlogged area, landless, marginal and small farmers of project villages should be engaged in physical work for construction of drains. It should be extended to all and National Remote Sensing Agency.

Under the present study an attempt has been made to know the impact of waterlogged areas Development Programme on the cropping pattern of the farm production and productivity of main cereal crops, increase in net agricultural income and employment etc.

Due to non-availability of separate data for waterlogged areas owned by state, Gramsabha and by individuals waterlogged area management aspect was not taken. National Remote

Sensing Agency may provide data about seasonal and permanent waterlogged area in U.P.

It is hoped that the findings of study will help in more focused Soil Conservation Policy.

I wish to place on record my gratitude to Director Agriculture, Joint Director Sri Ram

Shabd Jaisawara and other officials of Directorate of Agriculture, U.P. Krishi Bhavan,

Lucknow I am also obliged to the staff of Soil Conservation Department of Etah,

Lakhimpur Kheri and Basti districts for their valuable co-operation in the collection of primary and secondary data and relevant information for the study. I am also grateful to the

Director, National Remote Sensing Agency for providing district wise data of waterlogged area, I am also thankful to Sri K.N. Thapliyal Ex. Sr. Research Officer of the AER Centre,

Allahabad University for providing research knowledge in drafting the present report.

- 3 -

The study was planned and carried out by Sri Ramji Pandey Sr. Research Associate of the

Centre in my overall supervision. Field survey and data processing were done by Sri.

Ramji Pandey and Dr. H.C. Malviya. Report was drafted by Shri Ramji Pandey and the manuscript typed by Smt. Nirupama Nigam, P.A. to Director.

Comments and suggestions for the improvement of the report are welcome and will be thankfully acknowledged.

(P.N. Mehrotra) Agro-Economic Research Center Prof. & Hon. Director University of Allahabad Allahabad.

Dated: June 26, 2009

- 4 - CREDIT

Project Planning & Drafting Shri Ramji Pandey

Tabulation & Data Collection Shri H.C. Malviya

Computer Operations Mrs. Nirupama Nigam

Secretarial Services Mrs. M.R. Kesherwani

Xeroxing Mr. H.C. Upadhyay

- 5 - CONTENTS

Pages

PREFACE 2-3

CRADIT 4

CONTENTS 5 LIST OF TABLES 6-10 CHAPTER-I Introduction 11-23

CHAPTER –II Profile of Selected Districts 24-54

Uttar Pradesh at a Glance
General Characteristics of Sample Farmers of Selected district & Etah, Lakhimpur Kheri and Basti District

CHAPTER –III Impact of Development Programme on Waterlogged Area 55-95

Status of Seasonal Waterlogged
Impact on Permanent Waterlogged Area
Impact on Cultivated Area, Production & Productivity
Impact on Cropping Pattern
Impact on Cropping Intensity
Impact on Annual Net Income

CHAPTER-IV Problems faced in Improvement of Soil & -Water Resources Programme 96-99

CHAPTER-V Summary of Findings & Suggestions 100-110

REFERENCES 111-113 APPENDIXS 114-120

- 6 -

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title of Tables Page No. CHAPTER –––III

Table-I-1 State –wise Area Affected by Waterlogging in India Table-I-2 State –wise Number of Projects, Area Proposed and Reclaimed Area in India Table-I-3 Problematic Area, Treated Area and Remaining Area for Treatment Table-I-4 District-wise Distribution of Waterlogged area in Selected District of Different Regions (In Hect) Table-I-5 Region/ District/Tehsil-wise Distribution of Selected Villages and Sample Farmers Table-I-6 District-wise Distribution of Sample Farmers by Size Groups Table-I-7 Proposed Schemes of Soil and Water Conservation for the Year 2006-07 Table-I-8 Physical and Financial Progress under different Scheme of Soil and Water Conservation in Uttar Pradesh Table-I-8 A Percentage of Physical and Financial Progress under different Scheme of Soil and Water Conservation in Uttar Pradesh CHAPTER –––IIIIII

Table-II-1 Geographical area, Population, Net and Gross Cropped area, Net and Gross Irrigation Area and Rainfall in Selected Districts Table-II-2 District-wise Total under Land Utilization and Area Effected by Flood and Rain in Selected Districts of Uttar Pradesh 2004-05 Table-II-3 District-wise Literacy Rate in Selected Districts of Uttar Pradesh in 2001 Table-II-4 District-wise Area Density, Total Population of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Selected Districts of Uttar Pradesh in 2001 Table-II-5 District-wise Number of Total Marginal and Small Holders 2000-2001 and Agricultural Labour Census-2001 Table-II-6 District-wise per Capita Net Income and Number of Tehsils, D Blocks, Villages and Towns Table-II-7 Distribution of Household by Castes Table-II-8 Distribution of Population by Size-Groups Table-II-9 Level of Education of Respondents by Size Group Table-II-10 Size-group-wise Highest Education in the Family Table-II-11 Type of Workers of Sample by Size Groups Table-II-12 Details of Occupation by Size-groups

- 7 - Table-II-13 Per farm Distribution of Live-stock of Respondents by Size Groups Table-II-14 Proportion of Different Type of live-Stock possessed by Sample Farmers Table-II-15 Per Farm Distribution of Agricultural Employment by Size-Groups Table-II-16 Distribution of Household by Castes in Etah District Table-II-17 Distribution of Population by Size-Groups in Etah District Table-II-18 Level of Education of Respondents by Size Groups in Etah District Table-II-19 Size-group-wise Highest Education in the Family in Etah District Table-II-20 Type of Workers of Sample by Size Groups in Etah District Table-II-21 Details of Occupation by Size-groups in Etah District Table-II-22 Per farm Distribution of Live-stock of Respondents by Size Groups in Etah District Table-II-23 Proportion of Different Type of live-Stock possessed by Sample Farmers in Etah District Table-II-24 Per Farm Distribution of Agricultural Employment by Size-Groups in Etah District Table-II-25 Distribution of Household by Castes in Lakhimpur Kheri District Table-II-26 Distribution of Population by Size-Groups in Lakhimpur Kheri District Table-II-27 Level of Education of Respondent by Size Groups in Lakhimpur Kheri District Table-II-28 Size-group-wise Highest Education in the Family in Lakhimpur Kheri District Table-II-29 Type of Workers of Sample by Size Groups in Lakhimpur Kheri District Table-II-30 Details of Occupation by Size-groups in Lakhimpur Kheri District Table-II-31 Live-stock of Respondents by Size Groups in Lakhimpur Kheri District Table-II-32 Proportion of Different Type of live-Stock possessed by Sample Farmers in Lakhimpur Kheri District Table-II-33 Details of Implements by Size-Groups in Lakhimpur Kheri District Table-II-34 Distribution of Household by Castes in Basti District Table-II-35 Distribution of Population by Size-Groups in Basti District Table-II-36 Level of Education of Respondent by Size Groups in Basti District Table-II-37 Size-group-wise Highest Education in the Family in Basti District Table-II-38 Type of Workers by Size Groups in Basti District Table-II-39 Details of Occupation by Size-groups in Basti District Table-II-40 Per Farm Distribution of Live-stock of Respondents by Size Groups in Basti District Table-II-41 Proportion of Different Type of live-Stock possessed by Sample Farmers in Basti District

- 8 - Table-II-42 Per Farm Distribution of Agricultural Implements by Size-Groups in Basti District CHAPTER –––IIIIIIIII

Table-III-1 Distribution of Land by Size Group in Selected Districts Table-III-2 Distribution of Waterlogged Area by Size Groups in Selected Districts in U.P. Table-III-3 Source of Irrigation of Respondents by the Size Group in Selected Districts Table-III-4 Distribution of Land by Size Group in Etah District Table-III-5 Distribution of Waterlogged Area by Size Groups in Etah District Table-III-6 Source of Irrigation of Respondents by the Size Group in Etah District Table-III-7 Distribution of Land by Size Group in Lakhimpur Kheri District Table-III-8 Distribution of Waterlogged Area by Size Groups in Lakhimpur Kheri District Table-III-9 Source of Irrigation of Respondents by the Size Group in Lakhimpur Kheri District Table-III-10 Distribution of Land by Size Group in Basti District Table-III-11 Distribution of Waterlogged Area by Size Groups in Basti District Table-III-12 Source of Irrigation of Respondents by the Size Group in Basti District Table-III-13 Duration of Seasonal Waterlogging in Operational Holding of Sample Farmers of Selected Districts before the Programme Table-III-14 Duration of Seasonal Waterlogging in Operational Holding of Sample Farmers of Etah District Table-III-15 Duration of Seasonal Waterlogging in Operational Holding of Sample Farmers of Lakhimpur Kheri District Table-III-16 Duration of Seasonal Waterlogging in Operational Holding of Sample Farmers of Basti District before Implementation of the Programme Table-III-17 Height of Permanent Waterlogging in Agriculture Fields of Sample Farmers Table-III-18 Difference in Area, Production and Productivity of Main Cereal crops in Selected Districts Table-III-19 Difference in Area, Production and Productivity of Main Cereal crops in Etah District Table-III-20 Difference in Area, Production and Productivity of Main Cereal crops in Lakhimpur Kheri District Table-III-21 Difference in Area, Production and Productivity of Main Cereal crops in Basti District Table-III-22 District-wise Estimated Loss of Sample Farmers (2006-07) Table-III-23 Cropping Pattern of Selected Districts (Before Programme) Table-III-24 Cropping Pattern of Selected Districts (After Programme) Table-III-25 Cropping Pattern of Etah District (Before Programme)

- 9 - Table-III-26 Cropping Pattern of Etah District (After Programme) Table-III-27 Cropping Pattern of Lakhimpur Khiri District (Before Programme) Table-III-28 Cropping Pattern of Lakhimpur Khiri District (After Programme) Table-III-29 Cropping Pattern of Basti District (Before Programme) Table-III-30 Cropping Pattern of Basti District (After Programme) Table-III-31 Impact on Cropping Intensity on Sample Farms Table-III-32 Per Hectare Net Income from Agriculture on Sample Farms Table-III-33 Percentage Distribution of Net Income by Different Sources of Sample Farmers in Selected Districts (Before Programme) Table-III-34 Percentage Distribution of Net Income by Different Sources of Sample Farmers in Selected Districts (After Programme) Table-III-35 Percentage Distribution of Net Income by Different Sources of Sample Farmers in Etah District (Before Programme) Table-III-36 Percentage Distribution of Net Income by Different Sources of Sample Farmers in Etah District (After Programme) Table-III-37 Percentage Distribution of Net Income by Different Sources of Sample Farmers in Lakhimpur Kheri District (Before Programme) Table-III-38 Percentage Distribution of Net Income by Different Sources of Sample Farmers in Lakhimpur Kheri District (After Programme) Table-III-39 Percentage Distribution of Net Income by Different Sources of Sample Farmers in Basti District (Before Programme) Table-III-40 Percentage Distribution of Net Income by Different Sources of Sample Farmers in Basti District (After Programme) Table -III-41 Per cent Change in Net Income from Agriculture on Sample Farms Table-III-42 Additional Employment on Seasonal Water Field after Programme of Sample Farmer CHAPTER –––VVV

Table-V-1 State-wise Area affected by Waterlogged in India Table-V-2 Total Problematic Area, Treated Area and Remaining Area for Treatment Table-V-3 Per Hectare Net Income from Agriculture on Sample Farms

- 10 - CHAPTER-I

Introduction

Waterlogged area is generally defined as an area having ground water level from 25 cm to 300 cm on the surface of the land for few months or for whole year. Waterlogged areas are classified in three categories i.e. (1) shallow: having water level upto 45 cm on the surface of land (2) medium: having water level from 45 cm to 120 cm and (3) deep: waterlogged area having water level above 120 cm land surface.

Arable land is a scarce resource and its every available part has already been brought under cultivation. Further, ever growing pressure on land has necessitated to bring the tracts of waste and barren land under economic uses and accordingly the Waste Land Development Board has launched a number of measures to reclaim the alkaline and saline soils, but no proper attentions has yet been paid to develop the water logged areas in the country. No doubt, if the water logged areas are also tapped they can be of great economic help to eradicate unemployment and poverty in the rural areas. Hence, the development of water logged areas is felt necessary.

Water logging is caused by the accumulation of rain water in the low lying areas as well as seepage of canal water. Some of the water logged areas when dry up, are used for only growing Rabi crops while others remain submerged under water throughout the year without rendering any economic benefit. The water logging is a crucial problem in the flood effected areas of U.P.

1.1 Rationality of the study

Waterlogging deteriorates the quality and efficiency of scarce land resources as well as human resources. It results in considerable decline in crop yields and salinity of soil besides deterioration in general health of the people residing in the waterlogged areas caused by chronic fever, malaria and other diseases. Thus, in order to maintain the quality

- 11 - and efficiency of land and human resources, the study of the problem of waterlogged area is quite important.

1.2 Historical Background

The perusal of the historical background reveals that about one and half century back in 1850, the problems of waterlogged and soil salinity made their first appearance in areas covered by casual irrigation. Under British reign, Punjab and United Provinces were probably the first in India to receive regular canal irrigation. As a result of the lack of natural drainage and defective alignment of canals, the water table in this area has risen appreciably. Between 1870 and 1880, the western Yamuna canal was realigned and natural drainages improved by the provisions of adequate water ways. It brought about a marked lowering of the water table in the region.

The problem of waterlogging and salinity affected lands came to the serious notice of the government in 1915-1916. The waterlogging went on increasing in canal command areas of north India. The problem became further aggravated on account of abnormal rains of 1925. It led to the appointment of Water Logging Inquiry Committee. In order to carry out scientific investigations in connection with both water logging and salinity, the Irrigation Research Laboratory was established which carried out edaphic investigations regarding chemical and physical examinations of soil, drainage water and movement of moisture in soil and statistical analyses of the causes of rise in water table. The irrigation research laboratory continued to work under the scientific members and contributed substantial material towards the investigation of the problems and evaluation of suitable measures.

1.3 Extent of Waterlogging

The National Commission on Agriculture assessed in 1976 that an area of about 6.0 million hectare was waterlogged in the country. Out of this, an area of 3.4 million hectare was estimated to be suffering from surface water stagnation and 2.6 million hectare through rise in water table. The Ministry of Agriculture estimated in 1984-85 that an area of 8.53 million hectare was affected from the problem of waterlogging. Ministry of Water

- 12 - Resources estimated in 1991 that an area of 2.46 million hectare was suffering from the problem of waterlogging under irrigation commands. State-wise break up of the areas affected by water logging as assessed from time to time is presented in the table given below: (Table I-1)

Table I-1 State-wise Area Affected by Water logging in India

State Area affected by Waterlogged areas Area Estimated by the waterlogging (both irrigated and Working Group of (both irrigated and unirrigated areas) MowR-1991 unirrigated) (National (Ministry of (Under irrigated Commission Agriculture 1984-85) commands) Agriculture 1976) Andhra Pradesh 3.39 3.39 2.66 Assam N.R. 4.50 N.R. Bihar 1.17 7.07 6.20 Gujarat 4.84 4.84 1.72 Haryana 6.20 6.20 2.49 Jammu & Kashmir 0.10 0.10 0.01 Karnataka 0.10 0.10 0.24 Kerala 0.61 0.61 0.12 Madhya Pradesh 0.57 0.57 0.73 Maharashtra 1.11 1.11 0.15 Orissa 0.60 0.60 1.96 Punjab 10.90 10.90 2.00 Rajasthan 3.48 3.48 1.80 Tamil Nadu 0.18 0.18 0.16 Uttar Pradesh 8.10 19.80 4.30 West Bengal 18.50 21.80 N.R. Delhi 0.01 0.01 N.R. Total (Lakh Ha) 59.86 85.26 24.56 Total (Million Ha) 6.0 8.53 2.46 N.R. Not Reported. Source: The National Commission on Agriculture. 1.4 Component of Reclamation of Waterlogging under the CADWM (Command Area Development and Water Management) Programme:

The Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India introduced the component of reclamation of water logged areas in irrigated commands of the CAD projects since 1.4.1996 for providing central assistance to the State Governments. The main objective of this component is to reclaim waterlogged areas caused either on account of surface flooding / inundation or due to rise in water table to put back the degraded land for

- 13 - optimum productivity. Under this component, central assistance is provided to states in the form of grant.

In May, 1997, a Co-ordination Committee was constituted by the Ministry of Water Resources to Co-ordinate and suggested steps for effective management and reclamation of waterlogged areas. The Committee was headed by the Additional Secretary, Ministry of Water Resources and includes representatives of Ministry of Agriculture, Indian Council of Agriculture Research, Planning Commission, Central Water Commission and Central Ground Water Board. So far, three meetings of the Committee have been held in which detailed discussions were made and various decisions were taken on the problem of water logging. The committee has finalized the guidelines for the State Governments for submission of proposal for inclusion of schemes under the component of reclamation of water logged areas in the commands of CAD projects. The committee has also formed a core group of officers which considers such proposals received from the State Governments and recommends their suitability or otherwise for inclusion under the programme.

Table I-2 Sate-wise number of Project, Area Proposed and Reclaimed Area in India

S.No. Name of State No. of Area Area (Ha) % of Area projects proposed to reported to reclaimed be reclaimed be reclaimed ha. till 03/2004 1 Bihar 77 13957.73 11850 84.90 2 Gujrat 7 1290.00 0 0.00 3 Jammu & Kashmir 4 9684.00 4599 47.49 4 Karnatak 51 3284.45 3208 97.67 5 Kerala 265 20819.78 16043 77.06 6 Madhya Pradesh 6 1437.00 0 0.00 7 Maharashtra 4 196.10 196 99.95 8 Orissa 15 1132.99 758 66.90 9 Uttar Pradesh 12 5321.00 7481 140.59 Grand Total 441 57123.05 44135 77.26 Source: The National Commission on Agriculture. Under this component, 441 schemes of various state governments have been approved so far with an area estimated to be reclaimed as 57123 ha., out of which an area of 44135 ha. is reported to be reclaimed till March, 2004. The state-wise details of number

- 14 - of schemes, estimated cost, area proposed to be reclaimed and the area reclaimed up to the end of March, 2004 are given below: (Table I-2)

1.5 Extent of Waterlogged Area in U.P.

Due to diversity of climate temperature and rainfall in this state, there has been considerable degradation of land resources by soil erosion, increase in alkaline and saline soil water logged areas increase in khads, khaddar etc. in U.P. state. Out of the total geographical area of 242.01 lac hectares, nearly 120.44 lac hectares is problematic area. The table 1-3 presents the details of this area in Utter Pradesh. District-wise details of waterlogged area in different economic regions of the state is given in Appendix-1.

Table I-3 Total Problematic Area, Treated Area and Remaining Area for Treatment (Area in Ha.) Sl.No. Type of Problem Total Treated Area Remaining Area for Area (Upto March 2006) Treatment (1.4.2006) 1 Soil Erosion 73.53 48.29 25.24 2 Barren & Khads 12.30 4.35 7.95 3 Usar 11.51 5.88 5.63 4 Khaddar 15.00 1.52 13.48 5 Waterlogging 8.10 0.95 7.15 Total 120.44 60.99 59.45 Source: Eleventh Five Year Plan

1.6 State Efforts

The task of soil and water conservation in this state was initiated right from the beginning of the First Five Year Plan. For its effective implementation, Government of Uttar Pradesh enacted Land and Water Rule in 1963. Development of waterlogged area is a part of the entire soil conservation programmes in the Department of Agriculture. The soil conservation division in this state is headed by an Additional Director (Soil Conservation). The Staffing pattern is given in the following chart.

- 15 -

Designation No. of Posts Additional Director (Soil Conservation) 1 Joint Director (Soil Conservation) 2 Deputy Direction (Soil Conservation) 20 th (4 at H.Qs and 16 th at Soil Conservation Division)

There are 16 Soil Conservation Divisions in this state. They are Meerut, Agra, Etawa, Kanpur, Bareilly, Lucknow (Soil Conservation) and Lucknow (Usar) Jhansi (National Watershed Development Programme) and Jhansi (Matateela Dam), Banda, Mahoba, Faizabad, Allahabad, Varansi, Gorakhpur and Azamgarh.

In 70 Districts of the State there are 98 BSA. The unit is headed by a Bhoomi Sanraksan Adikari (BSA)

The structure of the staff at each BSA unit is as under:

Technical Staff No. of Post Office Staff No. of Post Bhoomi Sanraksan Adikari 1 Accountant 2 (BSA) Technical Assistant (T.A.) 1 Tractor Driver 1 Junior Engineer (J.E.) 3 Draft Man 1 Assistant Soil Conservation 20 Senior Clerk 1 Inspector Soil Conservation Inspector 4 Junior Clerk 2 Peon / Chawkidar- 4

The programme of improvement of waterlogged area separately was initiated in this state after 2004-06. A provision of Rs. 5000 per hectare is made for this programme. A revenue village is taken as one unit for improvement of waterlogged area.

- 16 -

1.7 Reclamation of Waterlogged Areas under the Restructured CAD & WM Programme

Till 2003-04, bio-drainage was not included under the component of reclamation of waterlogged areas under CAD programme. The cost norm for sub-surface drainage system was the same as for the surface drainage system. Under the restructured CADWM Programme implementation from the financial year 2004-05, the cost norm for reclamation of waterlogged area has been increased from Rs. 12000 per ha to Rs. 15000 per ha (for execution of surface drainage, bio-drainage etc.) and to Rs. 40,000 per ha (for subsurface drainage). Thus, an amount Rs. 7500 and Rs. 20,000 per ha. (or 50% of actual expenditure whichever is less) will be reimbursable to States under this component as central grant for surface/ bio-drainage and sub-surface drainage, respectively as against only Rs. 6000/- per ha earlier (or 50% of actual expenditure whichever was less) for both surface and subsurface drainage. A mandatory contribution of minimum 10% is required to be made by the beneficiaries and the remaining cost will be borne by the State Government.

1.8 Factors Causing Waterlogging

Main factors responsible for waterlogging are: (a) Rainfall (b) Flooding by rivers (c) Blockade of natural drainage and absence of proper drainage systems (d) Seepage from canal and percolation of water from canal irrigation fields, (e) Abandonment of percolation wells (f) Subterranean obstructions (g) Soil Characteristics (h) Agriculture practices

1.9 Objectives of the Study

The study is proposed with the following objectives: 1. To examine the extent of water logged area. 2. To analyze the impact of development of water logged areas. 3. To suggest a feasible strategy for the development of water logged areas.

- 17 - 1.10 Methodology and Sampling Design

In the State of Uttar Pradesh, the waterlogged area are owned and controlled by agencies, viz,. the State Gram Sabhas of the effected area and individual farmers in water logged areas.

The State of Uttar Pradesh comprises of four distinct geographical regions namely Western, Central, Eastern and Bundelkhand. In Bundelkhand region of the state the problem of waterlogging is negligible, therefore the programme of waterlogged area is not in operation and so this region of the State is excluded from the purview of this study. Region-wise and district-wise distribution of annual rainfall in the state of Uttar Pradesh is provided in Appendix-2. Thus the study confines to the remaining three regions of the state. The three districts, one from each of the three regions have been selected on the basis of maximum waterlogged area in the region shown in Table I-4. Thus, the selected districts are Lakhimpur Kheri from central region, Etah from western, and Basti from eastern region.

The value of ploughing, seed and labour were used for the calculation of estimated losses incurred by the farmers. Net income and annual income were calculated on the basis of following formula:-

Value of total production + value of by - product – imputed value of variable cost = Net income

Additional employment was estimated on the basis of generation of employment on the reclaimed area under different operations for different crops on the sample farms. Table I-4 District-wise Distribution of Waterlogged Area & from Selected District of Different Region (in Ha.)

Name of the Permanent Seasonal Total District Lakhimpur Kheri 123.22 (92.27) 10.32 (7.73) 133.54 (100.00) (Central U.P.) Basti (Eastern U.P.) 27.30 (11.39) 212.37 (88.61) 239.67 (100.00) Etah (Western U.P) 39.83 (69.41) 17.55 (30.59) 57.38 (100.00) All U.P. 884.28 (47.84) 964.29 (52.16) 1848.57 (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage.

- 18 - Permanent waterlogged area is maximum in Kheri district due to seepage of canal water and seasonal waterlogged area is maximum in Basti district due to flood.

Similarly from each selected district two tahsil having maximum areas under waterlogging are chosen and from each selected tehsil two villages under the project of water management are chosen (Table I-5). Table I-5 Region /District/Tehsil -wise Distribution of Selected Villages and Sample

Region District Tehsil Project Village No. of beneficiaries Western Etah Patiyale 1. Darianganj 10 2. Shikhari 10 Etah 1. Bijauri 10 2. Lohari Gavi 10 Eastern Basti Bhanpur 1. Karanpur Karaula 10 2. Ahar 10 Basti 1. Shihari 10 Sadar 2. Babhanion Khord 10 Central Lakhimpur Lakhimpur 1. Saricha 10 Kheri Kheri 2. Mirzapur Pehajani 10 Mahamadi 1. Dhatiya Kistol 10 2.Biyauli 10 Total 3 6 12 120

Again from each selected village 10 beneficiary farmers were chosen on the basis of probability in proportion of their number in four size group, viz,. marginal, small, medium and large. The size group-wise details of the selected farmers are presented in the Table I-6. Table I-6 District-wise Distribution of Sample by Size-groups Size Group Name of District Total Etah Lakhimpur Kheri Basti Marginal 16 15 20 51 (31.37) (29.41 (39.22) (100.00) Small 12 13 12 37 (32.43) (35.14) (32.43) (100.00) Medium 8 10 6 24 (33.33) (41.67) (25.00) (100.00) Large 4 2 2 8 (50.00) (25.00) (25.00) (100.00) Total 40 40 40 120 (33.33) (33.33) (33.33) (100.00) N.B. Figures in Brackets are percentage to total.

- 19 - Thus, in all three districts, six tehsils, twelve project villages and 120 beneficiary farmers Farms the basis of this study.

Proposed schemes of soil and water conservation for the year 2006-07 are given in following Table I-7. Table 1-7 Proposed Schemes of Soil and Water Conservation for the year 2006-07 (Area in Ha. & Rs. in Lakh) S.No. Name of the Scheme Area Financial A Macro-Management of Agriculture 1 National Watershed Development 40040 1335.92 (14.41) (7.42) 2 Flood Prone Gomti Plan 13079 934.98 (4.71) (5.19) 3 Floodprone Sone Plan 3476 400.00 (1.25) (2.22) 4 Ram Ganga/Betwa Plan 8650 618.00 (3.11) (3.43) 5 Krishi River Water conservation Plan 3500 200.00 (1.26) (1.11) Total (A) 687.45 3488.90 (24.74) (19.37) B State Plans 1 Tharu Scheme Caste Sub-Plan 568 25.00 (0.20) (0.14) 2 Bhoomi Sena Plan Phase-1 44784 4258.01 (16.11) (23.64) Phase-2 80628 5742.00 (29.01) (31.87) Total (B) 125980 10025.01 (45.32) (55.65) C Integrated Rain Water Management (Watershed 83200 4500.00 Development Project in the Eco-System of Ganga and (29.94) (24.98) Yamuna River Catchments of U.P. (in 39 Districts) Grand Total (A+B+C) 277925 18013.91 (100.00) (100.00) Source: Soil’s Scheme Detailed Note 2005-2006.

The physical and financial progress under different schemes as on 31 March 2007 is presented in Table I-8 and the percentage of the above is presented in Table-I-8-A.

1.11 Reference Period The reference period for the study is 2007-2008.

- 20 - 1.12 Chapter Scheme The present report is arranged into five Chapters. 1. Introduction- Rationality of the study, Objectives, Methodology and sampling Design, State efforts are the improvement of waterlogged area, Reference period and Chapter scheme. 2. Profile of the selected districts and beneficiaries. 3. Examination of the impact of development programme of waterlogged area on land utilization, cropping pattern and income status of beneficiaries. 4. The problem faced in the implementation of development programme of waterlogged area. 5. Summary of findings and recommendation for policy implication.

- 21 - - 22 - - 23 - CHAPTER-II

Profile of Selected Districts

This chapter deals with the profile of three selected districts from different economic regions of the state and the beneficiary sample farmers of the district.

Uttar Pradesh at a glance

With a population (2001) of 166198 thousand, U.P. is the most populated state in the country. The geographical area of this state is 240928 km 2 (2001). Thus, population density is very high at 690 person per km 2. The proportion of females per 1000 males is 898. The sex ratio is in favour of males. During the period 1991-2001 the percentage growth of population amount to 25.85%. Birth rate during 2005 in the state was 30 per thousand while the death -rate during the same period was 9. More than 8.5% of the population in rural land distribution is very uneven. Nearly 77% and agricultural holding are less than one hectare with 37% of the total cultivated area of the state, about 14% of the operational holdings are in the size class of 1-2 hectares having 24.3% of the cultivated area. 6.59% of the operational holdings are in the size group of 2-4 hectares with 21.7% of the operational area. The remaining 2.3% holdings are above 4 hectare with an area of nearly 17%. The average size of holding accounts for nearly 1.80 hectares. Further, about 55% of state’s income comes from agricultural sector. Per capita income in 2006-07 was Rs 14685 at current prices and Rs. 11189 at 1993-94 prices. About 30 % of state’s population consists of working force indicating a very high dependency ratio.

Net area sown during 2004-05 was 167 lac hectares, area sown more than once was 88 lac hectares. Thus, the percentages of areas sown more than once to net area sown comes to 53%. Net irrigated area during 2004-05 was 131 lac hectares. The percentage of net irrigated area to net area sown is 78.6%. Nearly 20.5% of net irrigated area was covered by canal, 71.5% by tube-wells, 5.8% by wells, 1.2% by tanks and lacs and remaining 1.1% by other sources.

- 24 - Geographical Area, Population net sown area, net irrigated area, irrigated area, gross cropped area, gross irrigated area and normal annual rainfall is presented is Table II- 1. Normal annual rainfall was highest in Basti district followed by Lakhimpur Kheri district. Etah district receive, normal annual rainfall much below the state average. The gross irrigated area was highest in Lakhimpur Kheri followed by Etah district. In district Basti this figures is below the average figures of the state. Net irrigated area is highest in Lakhimpur Kheri followed by Etah district. Net sown area and gross cropped area are highest in Lukhimpur Kheri followed by Etah district. It is directly related with the total geographical area of the districts.

Table II-1 Geographical Area, Population, Net & Gross Cropped Area, Gross Irrigated Area and Rainfall in Selected Districts (Area in Lac Ha.) Name of Geogra- Population Net Gross Net Gross Normal Districts phical sown cropped irrigated irrigated annual Area area area area area rainfall (km 2) (mm)

Etah 4446 2790410 3.222 5.370 3.119 4.384 694.90 Basti 2688 2084814 2.075 3.056 1.300 1.704 1264.00 Lakhimpur 7680 3207232 4.792 7.185 3.233 5.157 1068.70 Kheri Uttar 240928 166197927 168.121 254.468 128.282 182.198 947.5 Pradesh Source: Economic & Statistical Division State Planning Institute, U.P. 2007.

Total reporting area, net sown area, cultivable waste land, uncultivable land, forest area, pastures land put to other uses, current and other fallow land, total population etc of the selected districts is presented in Table II-2. Lakhimpur Kheri district of Central region has highest population reporting area and net sown area followed by Etah of Western region and Basti of eastern region.

- 25 - Table II-2 District-wise Total Area under land utilization and Area Effected by Flood and Rain in Selected District of Uttar Pradesh (Area in Lac Ha.) Name of Total Area Uncultu Land put Cultur- Pasture Current Net area Area Districts reporting under -rable other able & & other sown attach- area forest Land than waste other fallow ed by agriculture land land land flood under and trees rains plants 24.10.05 etc Etah 439641 3167 6211 41377 24861 1797 34504 327724 -- (100.00) (0.72) (1.41) (9.41) (5.65) (0.41) (7.85) (74.55) Basti 277039 4093 3991 37643 4546 7151 9971 209644 24630 (100.00) (1.48) (1.44) (13.59) (1.64) (2.58) (3.60) (75.67) (8.89) Lakhimpu 771063 164848 3473 75795 3180 6377 31008 486382 -- r Kheri (100.00) (21.38) (0.45) (9.83) (0.41) (0.83) (4.02) (63.08) Uttar 24201294 1687777 529748 2648503 454430 407199 1790711 16682926 566248 Pradesh (100.00) (6.98) (2.19) (10.94) (1.88) (1.68) (7.40) (68.93) (2.34) Source: Statistical Dairy Uttar Pradesh 2007, Economic & State Division, State Planning Institute Uttar Pradesh. N.B. Figures in bracket are percentage to total.

Cultivable waste land is reported highest in Etah district followed by Basti and Kheri districts. Unculturable waste land is reported highest in Etah followed by Basti & Lakhimpur Kheri. Details of literacy rate is given in Table-II-3. In all the three selected districts the number of literate per 100 populations is below the literacy rate of 56.3% for the State. It is 54.6 in Etah, 52.5 in Basti and 48.4 in Lakhimpur Kheri. The proportion of literate female population is less than male in all the three districts. It is also less than the average literacy rate for female in the State.

Table II-3 District wise literacy rate in selected districts of Uttar Pradesh 2001 (Literacy per hundred) Name of district Person Male Female Etah 54.6 67.5 39.3 Basti 52.5 67.1 36.9 Lakhimpur Kheri 48.4 59.5 35.4 Uttar Pradesh 56.3 68.8 42.2 Source : Statistical Dairy Uttar Pradesh 2007, Eco. & Planning Institute Uttar Pradesh

Information regarding total area, density of population and size of schedule caste and schedule tribe population in selected districts is presented in Table-II-4.

- 26 - Table II-4 District wise area density, total population of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in selected districts of Uttar Pradesh 2001 (population 000) Name of Area Density Total Rural Scheduled caste Scheduled tribe district (2001) (per sq. population population Sq. Km. km.) Total Rural Total Rural Etah 4446 628 2790 2307 478665 410819 30 25 (100.00) (82.69) (100.00) (85.83) (100.00) (83.33) Basti 7680 776 3207 2862 820359 787893 37949 37552 (100.00) (89.24) (100.00) (96.04) (100.00) (98.95) Lakhimpur 2688 418 2085 1969 435082 417709 235 235 Kheri (100.00) (94.44) (100.00) (96.01) (100.00) (100.00) Uttar 240928 690 166198 131658 35148377 30816596 107963 95828 Pradesh (100.00) (79.22) (100.00) (18.54) (100.00) (0.06) Note : Bracket figures are percentages to total population Source: Statistical diary Uttar Pradesh 2007, Eco. & State Division, State Planning Institute Uttar Pradesh

Basti district is densely populated followed by Etah and Lakhimpur Kheri. There were 776 persons per km 2, while it is only 690 persons per km 2 for the State. Table II-5 contains the information regarding number of total holdings, marginal and small holdings. Table II-5 District wise No. of total Marginal and Small holders 2000-2001 and Agricultural Lablors Census 2001 (Thousands) Name of Total (All Marginal Small (1.0 to Agricultural district holding group) (below 1.0 hect) 2.0 hect) labour Etah 407 299 74 84 (8.36) (100.00) (73.46) (18.18) Basti 310 259 35 72 (100.00) (83.55) (11.29) (5.16) Lakhimpur 570 414 99 153 Kheri (100.00) (72.63) (17.37) 10.00) Uttar Pradesh 21668 16659 3087 5957 (100.00) (76.88) (14.25) (8.87) Source: Statistical Diary Uttar Pradesh 2007, Eco. & State Division, State Planning Institute Uttar Pradesh

Majority of the holding are marginal ,i.e., below one hectare in size. The details of per capita income, number of Tahsils community Development Block, Villages and towns is provided in Table II-6. The per capita income in district Lakhimpur kheri was Rs. 6248 which is more than state per capita income of Rs. 6138.

- 27 - Table II-6 District -wise per Capita Net Income and Number of Tahsil C.D. Blocks, Villages and Towns

Name of Net income No. of Tahsil C.D. Blocks, Villages and Towns district (Rs.) Tahsils C.D. Block Villages Towns (2004-05) (2001) (2001) Etah 6025 5 15 1517 19 Basti 3876 4 14 3156 2 Lakhimpur 6248 6 15 1709 10 Kheri Uttar Pradesh 6138 312 820 979442 689 Source : statistical diary Uttar Pradesh 2007

2.1 General Characteristics of Sample Farmers of Selected Districts of U.P.

Profile of Beneficiaries

From three selected districts, 120 sample households have been selected. Caste- wise distribution of selected households is presented in Table-II-7. Majority of the selected sample households (70%) are in the category of other backward caste, while 17.50% households are from the category of schedule caste & schedules tribes.

Table II-7 Distribution of Household by Castes

Size group General OBC SC/ST Total Marginal 5 34 12 51 (9.80) (66.67) (23.53) (100.00) Small 3 27 7 37 (8.11) (72.97) (18.92) (100.00) Medium 5 17 (70.84) 2 24 (20.83) (8.33) (100.00) Large 2 6 - 8 (25.00) (75.00) (100.00) Total 15 84 21 120 (12.50) (70.00) (17.50) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total

The remaining 12.50% belong to general category. One-third of sample households in the general category are marginal farmers while in SC/ST category more than half sample farmers belongs to this size group. In the category marginal farmers,

- 28 - 66.67% belongs to other backward casts, 23.53% to SC/ST caste and the remaining 9.80% to general caste. In the size-group of small farmers also other backward caste dominate, while 8.11% in this size group belongs to the category of general caste, in medium size group, general caste and only 8.33 sample household of SC / ST caste. In large size group there are 25% sample households from general category and remaining 75% belongs to OBC category. Not a single SC/ST farmer was in this size group.

II-2. Population Distribution

Population of the selected households are dominated by male population at the aggregate level (41.46%) and also the male domination is in the Marginal (42.00%), small (42.73%), medium (37.72%) and large (44.12%) size groups. (Table-II- 8)

Table II-8 Distribution of Population by Size Group

Size group Male Female Children Total Marginal 126 101 73 300 (42.00) (33.67) (24.33) (100.00) Small 94 77 49 220 (42.73) (35.00) (22.27) (100.00) Medium 63 55 49 167 (37.72) (32.94) (29.34) (100.00) Large 30 17 21 68 (44.12) (25.00) (30.88) (100.00) Total 313 250 192 755 (41.46) (33.11) (25.43) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total.

II-3. Educational Level

Level of education of the respondent of sample household is depicted in Table II-9. It is clear from the table that nearly one third (34.17%) of the respondent were illiterate, 21.66% were educated upto primary level, 20% upto matric, 16.67% upto secondary level and the remaining 7.50% were graduates. Among the graduates 45% were from the categories of small farmers.

- 29 -

Table- II-9 Level of Education of Respondents by Size Group

Size group Illiterate Primary Matric Secondary Graduate Other Total Marginal 24 11 7 8 1 - 51 (47.06) (21.57) (13.72) (15.69) (1.96) (100.00) Small 13 7 7 6 4 - 37 (35.13) (18.92) (18.92) (16.22) (10.81) (100.00) Medium 3 6 7 5 3 - 24 (12.50) (25.00) (29.17) (20.83) (12.50) (100.00) Large 1 2 3 1 1 - 8 (12.50) (25.00) (37.50) (12.50) (12.50) (100.00) Total 41 26 24 20 9 - 120 (34.17) (21.66) (20.00) (16.67) (7.50) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total

II-4. Highest level of Education in the Family

The highest education in the family of the respondents of sample household is presented in Table II-10. Table II -10 Size Group wise Highest Education in the Family

Size group Primary Metric Secondary Graduate Other Total Marginal 20 13 12 9 - 51 (39.22) (25.49) (23.53) (11.76) (100.00) Small 13 11 9 4 - 37 (35.14) (29.73) (24.32) (10.81) (100.00) Medium 5 9 6 4 - 24 (20.83) (37.50) (25.00) (16.67) (100.00) Large 1 1 3 3 - 8 (12.50) (12.50) (37.50) (37.50) (100.00) Total 39 34 30 17 - 120 (32.50) (28.33) (25.00) (14.17) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total.

None of the families of selected households are illiterate. At the aggregate level maximum of 32.50% of the selected households have primary level of education as the highest level of education in the families followed by matric level with 28.33% of the families. Secondary and graduation level as the highest level of education in the family belong to 25% and 14.17% of the selected farmers at the aggregate level.

- 30 - II-5. Type of Workers

Distribution of workers and non-workers by size group is given in Table II-11. The workers are divided into two categories, i.e,. full-time and part-time. Out of the total population of 755 in the sample households of three districts, more than half (54.31%) were non-workers which include school going children, infants, old aged person etc. The proportion of full time workers accounts for 37.48% and part-time workers were 8.21%. The proportion of full-time workers was high among the category of marginal and small farmers while the proportion of non- workers were high in the medium and large category of farmers. The reason for this can be attributed to the prevailing social structure and customs. The well-to-do farmers often employ labourers to do their farm work etc. and prefer to manage the household affairs, social and cultural obligations of their family members. Table II -11 Type of workers of Sample by Size Groups Size group Full Time Part Time Non-worker Total Marginal 127 31 142 300 (42.33) (10.33) (47.34) (100.00) Small 83 22 115 220 (37.73) (10.00) (52.27) (100.00) Medium 56 9 102 167 (33.53) (5.39) (61.08) (100.00) Large 17 - 51 68 (25.00) (75.00) (100.00) Total 283 62 410 755 (37.48) (8.21) (54.31) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total.

II-6. Occupational Distribution

Occupational distribution of the sample households by size-group is given in Table II-12. The farmers are following a combination of occupations like Agriculture with Dairy or Agricultural Labour, Non-agricultural labour with business or service, Dairy with service, Agricultural and non-agricultural labour etc. Income criteria has been taken to determine the main occupation of the sample households. The sample farmers in each size- group of holding or category of farm are placed under the occupation that contributes maximum income of the household. The majority of the sample farmers are under

- 31 - Agriculture following by Agricultural Labour, Non-agriculture labour, Dairy, Service and Business. The details are given in the Table-II-12.

Table II -12 Details of Occupation by Size Groups

Size Agricul- Agri. Non Service Business Dairy Other Total group ture Labour Agri. Labour

Marginal 9 11 12 7 4 3 5 51 (17.65) (21.57) (23.53) (13.73) (7.84) (5.88) (9.80) (100.00) Small 12 5 6 5 4 1 4 37 (32.43) (13.51) (16.22) (13.51) (10.81) (2.70) (10.81) (100.00) Medium 16 - - 3 3 - 2 24 (66.67) (12.50) (12.50) (8.33) (100.00) Large 8 ------8 (100.00) (100.00) Total 45 16 18 15 11 4 11 120 (37.50) (13.33) (15.00) (12.50) (9.17) (3.33) (9.17) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total.

II-7. Distribution of Live Stocks

Total Value and number per farm of the live-stock possessed by the sample farmers is presented in Table II-13.

At an aggregate level, the per farm value of live stocks possessed by sample formers accounts for Rs. 33472. The live stocks include the milch animals, drought animals, young stocks and animals like goat, sheep. Size groups wise per farm value of live stock was possessed highest (Rs. 47308) by Medium category of farmers followed by large farmers (Rs. 35500) and small farmers (Rs. 34183). The per farm value of live stock was lowest (Rs. 26175) in the category of marginal farmers. In all the categories the value of milch animals was highest.

- 32 - Table II-13 Per Farm Distribution of Live Stock of Respondents by the Size Group

Size groups Milch Draught Young Others Total Animals animals Stock No. Value No. Value No. Value No. Value No. Value (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) Marginal 55 16833 46 8076 23 1216 - - 124 26125 Small 55 25670 27 6703 26 1649 2 250 110 34183 Medium 42 34954 22 9417 20 2938 - - 84 47308 Large 10 26250 10 6250 9 3000 - - 29 35500 Total 162 23810 105 7799 78 1813 2 50 347 33472

II-8. Proportion of live-Stock

Size-group wise numbers of the different type of live stock possessed by the sample farmers of all the selected districts is presented in Table II-14. It is evident from the table that the proportion of milch animals was high as compared to other types of live-stocks. At an aggregate level, the milch animals accounted for 46.69% of the total livestock possessed by the sample farmers, While the percentage of drought animals in total number of livestock owned by the sample farmers was 30.26%, young stocks of cow and buffaloes accounted for 22.48% and the remaining 0.57% shared by other animals like goats, sheep etc. Table -II-14 Proportion of Different Type of Live-stock Possessed by Sample Farmers

Size groups Milch Draught Young Others Total Animals animals Stock Marginal 55 46 23 - 124 (44.35) (37.10) (18.54) (100.00) Small 55 27 26 2 110 (50.0) (24.55) (23.64) (18.18) (100.00) Medium 42 22 20 - 84 (50.00) (26.19) (23.81) (100.00) Large 10 10 9 - 29 (34.48) (34.48) (31.04) (100.00) Total 162 105 78 2 347 (46.69) (30.26) (22.48) (0.57) (100.00)

- 33 - II-9. Distribution of Agricultural Implements

Distribution of agricultural machines, implements tools etc. is presented in Table II-15. The Table contains the information regarding the total number and value per household in different size groups of the sample farmers. At an aggregate level the per farm value of all the implements possessed by the sample households was Rs. 33,693. Sharp variation is noticed in the ownership of the farm value in different categories of farm size. For the marginal farmers, the per farm value of owned implements was only Rs. 8,647, in case of small farmers, the per farm value of implements was Rs. 30,508 in medium category of farmers, the per household value of the implements was Rs. 61, 379 while in the size-group of large farmers, the per farm value of owned machines, tools, implements etc was Rs. 1,25,025.00.

The average per farm value of tractor for all the sample farmers, comes to Rs. 21242 for tube-well and Rs.10,883, for cultivator it was Rs. 1008.00 and for other minor tools the per farm value in the sample households was Rs. 559, for modernization of agriculture and enhancing productivity. There is great need for additional machines, implements, irrigation devices improved tools in the sample farms.

Size group wise information regarding the numbers and per farm value of implements possessed by the sample farmers of the selected districts is provided in Table- II-15. Almost similar pattern was observed in all the selected districts.

Table -II-15 Per Farm Distribution of Agricultural Employments by Size Groups

Size groups Tractor Tube- Cultivator Others Total Well/Pump No. Value No. Value No. Value No. Value No. Value (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) Marginal - - 37 8353 - - 18 294 55 8647 Small 5 18108 34 10919 4 946 17 535 60 30508 Medium 8 45208 25 13583 6 1750 16 838 55 61379 Large 7 99250 12 18750 5 5500 14 1525 38 125025 Total 20 21242 108 10883 15 1008 65 559 208 33693

- 34 - Characteristic of the Sample Farmers (Etah Districts)

Etah district has been selected as a representative of the western region of the state of U.P. on the basis of its ranking of water logged area.

A sample of forty (40) households has been selected from 4 villages of 2 tehsil of the districts. Among the selected households maximum of 40% belonged to the marginal size group followed by 30% in small size group, Medium and large size groups owned 20% and 10% households respectively.

Social Structure

The selected households according to caste have been categories as general caste, other backward caste (OBC) and scheduled caste/ scheduled tribe (SC/ST)

1. Caste Distribution

At an aggregate level among the selected households OBC group is the dominant group with 65% of the households followed by SC/ST group 27.50% of the selected households. Only 7.50% belonged to the general caste.

Table II-16 Distribution of Household by Castes in Etah District

Size group General OBC SC/ST Total Marginal 2 7 7 16 (12.50) (43.75) (43.75) (100.00) Small - 8 4 12 (66.67) (33.33) (100.00) Medium - 8 - 8 (100.00) (100.00) Large 1 3 - 4 (25.00) (75.00) (100.00) Total 3 26 11 40 (7.50) (65.00) (27.50) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total

Among the samples of general caste has been distributed in marginal and large size groups and SC / ST is in marginal and small size groups.

- 35 - 2. Population Distribution

Population of the selected households are dominated by male population at the aggregate level (37.50%) and also the male domination is in the Marginal (37.21%), small (30.24), medium (34.37%) and large (42.42%) size groups. (Table II-17)

Table II-17 Distribution of Population by Size Group in Etah District

Size group Male Female Children Total Marginal 32 29 25 86 (37.21) (33.72) (29.07) (100.00) Small 26 21 21 68 (38.24) (30.88) (30.88) (100.00) Medium 22 18 24 64 (34.38) (28.12) (37.50) (100.00) Large 14 8 11 33 (42.42) (24.24) (33.34) (100.00) Total 94 76 81 251 (37.45) (30.28) (32.27) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total.

3. Educational Level

Level of education of the respondents of the selected households reveals that metric level that illiterate and primary level of education is equally distributed (25%) at the aggregate level. The primary level has biggest group with 25.00% and the graduate level has the smallest group with 7.50% respondents at the aggregate level. Except large size group all the size group have graduation level of education. Marginal, small and medium size groups have all the status of level of education. (Table II-18)

- 36 - Table II-18 Level of Education of Respondents by Size Group in Etah District

Size group Illiterate Primary Matric Secondary Graduate Other Total Marginal 6 3 2 4 1 - 16 (37.50) (18.75) (12.50) (25.00) (6.25) (100.00) Small 3 3 3 2 1 - 12 (25.00) (25.00) (25.00) (16.67) (8.33) (100.00) Medium - 3 2 2 1 - 8 (37.50) (25.00) (25.00) (12.50) (100.00) Large 1 1 1 1 - - 8 (25.00) (25.00) (25.00) (25.00) (100.00) Total 10 10 8 9 3 - 40 (25.00) (25.00) (20.00) (22.50) (7.50) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total

4. Highest Education in the Family

The selected households have a slightly different picture in respect of highest education available in the family. None of the families is illiterate. At the aggregate level maximum of 35% of the households have primary level of education as the highest level of education in their families followed by matric level with 27.50% of families. Secondary and graduation level as highest level of education in their families belonged to 25% and 12.50 % at the aggregate level. The marginal size group has maximum of 37.50 % families with primary level education as the highest level and only 12.50% of families have graduation as highest education level. In the small size group the biggest group with 41.67% families have also primary level of metric and secondary level as highest level of education in the families have equal share 25% and graduation level as highest level of education in the families have minimum of 8.33%. Medium size group has maximum of 37.50% of families with metric level of education as highest education and minimum of graduation level (12.50%) as highest level at education. In the large size group of families are equally divided among all level of education (25%) Table II-19.

- 37 - Table II-19 Size Group Wise Highest Education in the Family in Etah District

Size Group Primary Metric Secondary Graduate P.G. Total Marginal 6 4 4 2 - 16 (37.50) (25.00) (25.00) (12.50) (100.00) Small 5 3 3 1 - 12 (41.67) (25.00) (25.00) (8.33) (100.00) Medium 2 3 2 1 - 8 (25.00) (37.50) (25.00) (12.50) (100.00) Large 1 1 1 1 - 4 (25.00) (25.00) (25.00) (25.00) (100.00) Total 14 11 10 5 - 40 (35.00) (27.50) (25.00) (12.50) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total.

5. Type of Workers

Distribution of workers and non-workers by size group in Etah district is given in Table II-20. The workers are divided into two categories i.e. full-time and part-time. Out of the total population of 251 in the sample households of this district, more than half (64.94%) were non-workers which includes below the age of fourteen years of children, infants, old ages person etc. The proportion of full time workers accounts 25.90% and part- time workers were 9.16%. Except marginal size group the proportion of non- workers were high in marginal and small and large size group of selected household of this district. Small size group has maximum percentage of workers than all others size groups.

Table II-20 Type of workers of Sample by Size Groups in Etah District

Size group Full Time Part Time Non-worker Total Marginal 25 10 51 86 (29.07) (11.63) (59.30) (100.00) Small 17 11 40 68 (25.00) (16.18) (58.82) (100.00) Medium 16 2 46 64 (25.00) (3.12) (71.88) (100.00) Large 7 - 26 33 (21.12) (78.78) (100.00) Total 65 23 163 251 (25.90) (9.16) (64.94) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total.

- 38 - 6. Occupational Distribution

Occupational distribution of the sample households by size-group is given in Table II-21. The farmers of this district are following a combination of occupations like agriculture with Dairy or Agricultural Labour, Non-agricultural labour with business or service, Dairy with business, agricultural and non-agricultural labour etc. Income criteria has been taken to determine the main occupation of the sample households. The sample farmers in each size-group of holding of selected households are placed under the occupation that contributing maximum income of the household. The majority of the selected households are under Agriculture, non-agriculture labour, dairy, service and Business. Table II-21 Details of Occupation by Size Groups

Size Agricul- Agri. Non Service Business Dairy Other Total group ture Labour Agri. Labour Marginal 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 15 (20.0) (20.00) (20.00) (13.33) (13.33) (6.67) (6.67) (100.00) Small 4 1 2 2 2 - 2 13 (30.77) (7.69) (15.38) (5.38) (15.39) (15.39) (100.00) Medium 6 - - 1 2 - 1 10 (60.00) (10.00) (20.00) (10.00) (100.00) Large 2 ------2 (100.00) (100.00) Total 15 4 5 5 6 1 4 40 (37.50) (10.00) (12.50) (12.50) (15.00) (2.50) (10.00) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total.

7. Distribution of Live -Stock

Live-stock assets possessed by the respondents of Etah district have been divided into milch animals, drought animals, young stocks and others. Milch animals includes cow and buffaloes only. Milch animals, drought animals and young stocks are available in the all the size groups of selected households. Total number and value perform of the live- stocks possessed by the sample farmers is presented in Table II-22.

At an aggregate level the perform value of live stocks possessed by sample formers accounts for Rs. 38818. Size groups wise perform value of live stock was possessed

- 39 - highest (Rs. 45613) by Medium category of farmers followed by large farmers (Rs. 35250) and small farmers (Rs. 44100). The per household value of live stock was lowest (Rs. 32350) in the categories of Marginal farmers. In all the categories the value of milch animals was highest. Table -II-22 Per farm Distribution of Live stock of Respondents by the Size Group in Etah District

Size groups Milch Draught Young Others Total Animals animals Stock No. Value No. Value No. Value No. Value No. Value (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) Marginal 22 20419 18 10181 10 1750 - 50 32350 Small 24 30100 13 11000 14 2500 2 500 53 44100 Medium 12 21575 8 10750 8 2500 - - 28 45613 Large 4 21500 6 10000 6 3750 - - 16 35250 Total 62 25820 45 10523 38 2325 2 150 147 38818

8. Proportion of the Live-Stock

Size-group wise numbers of the different type of live stock possessed by the sample farmers of Etah district is presented in Table II-23. This is evident from the table that the percentage of milch animals was high as compared to other types of livestock. At an aggregate level, the milch animals accounted for 42.18% of the total livestock possessed by the sample farmers, while the percentage of drought animals in total number of livestock owned by the sample farmers was 30.61%, young stock accounts for 25.85%. Other live stocks possessed by sample farmers were 1.36%.

Table II-23 Proportion of Different Type of Live-stock possessed by Sample Farmers in Etah District

Size groups Milch Draught Young Others Total Animals animals Stock Marginal 44.00 36.00 20.00 - 100.00 Small 45.28 24.53 26.42 3.77 100.00 Medium 42.86 28.57 28.57 - 100.00 Large 25.00 37.50 37.50 - 100.00 Total 42.18 30.61 25.85 1.36 100.00

- 40 -

9. Distribution of Implements

Size group wise number and perform value of agriculture level of different types of implements possessed by sample farmers of Etah district is presented in table-II-24. The table contains the implements regarding the total numbers and value of per farm in different size groups of the sample farmers. At the aggregate level the per farm value of all the implements possessed by the sample households was Rs. 35385.

Variation is noted in the ownership of per farmer value in different categories of farm size or the marginal farmers. Per farm value of owned implement was only Rs. 6500 incase of small farmers the per farm value of implements was Rs. 23850, in medium categories of farmers, the per farm value of the implements was Rs. 53700, while in the size group of large farmers, the per farm value of owned implements was Rs. 148900.

Table II-24 Per Farm Distribution of Agricultural Employments by Size Groups in Etah District

Size groups Tractor Tube- Cultivator Others Total Well/Pump No. Value No. Value No. Value No. Value No. Value (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) Marginal - - 10 6250 - - 4 250 14 6500 Small 1 12500 12 10500 1 750 1 100 15 23850 Medium 2 40000 8 10500 2 4500 8 950 20 53700 Large 3 116250 8 25000 3 6750 6 900 20 148900 Total 6 23375 38 10250 6 1350 19 410 69 35385

Characteristic of the Sample Farmers (Lakhimpur Kheri)

Lakhimpur Kheri district has been selected as a representative of the central U.P. in the state on the basis of maximum land area under waterlogging.

A sample of forty (40) households has been selected on the basis of given norms. Among the selected households maximum of 37.50% belonged to the marginal size group followed by 32.50% in small size group, Medium and large size groups owned 25% and 5% household respectively. (Table II-25)

- 41 - Demographic Structure

The selected forty households according to caste have been categorized as General Caste, OBC and scheduled caste/ scheduled tribe (SC/ST)

1. Caste Distribution

At the aggregate level among the selected households OBC group is the dominant group with 75% of the households followed by SC/ST group (20%) of the selected households. Only 5% household belonged to the General caste. Among the selected households general caste belong to the medium size group (20%) only.

Table II-25 Distribution of Household by Castes in Lakhimpur Kheri District

Size group General OBC SC/ST Total Marginal - 12 3 15 (80.00) (20.00) (100.00) Small - 10 3 13 (76.92) (23.08) (100.00) Medium 2 6 2 10 (20.00) (60.00) (20.00) (100.00) Large - 2 - 2 (100.00) (100.00) Total 2 30 8 40 (5.00) (75.00) (20.00) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total

The OBC group is dominant by the large size group with 100% followed by marginal 80%, Small 76.92% and medium 60%. OBC group is equally spread among the marginal, small and medium size groups. It has dominant role among the all size groups SC/ST group is equally spread in all size groups except large size group. It is second dominant group among the selected household.

2. Population Distribution

Population of the selected household is dominated by male population at the aggregate level (40.41%) followed by female (36.33%). Male population is also dominated in marginal size group (40.45%) small size group (44.59%) and medium size group (40%).

- 42 - In large size group male and female population is equally distributed (27.27%) and children have dominating role (45.46%). Table II-26.

Table II-26 Distribution of Population by Size Groups in Lakhimpur Kheri District

Size group Male Female Children Total Marginal 36 32 21 89 (40.45) (35.95) (23.60) (100.00) Small 33 29 12 74 (44.59) (39.19) (16.22) (100.00) Medium 24 22 14 60 (40.00) (36.67) (23.33) (100.00) Large 6 6 10 22 (27.27) (27.27) (45.46) (100.00) Total 99 89 57 245 (40.41) (36.33) (27.26) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total.

3. Education Level

Level of education of the respondents of the selected households reveals that metric level has biggest group with 30% and the graduate level has the smallest group with 10% respondents at the aggregate level. Expect graduate levels in all the levels remaining of educational strata respondents are available in the marginal group. Table- II-27 Level of Education of Respondents by Size Group in Lakhimpur Kheri District

Size Group Illiterate Primary Metric Secondary Graduate P.G. Total Marginal 3 5 4 3 - - 15 (20.00) (33.33) (26.67) (20.00) (100.00) Small 2 3 3 3 2 - 13 (15.38) (23.08) (23.08) (23.08) (15.38) (100.00) Medium 1 2 4 2 1 - 10 (10.00) (20.00) (40.00) (20.00) (10.00) (100.00) Large - - 1 - 1 - 2 (50.00) (50.00) (100.00) Total 6 10 12 8 4 - 40 (15.00) (25.00) (30.00) (20.00) (10.00) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total. In the small size group the respondents possess primary to graduate level of education with the highest group of 23.08 % in each level respondents belonging to

- 43 - primary, matric and secondary level of education. The medium size group respondents have all type of education level with 40% as highest of matric level. The large farmers have matric and graduate level.

4. Highest Level of Education

The selected households have a slightest different picture in respect of highest education available in the family. It is presented in Table II-28. None of the families is illiterate. At the aggregate level maximum of 32.50% of the selected households have matric level of education as the highest level of education in their families followed by secondary level with 27.50% of families. Primary and graduation level as highest level of education in their families belonged to 25% and 15% at the aggregate level. The marginal size group has maximum of 33.33% families with matric level education as the highest level and 13.33% of families have graduation as highest education level. In the small size group the selected households are equally distributed among primary and matric level as highest level of education available in the families. Medium size group has maximum of 40% of families with matric level of education as highest education in the family. The large group of selected household families are equally divided among secondary and graduation level. Table II-28 Size Group Wise Highest Education in the Family in Lakhimpur Kheri District

Size Group Primary Metric Secondary Graduate P.G. Total Marginal 4 5 4 2 - 15 (26.67) (33.33) (26.67) (13.33) (100.00) Small 4 4 3 2 - 13 (30.77) (30.77) (23.07) (15.39) (100.00) Medium 2 4 3 1 - 10 (20.00) (40.00) (30.00) (10.00) (100.00) Large - - 1 1 - 2 (50.00) (50.00) (100.00) Total 10 13 11 6 - 40 (25.00) (32.50) (27.50) (15.00) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total.

- 44 - 5. Type of Workers

At the aggregate level among the selected households full-time workers are 39.18% and part time workers are 11.84%. The non-workers were dominated by workers. In marginal small size group workers and in large size groups of respondents non workers have dominating pattern. In medium size group worker and non-workers are equally distributed/ Here non- workers includes below forty years of children, infants, old ages person etc. (Table II-29) Table II-29 Type of Workers by Size Groups in Lakhimpur Kheri District Size group Full Time Part Time Non-worker Total Marginal 35 11 43 89 (39.33) (12.36) (40.31) (100.00) Small 32 11 31 74 (43.34) (14.87) (41.89) (100.00) Medium 23 7 30 60 (38.33) (11.67) (50.00) (100.00) Large 6 - 16 22 (27.27) (72.73) (100.00) Total 96 29 120 245 (39.18) (11.84) (48.98) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total.

6. Occupational Distribution

Occupational distribution of the sample households by size-group is given in Table II-30. The farmers are following a combination of occupations like Agriculture with Dairy or Agricultural Labour, Non-agricultural labour with business or service, Dairy with service, Agricultural and non-agricultural labour etc. Income criteria has been taken to determine the main occupation of the sample households. The sample farmers in each size- group of holding or category of farmer are placed under the occupation that contributes maximum income of the household. The majority of the sample farmers are under Agriculture following by Agricultural Labour, Non-agriculture labour, Dairy, Service and Business. The details are given in the following table.

- 45 - Table II-30 Details of Occupation by Size Groups

Size Agricul- Agri. Non Service Business Dairy Other Total group ture Labour Agri. Labour Marginal 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 15 (20.00) (20.00) (20.00) (13.33) (13.33) (6.67) (6.67) (100.00) Small 4 1 2 2 2 - 2 13 (100.00) Medium 6 - - 2 1 - 1 10 (100.00) Large 2 ------2 (100.00) (100.00) Total 15 4 5 6 5 1 4 40 (37.50) (10.00) (12.50) (15.00) (12.50) (2.50) (10.00) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total.

7. Distribution of Live-Stock

Total number and value per farm of live-stock possessed by the sample farmers of Lakhimpur Kheri district is presented in Table II-31. The live-stock have been divided into milch animals, drought animals, young stocks and others.

Table II-31 Live Stock of Respondent by the Size Groups in Lakhimpur Kheri District

Size Types of Live Stocks group Mitch animals Draught Animal Young Stock Others Total (Cow + Buffaloes No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. Marginal 12 231000 10 87000 3 9000 - - 25 327000 (15400) (5800) (600) (21800) Small 16 363000 13 104000 8 19000 - - 37 486000 (27923) (8000) (1462) (37385) Medium 16 375000 10 98000 7 37000 - - 33 570000 (37500) (9800) (3700) (51000) Large 2 40000 2 15000 1 4000 - - 5 54000 (20000) (7500) (2000) (10800) Total 46 1009000 35 299000 19 69000 - - 100 1377000 (25225) (7475) (1725) (34425) N.B. Figures in brackets are per farm.

- 46 - At an aggregate level the perform value of live stocks possessed by sample formers accounts for Rs. 34425. The live stock includes Milch animals (cow and buffaloes), drought animals and young stocks. Size group-wise household value of live stock was possessed highest by medium category of size group followed by small farmers (Rs. 37385) and marginal farmers (Rs. 21800). The per farm value of live stock perform is highest (Rs.51000) in the categories of medium farmers. In all the categories the value of milch animals is highest.

8. Proportion of the Live- Stock

Size-group wise numbers of the different type of live stock possessed by the sample farmers of Lakhimpur Kheri district is presented in Table II–32. This is evident from the table that the proportion of milch animals is high as compared to other types of livestock. At an aggregate level, the milch animals accounts for 46.00 % of the total livestock possessed by the sample farmers, while the percentage of drought animals in total number of livestock owned by the sample farmers is 35%, young stock (cow and buffaloes) accounts for 19%. Table II-32 Proportion of Different Type of Live-Stock possessed by Sample Farmers

Size groups Milch Draught Young Others Total Animals animals Stock Marginal 12 10 3 - 25 (48.00) (40.00) (12.00) (100.00) Small 16 13 8 - 37 (43.24) (35.14) (21.62) (100.00) Medium 16 10 7 - 33 (48.49) (30.30) (21.21) (100.00) Large 2 2 1 - 5 (40.00) (40.00) (20.00) (100.00) Total 46 35 19 - 100 (46.00) (35.00) (19.00) (100.00)

9. Distribution of Implements

Distribution of agricultural machine implements tools etc is presented in Table II- 33. The table contains the information regarding the total numbers and value per form in

- 47 - different size groups of the selected sample farmers. At the aggregate level the perform value of all the implements possessed by the sample households was Rs. 36503.

Table II-33 Details of Implements by the Size Group in Lakhimpur Kheri District (value in Rs.) Size Types of implements group Tractor Tube well / Cultivator Treasure Total Pump set No. Value No. Value No. Value No. Value No. Value Marginal - - 10 156000 - - 2 2600 12 158600 (10400) (173) (10573) Small 2 230000 12 170000 2 16000 - - 16 416000 (17692) (13077) (1231) (32000 Medium 3 360000 11 164000 4 24000 2 3500 20 (351500 (36000) (16400) (2400) (350) (55150) Large 2 290000 2 28000 2 17000 - - 6 335000 (145000) (14000) (8500) (167500) Total 7 880000 35 518000 8 57000 4 6100 54 1461100 (22000) (12950) (1425) (153) (36528) N.B. Figures in brackets are per farm.

Sharp variation is noticed in the ownership of per farmer value in different categories of size groups. For the marginal farmers perform value of owned implement is only Rs. 1013. Incase of small farmers the perform value of implements is Rs. 30309, in medium categories of farmers, the perform value of the implements is Rs. 55150, while in the size group of large farmers the perform value of owned machine implements, tools etc was Rs. 169600. Except marginal farmers all the categories of sample farmers have tractor assets.

Characteristic of Sample Farmers (Basti District)

Demographic Structure

According to the social status the selected households have been categorized as general caste, OBC and schedule caste/ scheduled tribes (SC/ST).

- 48 - 1. Caste-wise Distribution

At the aggregate level among the selected households OBC group is the dominant group with 70% of the households followed by general group 25% of the selected households. Only 5% households belonged to the SC/ST group.

Among the selected households OBC group is equally spread within marginal and small size groups with 75% each. Medium and large group are also equal with 50% of the total. General group and OBC group are equally distributed among the medium and large size groups with 50%, whereas SC/ST belong to marginal size group only. (Table II-34).

Table II-34 Distribution of Household by Castes in Basti District

Size group General OBC SC/ST Total Marginal 3 15 2 20 (15.00) (75.00) (10.00) (100.00) Small 3 9 - 12 (25.00) (75.00) (100.00) Medium 3 3 - 6 (50.00) (50.00) (100.00) Large 1 1 - 2 (50.00) (50.00) (100.00) Total 10 28 2 40 (25.00) (70.00) (15.00) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total

2. Population Distribution

Population of the selected households is dominated by male population at the aggregate level (46.33 %) and the male domination is also present in all groups. Female population has higher rank than children population. (Table-II-35)

- 49 - Table II-35 Distribution of Population by Size Group in Basti District

Size group Male Female Children Total Marginal 58 40 27 125 (46.40) (32.00) (21.60) (100.00) Small 35 27 16 78 (44.87) (34.62) (20.51) (100.00) Medium 17 15 11 43 (39.53) (34.89) (25.58) (100.00) Large 10 3 - 13 (76.42) (23.08) (100.00) Total 120 85 54 259 (46.33) (32.82) (20.85) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total.

3. Educational Level

Level of education of the respondents of the selected households reveals that illiterate level has the biggest group with 62.50% and graduate level has smallest groups with 5% respondents at the aggregate level. Except graduation in all the level remaining of education status respondents are available in the marginal size group. Large size group has no graduation level of education also. (Table- II-36)

Table II-36 Level of Education of Respondents by Size Group in Basti District

Size group Illiterate Primary Matric Secondary Graduate Other Total Marginal 15 3 1 1 - - 20 (75.00) (15.00) (5.00) (5.00) (100.00) Small 8 1 1 1 1 - 12 (66.67) (8.33) (8.33) (8.33) (8.34) (100.00) Medium 2 - 2 1 1 - 6 (33.33) (33.33) (16.67) (16.67) (100.00) Large - - 1 1 - - 2 (50.00) (50.00) (100.00) Total 25 4 5 4 2 - 40 (62.50) (10.00) (12.50) (10.00) (5.00) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total

- 50 - 4. Highest Education in the Family

The selected households have primary to graduate level of education in the family and none of the families of the selected households is illiterate as highest level of education. At the aggregate level maximum of 37.50% selected households have primary level of education as the highest level of education in their families followed by matric level with 25% of families. Secondary and graduation level as highest level of education in the families belonged to 22.50% and 15% respectively. (Table II-37)

Table-II-37 Size Group Wise Highest Education in the Family in Basti District

Size Group Primary Metric Secondary Graduate P.G. Total Marginal 4 10 4 2 - 20 (20.00) (50.00) (20.00) (10.00) (100.00) Small 4 4 3 1 - 12 (33.33) (33.33) (25.00) (8.34) (100.00) Medium 2 1 1 2 - 6 (33.33) (16.67) (16.67) (33.33) (100.00) Large - - 1 1 - 2 (50.00) (50.00) (100.00) Total 10 15 9 6 - 40 (25.00) (37.50) (22.50) (15.00) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total.

5. Type of Workers

In Basti district, distribution of workers and non-workers by size group is given in Table-II-38. The workers are divided into two categories i.e. full-time and part-time. At the aggregate level among the selected households population of total workers are 50.97%, whereas full time workers are 47%. Out of the total population of 259 in the sample households of this district, more than 50% were workers. The proportion of full time workers was high among the categories of marginal and small size groups while the population of non-workers was high in the categories of medium and large size groups. The reason for that can be attributed to the social structure and castes.

- 51 - Table- II-38 Type of Workers by Size Groups in Basti District

Size group Full Time Part Time Non-worker Total Marginal 67 10 48 125 (53.60) (8.00) (38.40) (100.00) Small 34 - 44 78 (43.59) (56.41) (100.00) Medium 17 - 26 43 (39.53) (60.47) (100.00) Large 4 - 9 13 (30.77) (69.23) (100.00) Total 122 10 127 259 (47.10) (3.86) (49.04) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total.

6. Occupational Distribution

Occupational distribution of the sample households by size-group is given in Table II-39. The farmers are following a combination of occupations like agriculture with Dairy are Agricultural Labour. Non-agricultural labour with business or service, Dairy with business, agricultural with non-agricultural labour etc. Income criteria has been taken to determine the main occupation of the sample households.

Table-II-39 Details of Occupation by Size Groups in Basti District

Size Agricul- Agri. Non Service Business Service Other Total group ture Labour Agri. Labour Marginal 4 4 4 3 1 2 2 20 (20.0) (20.00) (20.00) (15.00) (5.00) (10.00) (10.00) (100.00) Small 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 12 (33.33) (16.67) (16.67) (8.33) (8.33) (8.33) (8.34) (100.00) Medium 6 ------6 (100.00) (100.00) Large 2 ------2 (100.00) (100.00) Total 16 6 6 4 2 3 3 40 (40.00) (15.00) (15.00) (10.00) (5.00) (7.50) (7.50) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total.

- 52 - 7. Distribution of Live -Stock

Live-stock assets possessed by the respondents of selected households have been divided into milch animals, drought animals, young stocks. Milch animals include cow and buffaloes only. Distribution of live-stocks is presented in Table II-40.

At an aggregate level the perform value of live stocks possessed by sample formers accounts for Rs. 27673. Size groups wise perform value of live stock possessed is highest (Rs. 54500) by large farmers follows by medium farmers (Rs. 43467) and marginal farmers (Rs. 24390). The per household value of live stock possessed is lowest (Rs. 20800) in the categories of Small farmers. In all the size groups the value of milch animals is highest. Table II-40 Per farm Distribution of Live Stock of Respondents by the Size Group in Basti District

Size groups Milch Draught Young Others Total Animals animals Stock No. Value No. Value No. Value No. Value No. Value (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) Marginal 21 15040 18 8100 10 1250 - - 49 24390 Small 15 18800 1 1000 4 1000 - - 20 20800 Medium 14 34167 4 7000 5 2250 - - 23 43467 Large 4 42000 2 10000 2 2500 - - 8 54500 Total 54 20385 25 5900 21 1388 - - 100 27673

8. Proportion of the Live -Stock

Size-group wise numbers of the different type of live stock possessed by the sample farmers of Basti district is presented in Table II-41. This is evident from the table that the proportion of milch animals is high as compared to other types of livestock. At an aggregate level, the milch animals accounts for 54% of the total livestock possessed by the sample farmers, while the percentage of drought animals in total number of livestock owned by the sample farmers is 25% and young stock accounts for 21%.

- 53 - Table-II-41 Proportion of Different Type of Live-stock possessed by Sample Farmers

Size groups Milch Draught Young Others Total Animals animals Stock Marginal 42.86 36.73 20.41 - 100.00 Small 75.00 5.00 20.00 - 100.00 Medium 60.87 17.39 21.74 - 100.00 Large 50.00 25.00 25.00 - 100.00 Total 54.00 25.00 21.00 - 100.00

9. Distribution of Implements

Distribution of Agricultural machine, tools and implements etc is presented in Table II-42. The table contains the implements regarding the total numbers and value of perform in different size groups of the sample farmers. At the aggregate level the perform value of all the implements possessed by the sample households is Rs. 36668.

The average per farm value of tractor for all the sample farmers come to Rs. 24875. Except marginal size group all the categories of sample farmers owned tractor and cultivator, for other minor tools the perform value in the sample households is Rs. 890.

Table-II-42 Per Farm Distribution of Agricultural Implements by Size Groups

Size groups Tractor Tube- Cultivator Others Total Well/Pump No. Value No. Value No. Value No. Value No. Value (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) Marginal - - 17 8500 - - 12 420 29 8920 Small 2 24167 10 9000 1 833 12 1150 24 35150 Medium 3 67500 6 13000 3 4750 6 1500 18 86750 Large 2 150000 2 11000 2 9800 4 1100 10 173000 Total 7 24875 35 9450 7 1453 32 890 81 36668

- 54 - CHAPTER -III

Impact of Development Programmes on Waterlogged Area

In this chapter, the impact of developmental scheme of waterlogged area on land use of waterlogged area, sources of irrigation, production, productivity, employment, income, standard of living etc. are discussed. 3.1 Area owned, Operated, Leased- in and Leased-out

Distribution of land owned and operated by the sample households is given in Table-III-1. The entire owned land is irrigated and under cultivation. The practice of leasing-in and leased-out is also limited in the sample households. The area leased-in, accounts for 0.03 per household.

The per household area owned by the sample households comes to 1.66 hectares. It is only 0.62 hectare per farm in marginal group, 1.46 hectare in small size-group, 2.92 hectare in medium category and 5.39 hectares per farm in the size-group of large farmers. Similarly, the operated area per household is only 0.66 hectare in marginal size-group, 1.46 in small category of farms, 3.02 hectare per sample household in the size-group of medium farmers and 5.39 in the category of large farms. Table- III -1 Distribution of Land by Size Group in Selected Districts (Area in Ha.) Size Owned Permane Leased in Leased out Operated Area nt water Un Uni Un Un group Irri. Tot. logged Irri. Tot. Irri. Tot Irri. Tot. irri rri Irri irri area Marginal 32.95 - 32.95 1.50 2.10 - 2.10 - - - 33.55 - 33.55 (0.65) (0.65) (0.03) (0.04) (0.04) (0.66) (0.66) Small 56.90 - 56.90 2.70 ------54.20 - 54.20 (1.54) (1.53) (0.07) (1.47) (1.47) Medium 73.40 - 73.40 3.35 2.30 - 2.30 - - - 72.35 - 72.35 (3.06) (3.06) (0.14) (0.10) (0.10) (3.02) (3.02) Large 46.20 - 46.20 3.10 ------43.10 - 43.10 (5.78) (5.78) (0.39) (5.39) (5.39) Total 209.45 - 209.45 10.65 4.40 - 4.40 - - - 203.20 - 203.20 (1.74) (1.74) (0.09) (0.04) (0.04) (1.69) (1.69) N.B. Figures in brackets are per farm area.

- 55 - Farmers in size-group of marginal and medium, leased-in land, it comes to 0.04 hectare per farm in marginal category and 0.10 hectare per farm in size-group of medium farms. However, there was no case of leased-out among the selected sample farmers.

3.2 Waterlogged Area

The information regarding seasonal, permanent and total waterlogged area in selected three districts of U.P. is given in Table -III-2.

The aggregate level nearly 27.52% of the total owned areas of the sample farmers are suffering from waterlogging. Major portion (22.25%) of waterlogged area is seasonal whereas the proportion of permanent waterlogged area to total owned area is 5.27% in sample households of all the three selected districts.

The analysis of waterlogged area in different size-group indicates that nearly 32.17% of total owned area of marginal farmers is waterlogged (27.62% seasonal and 4.55% permanent), in small size-group, this is 27.06%, (22.32%) seasonal and 4.75% permanent), in medium size-group the proportion of waterlogged area to total owned area is 24.59% (20.01 % seasonal and 4.56% permanent) and in the category of large farm this is 29.40% (21.89% seasonal and 7.51% permanent).

Table -III-2 Distribution of Waterlogged Area by Size Groups in selected District in U.P. (Area in Ha.) Size group Total Area Waterlogged Area Owned Seasonal Permanent Total Marginal 32.95 9.10 1.50 10.60 (100.00) (27.62) (4.55) (32.17) Small 56.90 12.70 2.70 15.40 (100.00) (22.32) (4.75) (27.07) Medium 73.45 14.70 3.35 18.05 (100.00) (20.01) (4.56) (24.57) Large 46.60 10.20 3.50 13.70 (100.00) (21.89) (7.51) (29.40) Total 209.85 46.70 11.05 57.75 (100.00) (22.25) (5.27) (27.52) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total owned area.

- 56 - 3.3 Sources of Irrigation

Sources of irrigation of the sample households by size groups are presented in table-III-3. The main source of irrigation of the sample households is owned tube-well. Out of the total operated area of 203.20 hectares, 140.45 hectare (69.12%) received irrigation by owned tube-well and the 20.10 hectare (9.89%) from the hired tube-well and the remaining 42.65 hectare (20.99%) by canal. There is no hired tube-well for irrigation in the category of large farms while some the marginal, small and medium farmers depend on hired tube well for irrigating their few plots. Canal water is used by all the categories of farmers. It varies from the minimum of 17.71% of total irrigated area in the size-group of small farmers to maximum of 26.38% in category of marginal farmers. Medium sized farmers irrigate 22.81% of their irrigated area by canal.

Majority of large-sized farmers irrigate maximum area (82.13%) by owned tube- well. Nearly more than half (50.52%) of the irrigated area of the sample marginal farmers is under irrigation by their own tube-wells. Traditional sources of irrigation like ponds, wells etc. are not used by the sample sources.

Table -III -3 Source of Irrigation of Respondents by the Size Group in Selected Districts (Area in Ha.) Size Source of Irrigation group Own Tube Hired tube Canal Pond Well Total well well Marginal 16.95 7.75 885 - - 33.55 (50.52) (23.10) (26.38) (100.00) Small 37.75 685 9.60 - - 54.20 (69.65) (12.64) (17.71) (100.00) Medium 50.35 5.50 16.50 - - 72.35 (69.59) (7.60) (22.81) (100.00) Large 35.40 - 7.70 - - 43.10 (82.13) (17.87) (100.00) Total 140.45 20.10 42.65 - - 203.20 (69.12) (9.89) (20.99) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total owned area.

- 57 - Etah District

3.4 Owned Land, Operated, Leased-in and Leased-out Land

Distribution of area owned, leased-in, leased-out and total operated area by size- group of farms in Etah district of western region of Uttar Pradesh is given in Table III-4.

The size group-wise per farm of owned and operated holding in this district is 1.79 hectare. There is no leased -in and leased -out area. The entire owned and operated area is irrigated by owned and hired tube-wells and canal.

Table III -4 Distribution of Land by Size Group in Etah District (Area in Ha.) Size Owned Permanent Leased Out Leased in Total waterlog- Un Un Un Un group Irri. Tot. ed area Irri. Tot. Irri. Tot Irri. Tot. irri irri Irri rri Marginal 10.50 - 10.50 0.80 ------9.70 - 9.70 (0.66) (0.66) (0.05) (0.61) (0.61) Small 18.30 - 18.30 1.00 ------17.30 - 17.30 (1.52) (1.52) (0.08) (1.44) (1.44) Medium 24.65 - 24.65 1.40 ------23.25 - 23.25 (3.08) (3.08) (0.17) (2.91) (2.91) Large 23.10 - 23.10 1.60 ------21.50 - 21.50 (5.78) (5.78) (0.40) (5.38) (5.38) Total 76.55 - 76.55 4.80 ------71.75 - 71.75 (1.91) (1.91) (0.12) (1.79) (1.79) N.B. Figures in brackets are per farm area.

The per farm owned and operated area varies sharply from the minimum of only 0.61 hectare in marginal size group to the maximum of 5.38 hectare in large category of farms. The size of owned and operated holding in small size-group is 1.44 hectare and 2.91 hectare household in the medium type of farm size.

3.5 Waterlogged Area

The distribution of waterlogged are in different size-group in Etah district of western region of Uttar Pradesh is provided in Table III-5.

- 58 - Nearly 25.93% of the total owned of the selected sample farmers was waterlogged. The area under seasonal waterlogged was 19.66% and 6.27% of the total owned area was under permanent waterlogged in this district.

Size-group-wise distribution of waterlogged area shows that maximum proportion of waterlogged area to total area owned is in the size-group of marginal farmers i.e. 27.61% (20.00% seasonal and 7.62% permanent) followed by 26..83% in the category of large-sized farm (19.91% seasonal and 6.93% permanent). In the size-group of medium farms this proportion is 26.17% (20.49% seasonal and 5.68% permanent). In small size group of sample farm this proportion is 23.49% (18.03% seasonal and 5.68% permanent). Thus, more than one fourth of the owned area of the sample farmers is waterlogged.

Table III -5 Distribution of Waterlogged Area by Size Groups in Etah District (Area in Ha.) Size group Total Area Waterlogged Area Owned Seasonal Permanent Total

Marginal 10.50 2.10 0.80 2.90 (100.00) (20.00) (7.62) (27.62) Small 18.30 3.30 1.00 4.30 (100.00) (18.03) (5.46) (23.49) Medium 24.65 5.05 1.40 6.45 (100.00) (20.49) (5.68) (26.17) Large 23.10 4.60 1.60 6.20 (100.00) (19.91) (19.91) (26.83) Total 76.55 15.05 4.80 19.85 (100.00) (19.66) (6.27) (25.93) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total owned area.

3.5 Source of Irrigation

In Etah district of western Utter Pradesh region, the sample farmers used their owned tube-wells for irrigating the maximum (71.71%) operated area. Only 9.06% of total irrigated area is covered by mixed tube-well. Canal commands 19.23% of the total cultivated area of sample farmers in this district. (Table III-6)

In all the size-groups of farms, maximum area is irrigated by owned tube-wells. It varies from maximum 83.72 % in large sized farms to minimum of 62.37 % in marginal

- 59 - category of farms. Hired tube-well cover 6.45 % of the total irrigated area in medium size farms, 18.50 % in small category of farms and 18.56 % in marginal sized farms.

Canal irrigation is availed by all the size group of sample farms in Etah. It varies from the minimum of 16.18 % of total irrigated area in the category of small farmers to the maximum of 24.30 % of the total irrigated area in farm size group of medium farmers, ponds, tanks, wells etc. are not in use among the sample farmers of this district.

Table III-6 Sources of Irrigation of Respondents by the Size Group in Etah District. (Area in Ha.) Size group Source of Irrigation Own Tube Hired tube Canal Pond Well Total well well Marginal 6.05 1.80 1.85 - - 9.70 (62.37) (18.56) (19.07) (100.00) Small 11.30 3.20 2.80 - - 17.30 (65.32) (18.50) (16.18) (100.00) Medium 16.10 1.50 5.65 - - 23.25 (69.25) (6.45) (24.30) (100.00) Large 18.00 - 3.50 - - 21.50 (83.72) (16.28) (100.00) Total 51.45 6.50 13.80 - - 71.75 (71.71) (9.06) (19.23) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total owned area.

Lakhimpur Kheri

3.7 Owned Land, Operated, Leased-in and Leased-out Land

Distribution of land in Lakhimpur Kheri district from Central region of Uttar Pradesh is given in Table III-7.

The size of the operational holding of sample household is 1.82 hectares. The entire area is irrigated. A sample farmer owns 1.75 hectare of land on an average. Nearly 0.07 hectare is leased-in as an aggregate level. The leased -in area is in marginal and medium type of farmers.

- 60 - The variation in owned area is from the minimum of 0.63 hectare in marginal size- group to 5.50 hectare per farm in the category of large farms. The per holding size in small size-group is 1.45 hectare and 3.07 hectares in medium sized farm. . The average size of operational holding per farm is 0.66 hectare in marginal size group and change is due operational holding is sampled as owned per farm in the categories of small and large size groups.

Table III-7 Distribution of Land by Size Group in Lakhimpur Kheri District (Area in Ha.) Size Owned Leased Out Leased in Total group Irri. Un Total Permanent Irri. Unirri Total Irri. Un Tot Irri. Un Total Irri waterlo- irri irri gged area Marginal 9.80 - 9.80 0.30 0.50 - 0.50 - - - 10.00 - 10.00 (0.65) (0.65) (0.02) (0.03) (0.03) (0.66) (0.66) Small 19.55 - 19.55 0.65 ------18.90 - 18.90 (1.50) (1.50) (0.05) (1.45) (1.45) Medium 31.65 - 31.65 0.95 2.30 - 2.30 - - - 33.00 - 33.00 (3.17) (3.17) (0.10) (0.23) (0.23) (3.30) (3.30) Large 12.00 - 12.00 1.00 ------11.00 - 11.00 (6.00) (6.00) (0.50) (5.50) (5.50) Total 73.00 - 73.00 2.90 2.80 - 2.80 - - - 72.90 - 72.90 (1.82) (1.82) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07) (1.82) (1.82) N.B. Figures in brackets are per farm area.

3.8 Waterlogged Area

The position of seasonal, permanent and total waterlogged area of the sample farmers by size groups in selected Lakhimpur Kheri district from Central Uttar Pradesh is given in Table III-8.

It is clear from the table that 25.55% of the total owned area of the sample farmer is waterlogged. Out of this 21.58% is under seasonal and 3.97% area is under permanent waterlogging.

The analysis of proportion of waterlogged area to total owned area in different size- groups shows that maximum area i.e. 33.67% of the total owned area of sample farmers in size-groups of marginal farmers is waterlogged. Nearly 30% of the owned area of sample

- 61 - farmers in large category is waterlogged. The proportion of waterlogged area to total owned area is 25.31% and 21.48% in the size-group of small and medium farmers, respectively. Table III -8 Distribution of Water Logged Area by Size Groups in Lakhimpur Kheri District (Area in Ha.) Size group Total Area Waterlogged Area Owned Seasonal Permanent Total Marginal 9.80 3.00 0.30 3.30 (100.00) (30.61) (3.06) (33.67) Small 19.55 4.30 0.65 4.95 (100.00) (21.99) (3.22) (25.32) Medium 31.65 5.85 0.95 6.80 (100.00) (18.48) (3.00) (21.48) Large 12.00 2.60 1.00 3.60 (100.00) (21.67) (8.33) (30.00) Total 73.00 15.75 2.90 18.65 (100.00) (21.58) (3.97) (25.55) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total owned area.

3.9 Source of Irrigation

In Lakhimpur Kheri, the selected district from Central Uttar Pradesh, the sample farmers cover maximum of their irrigated area (66.05%) by owned tube-wells. Only 9.95% of the total irrigated area was covered by hired tube-wells. Nearly 24% of the total irrigated area of the sample farmers in this district is under canal irrigation (Table III-9)

The study of distribution of different sources of irrigation used by different farm size-groups, reveals that owned tube-wells which cover maximum area, varies from 56% in marginal farmers to 76.36% of the total irrigated area in large-sized farms. Hired tube-well is not used by large category of farmers. The marginal type of sample farmers availed nearly 20% of their total irrigated area by hired tube-wells. The proportion of area irrigated by hired tube-well irrigated area is only 6.61% in small size-group 12.12% in medium category of sample farmers.

- 62 - Table III -9 Source of Irrigation of Respondents by the Size Group in Lakhimpur Kheri (Area in Ha.) Size Source of Irrigation group Own Tube Hired tube Canal Pond Well Total well well Marginal 5.60 2.00 2.40 - - 10.00 (56.00) (20.00) (24.00) (100.00) Small 13.65 1.25 4.00 - - 18.90 (72.22) (6.61) (21.16) (100.00) Medium 20.50 4.00 8.50 - - 33.00 (62.12) (12.12) (25.76) (100.00) Large 8.40 - 2.60 - - 11.00 (76.36) (23.64) (100.00) Total 48.15 7.25 17.50 - - 72.90 (66.05) (9.95) (24.00) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total owned area.

The proportion of irrigated area by canal to the total irrigated area in different farm size-groups varied from 21.17% in small category to 25.78% in medium size-group of farm. It is 24% in marginal size-group and 23.64% in large category of farm size. It this district also, the sample farmers do not use the traditional sources like ponds wells, tanks etc. Basti District

3.10 Land Owned, Operated, Leased-in and Leased-out Land

Distribution of land owned, leased-in, leased-out and operated in Basti district from Eastern region of Uttar Pradesh is presented in Table-III-10. The average size of owned area is 1.42 hectare per farm and operated area was 1.46 hectares per farm. About 1.60 hectares is leased-in which accounts to 0.04 hectare per farm.

The variation in the size of owned area per household ranges from 0.61 hectare in marginal size-group to 5.30 hectares in large category of farms. The per household size of farm in small size-group is 1.50 hectares and 2.68 hectares in medium type of farms. The size of operational holding is same as size of owned holding in all groups except in marginal category. Due to leased-in area of 1.60 hectare, the size of operational holding in this size group has increased than the size of per farm ownership holding. Thus the size of

- 63 - operational; holding ranges from 0.69 hectare per farm in marginal size-group to 5.30 hectares per farm in large category of farm.

Table III-10 Distribution of Land by Size Group in Basti District (Area in Ha.) Size Owned Perman- Leased in Leased out Total group Irri. Un Tot. ent Irri. Un Tot. Irri. Un Tot Irri. Un Tot. irri waterlog irri irri rri -ed area Marginal 12.65 - 12.65 0.40 1.60 - 1.60 - - - 13.85 - 13.85 (0.63) (0.63) (0.02) (0.08) (0.08) (0.69) (0.69) Small 19.05 - 19.05 1.05 ------18.00 - 18.00 (1.59) (1.59) (0.09) (1.50) (1.50) Medium 17.10 - 17.10 1.00 ------16.10 - 16.10 (2.85) (2.85) (0.167) (2.68) (2.68) Large 11.10 - 11.10 0.50 ------10.60 - 10.60 (5.55) (5.55) (0.25) (5.30) (5.30) Total 59.90 - 59.90 2.95 1.60 - 1.60 - - - 58.55 - 58.55 (1.50) (1.40) (0.07) (0.04) (0.04) (1.46) (1.46) N.B. Figures in brackets are per farm area.

3.11 Waterlogged Area

In Basti district which represents the eastern economic region of Uttar Pradesh, the proportion of waterlogged area to total owned area is given in Table III-11.

At an aggregate level nearly 31.46% of the total owned area of the sample farmer is waterlogged. Out of this 26.54% is under seasonal water logging and remaining 4.92% under permanent waterlogged area.

The proportion of waterlogged area in different size-group shows that maximum area i.e. 34.78%. This is the owned area of sample farmers in size-groups of marginal farmers. It is followed by 32.28% in small size-group 31.52% large size group and 28.07% in medium size group of sample farms. Similar trend has been observed in case of permanent waterlogged area. In marginal size-group, it is 31.62%, 26.77% in small size group, 27.03% in large category and 22.22% in medium size group. However, the distribution of seasonal waterlogged areas, indicates highest share (5.85%) in large size group followed by farms of small size group (5.51%). It is 4.50% incase of farmers in marginal farm size and 3.16% in medium category of farmers.

- 64 -

Table III-11 Distribution of Water Logged Area by Size Groups in Basti District (Area in Ha.) Size group Total Area Waterlogged Area Owned Permanent Seasonal Total Marginal 12.65 4.00 0.40 4.40 (100.00) (31.62) (3.16) (34.78) Small 19.05 5.10 1.05 6.15 (100.00) (26.77) (5.51) (32.28) Medium 17.10 3.80 1.00 4.80 (100.00) (22.22) (5.85) (28.07) Large 11.10 3.00 0.50 3.50 (100.00) (27.03) (4.50) (31.53) Total 59.90 15.90 2.95 18.85 (100.00) (26.54) (4.92) (31.47) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total owned area.

3.12 Source of Irrigation

In Basti district, which is selected from Eastern region of the state, the study of different sources of irrigation used by the sample farmers, shows that maximum irrigated area (69.77%) is cover by owned tube-well. Hired tube-well cover only 10.85% of the total irrigation area of the sample farmers which the remaining 19.38% of the total irrigated area is under canal irrigation. (Table III-12)

The proportion of irrigated area by different sources in different size-group of farms shows that owned tube well covered 84.91% in medium type of sample farms, 71.1% in small category and only 38.27% in marginal size group of sample farms. Hired tube well irrigation facility is availed by marginal farmers to the extend of 28.52% of total irrigated area and small type of small farmers in this district who irrigated nearly 13.33% of their irrigate area by this source of irrigation.

The proportion of canal irrigation to total irrigated area varies from minimum of 14.60% in medium farm size to the maximum of 33.21% in marginal category of farm- size. Sample farmers of this district also do not use the traditional sources of irrigation like ponds and wells.

- 65 - Table III-12 Source of Irrigation of Respondents by the Size Group in Basti District (Area in Ha.) Size group Source of Irrigation Own Tube Hired tube Canal Pond Well Total well well Marginal 5.30 3.95 4.60 - - 13.85 (38.27) (28.52) (33.21) (100.00) Small 12.80 2.40 2.80 - - 18.00 (71.11) (13.33) (15.56) (100.00) Medium 13.75 - 2.35 - - 16.10 (85.40) (14.60) (100.00) Large 9.00 - 1.60 - - 10.60 (84.91) (15.09) (100.00) Total 40.85 6.35 11.35 - - 58.55 (69.77) (10.85) (19.38) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentage to total owned area.

3.13 Status of Seasonal Waterlogging in Operational Holdings before Implementation of the Programme:

Waterlogging of operational landholding prevents the farmers from obtaining kharif season crops in their operational landholdings. Thus, it is the reason for low cropping intensity in the sample farms. Sometimes the farmers have to bear the losses. They prepare the fields for cultivation by hiring tractor, invest in purchasing seeds incur labour cost in sowing of fields, but due to waterlogging, the crops are damaged leading to monetary losses to farmers.

The details of duration of seasonal waterlogging in the operational fields of the selected sample farmers before implantation of the programme is provided in Table-III-13. It is clear from the table that 46.70 hectares of operational landholdings of the sample farmers was under seasonal waterlogging. The maximum area (38.07 %) under waterlogging was for the period of 30-60 days, followed by 33.77 % of the total waterlogged area for 60-90 days. In the first group, i.e. 30 days the proportion of area under waterlogging to total seasonal waterlogged area was 16.04 %, while during the last period i.e. above 90 days it was only 12.12 %. Almost similar trend is observed in different size-groups of operational holdings.

- 66 - Table III-13 Duration of Seasonal Waterlogging in Operational Holding of Sample Farmers of Selected Districts before the programme. (in Ha.) Size Group Area under Waterlogging Total Upto 30 days 30-60 days 60-90 days Above 90 days Marginal 1.50 3.41 2.94 1.25 9.10 (0.03) (0.07) (0.06) (0.03) (0.18) 16.48 37.47 32.31 13.74 100.00) Small 1.75 5.15 4.50 1.30 12.70 (0.05) (0.14) (0.12) (0.03) (0.34) 13.78 40.55 35.43 10.24 100.00 Medium 2.52 5.55 4.89 1.74 14.70 (0.11) (0.23) (0.20) (0.07) (0.61) 17.14 37.76 33.26 11.84 100.00 Large 1.72 3.67 3.44 1.37 10.20 (0.22) (0.46) (0.43) (0.17) (1.28) 16.86 35.98 33.73 13.43 100.00 Total 7.49 17.78 15.77 5.66 46.70 (0.06) (0.15) (0.13) (0.05) (0.39) 16.04 38.07 33.77 12.12 100.00 N.B. Figures in brackets are per farm area. Last line in each group indicate percentage.

The details of seasonal waterlogging before the implementation of the programme in the operational landholding of the sample farmers in district Etah is given in Table III- 14.

The table shows that 15.05 hectare of operational land of the sample farmers is under seasonal waterlogging of the area nearly 38.07 % is waterlogged for the period of 30-60 days and 32.49 % for 60-90 days upto 30 days, the percentage of waterlogged area to total is 16.48 and it is 12.96 in the last period of above 90 days.

Per farm area under seasonal waterlogging, at an aggregate level is 0.37 hectare only. It is highest (1.15 hectare) in the size group of large farmers followed by farmers in medium, size-group where it is 0.63 hectare per farm. In small and marginal size-groups, the per farm area under seasonal waterlogging is 0.28 hectare and 0.13 hectare respectively.

- 67 - Table III-14 Duration of Seasonal Waterlogging in Operational Holding of Sample Farmers of Etah District (in Hect.) Size Group Area under Waterlogging Total Upto 30 days 30-60 days 60-90 days Above 90 days Marginal 0.35 0.76 0.64 0.35 2.10 (0.02) (0.05) (0.04) (0.02) (0.13) 16.67 36.19 30.48 16.67 100.00 Small 0.35 1.40 1.25 0.30 3.30 (0.03) (1.12) (0.10) (0.03) (0.28) 10.61 42.42 37.88 9.09 100.00 Medium 0.94 1.90 1.46 0.75 5.05 (0.12) (0.24) (0.18) (0.09) (0.63) 18.61 37.62 28.91 14.85 100.00 Large 0.84 1.67 1.54 0.55 4.60 (0.21) (0.42) (0.38) (0.14) (1.15) 18.26 36.30 33.48) 11.96 100.00 Total 2.48 5.73 4.89 1.95 15.05 (0.06) (0.14) (0.12) (0.05) (0.37) 16.48 38.07 32.49 12.96 100.00 N.B. Figures in brackets are per farm area. Last line in each group indicates percentage.

In Lakhimpur Kheri district, the position of seasonal waterlogged area before implementation of the programme is given in Table III-I5.

Nearly 15.75 hectares of operational land holdings of the sample farmers is under seasonal waterlogging worked out to about 0.39 hectare per farm. The seasonal waterlogged area per farm in different size-groups varied from 1.30 hectare in large size- group, 0.59 hectare in the size-group of medium farmers, 0.33 hectare in small size-group and 0.20 hectare in Marginal size-group of farms.

Period-wise analysis of seasonal waterlogged area indicates that nearly 37.78 % of the total seasonal waterlogged area was under waterlogging for the period of 30-60 days while it was 33.52 % for 60-90 days. For 30 days only, nearly 16.89 % of the total waterlogged area was under waterlogging, where as it was 11.81 % for the period of above 90 days.

- 68 - Table III-15 Duration of Seasonal Waterlogging in Operational Holding of Sample Farmers of Lakhimpur Kheri District

(in Hect.) Size Group Area under Waterlogging Total Upto 30 days 30-60 days 60-90 days Above 90 days Marginal 1.50 1.20 1.00 0.30 3.00 (0.03) (0.08) (0.07) (0.02) (0.20) 50.00 40.00 33.33 10.00 100.00 Small 0.70 1.70 1.40 0.50 4.30 (0.05) (0.13) (0.11) (0.04) (0.33) 16.28 39.53 32.56 11.63 100.00 Medium 0.98 2.15 2.08 0.64 5.85 (0.10) (0.22) (0.21) (0.06) (0.59) 16.75 36.75 35.56 10.94 100.00 Large 0.48 0.90 0.80 0.42 2.60 (0.24) (0.45) (0.40) (0.21) (1.30) 18.46 34.62 30.77 16.15 100.00 Total 2.66 5.95 5.28 1.86 15.75 (0.07) (1.15) (0.13) (0.05) (0.39) 16.89 37.78 33.52 11.81 100.00 N.B. Figures in brackets are per farm area. Last line in each group indicate percentage.

The details of seasonal waterlogged area in Basti district before implementation of the programme is given in Table III-16.

The total area under seasonal waterlogging was 15.90 hectares which is about 0.40 hectare per farm at an aggregate level. It varied from the maximum of 1.50 hectare per farm in large-size farm to the minimum of 0.20 hectare per farm in the size-group of marginal farmers. It was 0.63 hectare in medium sized farms and 0.42 ha. in the category of small farmers. The duration of waterlogged area in the district, depicts that during the period group 30.60 days, the per farm area under seasonal waterlogging was 0.15 hectare, whereas, it was 0.14 hectare during for 60-90 days, 0.05 hectare for the period of above 90 days and 0.06 hectare for the period of 30 days.

- 69 - Table III-16 Duration of Seasonal Waterlogging in Operational Holding of Sample Farmers of Basti District Before implementation of the Programme (in Hect.) Size Group Area under Waterlogging Total Upto 30 days 30-60 days 60-90 days Above 90 days Marginal 1.65 1.45 1.30 0.60 4.00 (0.03) (0.07) (0.07) (0.03) (0.20) 41.25 36.25 32.50 15.00 100.00 Small 0.70 2.05 1.85 0.50 5.10 (0.06) (0.17) (0.15) (0.04) (0.42) 13.73 40.20 36.27 9.80 100.00 Medium 0.60 1.50 1.35 0.35 3.80 (0.10) (0.25) (0.22) (0.06) (0.63) 15.79 39.47 35.53 9.21 100.00 Large 0.40 1.10 1.10 0.40 3.00 (0.20) (0.55) (0.55) (0.20) (1.50) 13.33 36.67 36.67 13.33) 100.00 Total 2.35 6.10 5.60 1.85 15.90 (0.06) (0.15) (0.14) (0.05) (0.40) 14.78 38.36 35.22 11.64 100.00 N.B. Figures in brackets are per farm area. Last lines in each group indicate percentage.

3.14 Impact on Permanent Waterlogged Area

Some portion of the agricultural land of the sample farmers was near the village permanent water bodies. In Etah such fields accounted for nearly 4.80 hectares, in Lakhimpur Kheri 2.90 hectare and in Basti district it was 2.95 hectares. The sample farmers do not have any economic use of this permanent waterlogged area.

The height of water in permanent waterlogged fields is given in Table-III-17. Before implementation of the programme, the level of water during May-June in permanent waterlogged fields of the sample farmers varied from 4-14 cm. while after development of waterlogged area, it was raised to 8-18 cm. Similarly during October- November, the height of water in such land earlier varied from 100-130 cm, while after development of waterlogged area it was raised to 125-155 cm in the fields of sample farmers in the selected district. Proper surface and sub-surface drainage, deepening of ponds and tanks has made it possible. There is need to develop the permanent waterlogged fields and make their economic uses.

- 70 - Table III-17 Height of Permanent Waterlogging in Agriculture Fields of Sample Farmers

Selected District Height of Water Before Area under Height of Water Treatment permanent After treatment (2006-07) waterlogging (2007-08) May-June Oct. Nov. (HA.) May June (cm.) (cm.) (cm.) (cm.) Etah 4-6 100-120 4.80 8-10 125-130 Lakhimpur Kheri 9-12 105-130 2.90 15-18 130-150 Basti 9-14 100-120 2.95 13-18 135-155 Average 7-10 102-123 3.55 12-15 127-145

3.15 Impact on Cultivated Area, Production and Productivity

The improvement of seasonal waterlogged area, contributed a lot to increase in area under paddy of the sample farmers. The information regarding change in area, production and productivity of paddy and wheat in all the selected districts is presented in Table-III- 18. Table III-18 Difference in Area, Production and Productivity of main Cereal crops in Selected Districts. Size Paddy Wheat Group Before After Before After Area Produ Yield Area Produ Yield Area Produ Yield Area Produ Yield -ction per -ction per -ction per -ction per ha. ha. ha. ha. Marginal 20.65 586 28.38 26.65 777 29.16 21.60 594 27.50 22.15 629 28.40 Small 32.75 927 28.31 41.90 1226 29.26 36.90 988 26.78 36.00 1038 28.83 Medium 32.15 908 28.24 41.85 1247 29.80 35.20 965 27.41 37.60 1101 29.28 Large 19.30 550 28.50 22.95 688 29.98 20.50 561 27..37 22.00 647 29.41 Total 104.85 2971 28.34 133.35 3938 29.53 114.20 3108 27.22 117.75 3415 29.00

It is clear from the table that area under Paddy has increased from 104.85 hectares to 133.35 hectares, while the yield per hectare also increased from 28.34 Qtl. per hectare to 29.53 Qtl. per hectare. Total production of paddy was 2971 quintals before implementation of the programme which has increased to 3938 quintals after execution of developmental programme of waterlogging. The increase in total production of paddy on the sample farms was mainly because of increase in area under paddy production. It happened due to improvement in drainage of water in waterlogged fields earlier.

- 71 -

The operational area under wheat production on sample farms has also increased to some extent. The productivity of wheat has increased from 27.22 quintal per hectare before implementation of the programme to 29.00 quintal per ha. after development of waterlogging area. Comparatively better preparation of the fields may be attributed for higher yield after implementation of the development programme of waterlogged area. Almost similar trend is seen in different size-groups of operational holdings.

The information regarding change in area, production and productivity of wheat and paddy is Etah district from western Uttar Pradesh is provided in Table III-19.

Table III-19 Difference in Area, Production and Productivity of main Cereal crops in Etah District

Size Paddy Wheat Group Before After Before After Area Produ- Yield Area Produ Yield Area Produ Yield Area Produ Yield ction per -ction per -ction per -ction per ha. ha. ha. ha. Marginal 6.40 160 25.00 6.30 168 26.67 5.60 148 26.48 7.40 202 27.30 Small 12.40 314 25.32 12.60 342 27.14 10.30 275 26.70 13.40 367 27.39 Medium 12.95 340 26.25 14.20 384 27.04 12.90 351 27.21 15.65 445 28.43 Large 11.25 296 26.31 11.75 322 27.40 10.70 298 27.85 12.30 359 29.19 Total 43.00 1110 25.81 44.85 1216 27.11 39.50 1072 27.14 48.75 1373 28.16

The area under wheat production in the sample farmers was 39.50 hectares before implementation of the programme and has increased to 48.75 hectares after development of waterlogged area. The production of paddy has increased from 1072 quintals to 1375 quintal after the implementation of the programme. The yield per hectare has been also changed from 27.14 Qtl. before implementation of the programme to 28.16 quintal per hectare after the development of waterlogged area. A slight increase in area, production and productivity of paddy has also been observed. Similar information for Lakhimpur Kheri district is given in Table III-20.

- 72 - Table III-20 Difference in Area, Production and Productivity of Main Cereal Crops in Lakhimpur Kheri District

Size Paddy Wheat Group Before After Before After Area Produ- Yield Area Produ Yield Area Produ Yield Area Produ Yield ction per ha. -ction per -ction per -ction per ha. ha. ha. Marginal 6.30 190 30.16 8.10 259 31.98 5.90 164 27.80 6.10 176 28.85 Small 11.85 354 29.87 15.10 483 31.97 12.30 338 27.48 12.80 376 29.38 Medium 11.35 335 29.52 16.80 538 32.02 13.00 364 28.00 13.60 418 30.74 Large 4.20 125 29.76 5.90 192 32.54 4.65 134 28.2 4.85 156 32.16 Total 33.70 1004 29.79 45.90 1472 32.07 35.85 1000 27.89 37.35 1126 30.15

The examination of the table shows that the sample farmers had 33.70 hectares of area under paddy before the implementation of programme of development of waterlogged area which increased to 45.90 hectares after the improvement of waterlogged area. The yield per hectare has increased from Rs. 29.79 quintal to 32.07 quintal per hectare after the development of waterlogged area. A slight change in area, production and productivity of wheat has also been noticed after the implementation of the programme.

The information regarding change in area, production and productivity of wheat and paddy is Basti district from Eastern Uttar Pradesh is provided in Table III-21.

The information regarding change in area, production and productivity of paddy and wheat in Basti district from eastern Uttar Pradesh is provided in Table-III-21.

The area under paddy production in the sample farmers was 31.65 hectare before implementation of the programme has increased to 38.70 hectare after improvement of waterlogged area.

The examination of the table shows that the sample farmers had 35.25 hectare of area under wheat before implementation of development programme of waterlogged area which increase to 35.35 hectare after implementation of development programme of waterlogged area.

- 73 - Table III-21 Difference in Area, Production and Productivity of main Cereal Crops in Basti District

Size Paddy Wheat Group Before After Before After Area Produ- Yield Area Produ Yield Area Produ Yield Area Produ Yield ction per ha. -ction per ha. -ction per ha. -ction per ha. Marginal 8.75 248 28.34 11.15 316 28.34 9.80 270 27.55 9.75 285 29.23 Small 10.60 298 28.11 13.40 376 28.06 12.20 336 27.54 10.60 320 30.19 Medium 7.90 222 28.10 9.40 264 28.09 9.25 261 28.22 9.80 299 30.51 Large 4.40 127 28.86 4.75 137 28.84 4.60 131 28.48 5.40 169 31.30 Total 31.65 895 28.28 38.70 1093 28.24 35.25 998 28.31 35.55 1073 30.18

3.16 Loss Incurred to Sample Farmers before Implementation of Development of Waterlogged Area Programme

As pointed out earlier, the sample farmers often suffered losses in the seasonal waterlogged area. The estimates of loss incurred and area affected during 2006-07 is presented in Table III-22.

At aggregate level, 20.65 hectares of agricultural operational holdings of the sample farmers was waterlogged and the estimated loss accounted for Rs. 25020 or nearly Rs. 1211.62 per hectare. It varied from maximum of Rs. 1256.96 to Rs. 1174.36 minimum in medium and marginal size-group of farms respectively. The estimated per hectare loss due to waterlogging was Rs. 1174 in Etah, Rs. 1270 in Lakhimpur Kheri and Rs. 1203 in Basti district of eastern Uttar Pradesh.

An analysis of per farm loss to the sample farmers due to waterlogging before the implementation of the programme, indicates that at an aggregate level it is Rs. 208.50 hectare, while it accounts for Rs. 843.75 per hectare in large size farm, Rs. 332.50 in the group of medium farms, Rs. 154.32 in case of small size farm and Rs. 89.80 in the category of marginal size farms.

Among the selected district the average per farm loss is Rs. 224.00 in Basti district, Rs. 203.25 in Lukhimpur Kheri district and Rs. 198.25 in Etah district of Central Uttar

- 74 - Pradesh. After improvement of the waterlogged area none of the sample farmer reported such losses. Table III-22 District-wise Estimated Loss of Sample Farmers (2006-07) (Area in Ha.) Size group Etah Lakhimpur Basti Total Kheri Area Value Area Value Area Value Area Value (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) Marginal 1.20 1350 1.10 1390 1.60 1840 3.90 4580 (84.38) (92.67) (92.00) (89.80) Small 1.40 1560 1.60 1920 1.85 2230 4.85 5710 (130.00) (147.69) (185.83) (154.32) Medium 2.30 2740 2.10 2880 1.95 2360 6.35 7980 (342.50) (288.00) (393.33) (332.50) Large 1.90 2280 1.60 1940.00 2.05 2530 5.55 6750 (570.00) (194.00) (1265.00) (843.75) Total 6.80 7930 6.40 8130 7.45 8960 20.65 25020 (198.25) (203.25) (224.00) (208.50) N.B.:- Figures in brackets are per farm. 3.17 Impact on Cropping Pattern

The impact of developing of waterlogged areas by improving the drainage system, deepening of village water bodies i.e. ponds, tanks etc is quite visible on the cropping pattern of the sample farmers in the selected districts. The entire seasonal waterlogged area is brought under cultivation. Table III-23 Cropping Pattern of Selected Districts (Before Programme) (Area in Hect.) Size Kharif Season Rabi Season Zaid Season Grand groups Paddy S.cane Others Total Wheat Oilseeds Pulses Others Total Urd/ Fodder Vege- Total Total moong table Marginal 20.65 - 7.70 28.35 21.60 4.50 4.50 2.95 33.55 2.70 3.50 2.50 8.70 70.60 (29.25) (10.91) (40.16) (30.59) (6.37) (6.37) (4.18) (47.52) (382) (4.96) (3.54) (12.32) (100.00) Small 3275 1.80 11.80 46.35 36.90 6.65 4.90 3.95 52.40 3.65 3.85 2.85 10.35 109.10 (30.02) (1.65) (10.81) (42.48) (33.82) (6.10) (4.49) (3.62) (48.03) (3.32) (3.53) (2.61) (9.49) (100.00) Medium 32.15 7.10 14.75 54.00 35.20 6.90 6.75 6.40 55.25 5.80 3.20 0.05 9.05 118.30 (27.18) (6.00) (12.47) (45.65) (29.75) (5.83) (5.71) (5.41) (46.70) (4.90) (2.70) (0.04) (7.65) (100.00) Large 19.30 7.55 11.60 38.45 20.50 4.85 4.95 5.25 35.55 7.45 2.25 0.10 9.80 83.80 (23.05) (9.01) (13.84) (45.88) (24.46) (5.79) (5.91) (6.26) (42.42) (8.89) (2.68) (0.12) (11.61) (100.00) Total 104.85 16.45 45.85 167.15 114.20 22.90 21.10 18.55 17675 19.60 12.80 5.50 37.90 381.80 (27.46) (4.31) (12.48) (43.78) (29.91) (6.00) (5.53) (4.86) (46.29) (5.13) (3.35) (1.44) (9.93) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentages to gross cropped area.

- 75 - The details of the cropping pattern of the sample farmers are presented in table III- 23. The implementation of the programme of waterlogged area in all the selected districts. Before implementation of programme, the sample farmers devoted 43.78 % of the total gross cropped area under kharif crops, 46.29 % are under Rabi crops and the remaining 9.93 % under Zaid crop. Among different size groups the proportion of area under kharif season crop varied from the maximum of 45.88 % in large size group to the minimum of 40.16 % of the total cropped area. In the category of marginal farmers paddy and accounted nearly 27.46 % of the total cropped area, while sugarcane and other kharif crop accounted of 4.31 % and 12 % respectively. Like-wise during Rabi season wheat shared 29.91 % of the gross cropped area while oil seeds and pulse crop covered 6 % and 5.53 % to the total cropped area respectively. The percentage of Rabi crops varied from 28.03 % in small size group to 42.42 % in large size group of farms. During Zaid season, summer urd and moong were popular among the sample farmers. It shared nearly 5.13 % of the total gross cropped area while fodder and vegetable etc. accounted for 3.35 % and 1.44 % of the total cropped area, respectively. Among various size groups of farms, the proportion of area under Zaid cropped varied from 12.32 % to 7.65 % (in medium size of farmers of the gross cropped area).

The cropping pattern of sample farmers, after the development of seasonal waterlogged agricultural fields of the sample farmers, is given in Table III-24. It shows that nearly 47.33 % of the gross cropped area has been devoted to kharif crops, while 43.30 % to Rabi season and the remaining 9.32 % to Zaid crops. The gross cropped area has increased from 381.81 Hectare to 408.20 hectare. The area under paddy has increased from 27.46 % to 32.67 % of total cropped area after the development of waterlogged agricultural fields of the sample farmers in the selected districts. The proportion of paddy in all the size groups has increased after the improvement of waterlogged agricultural filed of the sample farmers and its remain from the maximum of 35.93 % gross cropped area in the size group of small farmers and minimum of 25.95 % in the category of large size farms. As a result the share of kharif crops in the total cropped area increased among different size groups, the share of kharif crops varied from the minimum of 44.35 % of total cropped area in marginal category of farms to maximum of 48.90 % of gross cropped area in the size group of medium farmers. However, except paddy any notable change has not been seen in other

- 76 - kharif crop after the improvement of waterlogged agricultural fields in the selected districts. Table-III-24 Cropping Pattern of Selected Districts (After Programme) (Area in Hect.) Size Kharif Season Rabi Season Zaid Season Grand groups Paddy S.cane Others Total Wheat Oilseeds Pulses Others Total Urd/ Fodder Vege- Total Total moong table Marginal 26.65 - 6.90 33.55 22.15 4.25 3.85 3.30 33.55 3.15 3.10 2.30 8.55 75.65 (35.23) (9.12) (44.35) (29.28) (5.62) (5.09) (4.36) (44.35) (4.16) (4.10) (3.04) (11.30) (100.00) Small 41.90 1.80 10.50 54.20 36.00 6.90 5.60 3.90 52.40 3.50 3.85 2.65 10.00 116.60 (35.93) (1.54) (9.01) (46.48) (30.87) (5.92) (4.80) (3.34) (44.94) (3.00) (3.30) (2.27) (8.57) (100.00) Medium 41.85 7.10 13.40 62.35 37.60 7.00 5.95 4.70 55.25 6.60 3.30 0.10 9.90 127.50 (32.82) (5.57) (10.51) (48.90) (29.49) (5.49) (4.67) (3.69) (43.33) (5.18) (2.51) (0.08) (7.76) (100.00) Large 22.95 7.55 12.60 43.10 22.00 4.90 4.45 4.20 35.55 7.40 2.35 0.05 9.80 88.45 (25.95) (8.53) (14.25) (48.73) (24.87) (5.54) (5.03) (4.75) (40.19) (8.37) (2.66) (0.06) (11.08) (100.00) Total 133.35 16.45 43.40 193.20 117.75 23.05 19.85 16.10 176.75 20.65 12.50 5.10 38.05 408.20 (32.67) (4.03) (10.63) (47.33) (28.85) (5.65) (4.86) (3.94) (43.30) (5.06) (3.06) (1.25) (9.32) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentages to gross cropped area.

In Etah district, the details of the cropping pattern followed by the sample farmers before improvement of waterlogged agricultural fields is given in Table-III-25.

Table III-25 Cropping Pattern of Etah Districts (Before Programme) (Area in Hect.) Size Kharif Season Rabi Season Zaid Season Grand Total groups Paddy S.cane Others Total Wheat Oilseeds Pulses Others Total Urd/ Fodder Vege- Total Moon table g Marginal 5.60 - 3.20 8.80 6.40 1.10 1.15 1.05 9.70 1.60 1.40 0.70 3.70 22.20 (25.23) (14.41) (36.64) (28.83) (4.95) (5.18) (4.73) (43.69) (7.20) (6.30) (3.15) (16.67) (100.00)

Small 10.30 - 5.10 15.40 12.40 2.15 1.60 1.15 17.30 1.85 1.40 1.10 4.35 37.05 (27.80) (13.77) (41.57) (33.47) (5.80) (4.32) (3.10) (46.69) (4.99) (3.78) (2.97) (11.74) (100.00)

Medium 12.90 1.90 5.70 20.50 12.95 2.75 2.80 2.85 21.35 1.80 1.20 0.05 3.05 44.90

(23.73) (4.23) (12.69) (45.66) (28.84) (6.12) (6.24) (6.35) (47.55) (4.01) (2.67) (0.11) (6.79) (100.00)

Large 1070 2.75 5.35 18.80 11.25 2.20 2.45 2.85 18.75 2.40 0.80 0.10 3.30 40.85 (26.19) (6.73) (13.10) (46.02) (27.54) (5.39) (6.00) (6.98) (45.90) (5.88) (1.96) (0.24) (8.08) (100.00)

Total 39.50 4.65 19.35 63.50 43.00 8.20 8.00 7.10 67.10 7.65 4.80 1.95 14.40 145.00

(27.24) (3.21) (13.34) (43.79) (29.66) (5.66) (5.12) (4.90) (46.28) (5.28) (3.31) (1.34) (9.93) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentages to gross cropped area.

- 77 - Out of the total cropped area of 145.00 hectares, nearly 43.79 % area was under Kharif crops, 46.28 % under Rabi season crops and the remaining 9.93 % allotted to Zaid season crops. During Kharif season paddy was important crop and it covered nearly 27.24 % of the total cropped area. Sugarcane, Jowar, Bajra, Maize etc. were the other crops grown during Kharif season. In Rabi season, Wheat crop occupied the maximum area. It covered nearly 29.66 % of the gross cropped area of the sample farmers. The other crops grown during Rabi season by the sample farmers were mustard, alsi, gram, pea and masoor etc. During Zaid season, summer urd and moong were important pulse crops grown by the sample farmers of this district.

Size-group wise variation shows that during Kharif season, the percentage varied from maximum of 46.02 to the minimum of 36.64 % of gross cropped season in large size- group whereas it varied from minimum of 43.69 % in marginal size farms to the maximum of 47.55 % in the category of medium size farmers.

The cropping pattern followed by the sample farmers of Etah district after the development of waterlogged area is presented in Table-III-26.

Table-III- 26 Cropping Pattern of Etah Districts (After Programme) (Area in Hect.) Size Kharif Season Rabi Season Zaid Season Grand groups Paddy S.cane Others Total Wheat Oilseeds Pulses Others Total Urd/ Fodder Vege- Total Total moong table Marginal 7.40 - 2.30 9.70 6.30 1.20 1.10 1.10 9.70 1.85 1.10 0.60 3.55 22.95 (32.24) (10.02) (42.27) (27.45) (5.23) (4.79) (4.79) (42.27) (8.06) (4.79) (2.61) (15.46) (100.00) Small 13.40 - 3.90 17.30 12.60 2.10 1.45 1.15 17.30 1.35 1.60 0.80 3.75 38.35 (34.94) (10.17) (45.11) (32.85) (5.48) (3.78) (3.00) (45.11) (3.52) (4.17) (2.04) (9.78) (100.00) Medium 15.65 1.90 5.70 23.25 14.20 3.20 2.55 1.40 21.35 2.00 1.20 0.10 3.30 47.90 (32.67) (3.97) (11.90) (48.54) (29.65) (6.68) (5.32) (2.92) (44.57) (4.18) (2.50) (0.21) (6.89) (100.00) Large 12.30 2.75 6.45 21.50 11.75 2.40 2.45 2.15 18.75 2.80 0.80 0.05 3.65 43.90 (28..02) (6.26) (14.69) (48.98) (26.77) (5.47) (5.58) (4.90) (42.71) (6.38) (1.82) (0.11) (8.31) (100.00) Total 48.75 4.65 18.35 70.75 44.85 8.90 7.55 5.80 67.10 8.00 4.70 1.55 14.25 153.10 (31.84) (3.04) (11.99) (46.86) (29.29) (5.81) (4.93) (3.79) (43.83) (5.23) (3.07) (1.01) (9.31) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentages to gross cropped area.

The analysis of Table-III-25 & 26 shows that after implementation of the waterlogged area programme, the coverage of paddy has increased from 27.24 % to 31.84

- 78 - % of the gross cropped area. The area under paddy has increased in all the size groups. It varied from the minimum of 28.02 % of gross cropped area in large size-group to minimum of 34.94 % in the category of small farmers. As a result, the share of area under Kharif crops has increased to 46.86 % of the gross cropped area. This trend is seen in all the size group of farms. The share of Rabi season crops accounted for 43.83 % of the gross cropped area. Among different size-groups, the proportion of Rabi crops varied from minimum of 42.27 % to the maximum of 45.11 % of the gross cropped area in marginal and small size-groups respectively. In Zaid season, which shares 9.31 % of the total cropped area, there was sharp variation among various size-groups. It varied from the minimum of 6.89 % in medium size-group to 15.46 % of gross cropped area in the category of marginal farmers.

The cropping pattern of sample farmers from district Lakhimpur Kheri before the development of waterlogged area is presented in Table III-27.

Table-III-27 Cropping Pattern of Lakhimpur Kheri District (Before Programme) (Area in Hect.) Size Kharif Season Rabi Season Zaid Season Grand groups Paddy S.cane Others Total Wheat Oilseeds Pulses Others Total Urd/ Fodder Vege- Total Total moong table Marginal 6.30 - 1.80 8.10 5.90 1.50 1.40 1.20 10.00 1.10 0.90 0.70 2.70 20.80 (30.29) (8.65) (38.94) (28.37) (7.21) (6.73) (5.77) (48.08) (5.29) (1.92) (3.37) (12.98) (100.00) Small 11.85 0.80 3.55 16.20 12.30 2.30 1.80 1.70 18.10 1.80 1.10 0.70 3.60 37.90 (31.27) (2.12) (9.37) (42.74) (32.45) (6.07) (4.75) (4.49) (47.76) (4.75) (2.90) (1.85) (9.50) (100.00) Medium 11.35 2.60 5.30 19.25 13.00 2.75 2.40 2.25 20.40 2.20 1.20 - 3.50 42.95 (26.43) (6.05) (12.34) (44.82) (30.27) (6.40) (5.59) (5.24) (47.50) (5.12) (2.79) (8.15) (100.00) Large 4.20 2.70 3.10 10.00 4.65 1.30 1.25 1.10 8.30 2.80 0.85 - 3.65 21.95 (19.13) (12.30) (14.12) (45.56) (21.18) (5.92) (5.69) (5.01) (37.81) (12.76) (3.87) (16.63) (100.00) Total 33.70 6.10 13.75 53.55 35.85 7.85 6.85 6.25 56.80 7.90 4.05 1.40 13.35 123.60 (27.27) (4.94) (11.12) (43.33) (29.00) (6.35) (5.54) (5.06) (45.95) (6.39) (6.28) (1.13) (10.80) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentages to gross cropped area.

It shows that nearly 43.33 % of the total gross cropped area was under kharif crop, about 45.95 % area covered under Rabi crop and the remaining 10.72 % under Zaid crops. In Kharif season, paddy claimed for 27.27 % of gross cropped area, while during Rabi season, wheat shared nearly 29.00 % of the total cropped area. During Zaid season summer

- 79 - urd and moong and fodder shared 6.39 % and 6.28 %, respectively of the gross cropped area. Size-group wise variation shows that during Kharif season, the percentage varied from minimum of 38.94 % in marginal size-group to the maximum of 45.56 % of gross cropped area in the category of large farmers. Paddy shared the maximum area in all the size group and it varied from the minimum of 19.13 % in the size-group of large farmers to the maximum of 31.27 % of total cropped area in each group in the category of small farmers. The sample farmers in large size group allotted more area for cash crop like sugarcane etc. while farmers in marginal and small size group preferred paddy which is labour intensive and needs less capital as compared to sugarcane.

Like-wise during Rabi season, wheat was allotted maximum area by all sample farmers in each category. The area under wheat varied from 21.18 % to 32.45 % of gross cropped area in the size group of large and small, respectively. The cropping pattern followed by the sample farmer of Lakhimpur Kheri, after the development of waterlogged agricultural operational holdings is shown in Table-III-28.

Table-III-28 Cropping Pattern of Lakhimpur Kheri District (After Programme) (Area in Hect.) Size Kharif Season Rabi Season Zaid Season Grand groups Paddy S.cane Others Total Wheat Oilseeds Pulses Others Total Urd/ Fodder Vege- Total Total moong table Marginal 8.10 - 1.90 10.00 6.10 1.40 1.35 1.15 10.00 1.30 0.80 0.80 2.90 22.90 (35.37) (8.30) (43.67) (26.64) (6.11) (5.90) (5.02) (43.67) (5.68) (3.49) (3.49) (12.66) (100.00) Small 15.10 0.80 3.00 18.90 12.80 2.10 1.65 1.55 18.10 2.15 0.90 0.80 3.85 40.85 (36.96) (1.96) (7.34) (46.27) (31.3) (5.14) (4.04) (3.79) (44.31) (5.26) (2.20) (1.96) (9.42) (100.00) Medium 16.80 2.60 3.60 23.00 13.60 2.45 2.15 2.20 20.40 2.60 1.20 - 3.80 47.20 (35.59) (5.51) (7.63) (48.73) (28.81) (5.19) (4.56) (4.66) (43.22) (5.51) (2.54) (8.05) (100.00) Large 5.90 2.70 2.40 11.00 4.85 1.40 1.00 1.05 8.30 2.35 0.95 - 3.30 22.60 (26.11) (11.95) (10.61) (48.67) (21.46) (6.20) (4.42) (4.65) (36.73) (10.40) (4.20) (14.60) (100.00) Total 45.90 6.10 10.90 62.90 37.35 7.35 6.15 5.95 56.80 8.40 3.85 1.60 13.85 133.55 (34.37s) (4.57) (8.16) (47.09) (27.97) (5.50) (4.61) (4.45) (42.53) (6.29) (2.88) (1.20) (10.37) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentages to gross cropped area.

The total cropped area has increased to 133.55 hectares from 113.10 hectares before the improvement of waterlogged fields. Kharif season crops covered 47.09 % whereas Rabi crops were allotted in 42.53 % of the gross cropped area. The remaining

- 80 - 10.37 % of the total cropped area was under Zaid crops. Paddy was the main Kharif crops, it covered nearly 34.36 % of the total cropped area. In Rabi season wheat dominated covering about 27.97 % of the gross cropped area while in Zaid, pulse crops (urd and moong) shared 6.29 % of the remaining gross cropped area.

Size group wise variation in different crop seasons indicate that during Kharif season, it varied from the maximum of 43.67 % in marginal size group to the maximum of 48.73 % of gross cropped area in the size-group of medium farmers. In paddy the variation ranged from the minimum of 26.11 % to the maximum of 35.96 % of total cropped area in the category of small sized farms. During Rabi season, the minimum and maximum proportion ranged from 36.73 in large size-farms to 44.31 % of gross cropped area in the category of small sized farms respectively. As indicated earlier, the farmers in large size group prefer high value cash crops over cereals like wheat and paddy. In Zaid season, the variation ranged from the minimum of 8.05 % of gross cropped area in minimum size group to the maximum of 14.60 % in large sized farms.

In Basti district of Eastern Utter Pradesh the cropping pattern followed by the selected sample farmers before the development of waterlogged agricultural operational field is shown in Table-III-29. Table-III-29 Cropping Pattern of Basti District (Before Programme) (Area in Hect.) Size Kharif Season Rabi Season Zaid Season Grand Total groups Paddy S.cane Others Total Wheat Oilsee Pulses Others Total Urd/ Fodder Vege- Total ds moong table Marginal 8.75 - 2.70 11.45 9.30 1.90 1.95 0.70 13.85 - 1.20 1.10 2.30 27.60 (31.70) (9.78) (41.48) (33.70) (6.88) (7.06) (2.54) (50.18) (4.35) (3.98) (8.33) (100.00) Small 10.60 1.00 3.15 14.75 12.20 2.20 1.50 1.10 17.00 - 1.35 1.05 2.40 34.15 (31.04) (2.93) (9.22) (43.19) (35.73) (6.44) (4.39) (3.22) (49.78) (3.95) (3.07) (7.02) (100.00) Medium 7.90 2.60 3.75 14.25 9.25 1.40 1.55 1.30 13.50 1.80 0.80 - 2.60 30.35 (26.03) (8.57) (12.35) (46.95) (30.48) (4.61) (5.11) (4.28) (44.48) (5.93) (2.64) (8.57) (100.00) Large 4.40 2.10 3.15 9.65 4.60 1.35 1.25 1.30 8.50 2.25 0.60 - 2.85 21.00 (28.95) (10.00) (15.00) (45.95) (21.90) (6.43) (5.95) (6.19) (40.47) (10.17) (2.86) (13.57) (100.00) Total 31.65 5.70 12.75 5010 35.35 6.85 6.25 4.40 52.85 405 3.95 2.15 10.15 113.10 (27.98) (5.04) (11.27) (44.29) (31.26) (6.06) (5.52) (3.89) (46.73) (3.58) (3.49) (1.90) (8.97) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentages to gross cropped area.

- 81 - Out of the total cropped area of 113.10 hectares, nearly 44.29 % area was under Kharif crops, 46.73 % under Rabi season and the remaining 8.97 % of the gross cropped area was allotted to Zaid crops. During Kharif paddy was accounted for 27.98 %, Sugarcane 5.04 % and 11.27 % under other crops like millets, sanai, ramdana and arhar etc. In Rabi season, Wheat was main crop and it covered nearly 31.26 % of the gross cropped area, oil seeds and pulse crops were sown in 6.06 % and 5.52 % of the total cropped area, respectively. During Zaid season, summer pulse crop (urd and moong) were sown in 3.58 %, fodder crops in 3.49 % and vegetables etc. in 1.90 % of the gross cropped area.

Size-group wise variation shows that during Kharif, crops ranged from the minimum of 41.48 % in the marginal category to the maximum of 46.92 % of gross cropped area in large size-group to the maximum of 50.18 % in the category of marginal farmers. In Zaid season, it ranged from the minimum of 7.02 % of gross cropped area to the maximum of 13.57 % in the category of large sized farms. Big farmers prefer to grow high value crops like pulses over cereals.

The cropping pattern followed by the sample farmers of Basti district after the development of waterlogged agricultural field is presented in Table-III-30. Table -III-30 Cropping Pattern of Basti District (After Programme) (Area in Hect.) Size Kharif Season Rabi Season Zaid Season Grand groups Paddy S.cane Others Total Wheat Oilseeds Pulses Others Total Urd/ Fodder Vege- Total Total moong table Marginal 11.15 - 2.70 13.85 9.75 1.65 1.40 1.05 13.85 0.80 1.25 0.70 2.75 30.45 (36.61) (8.87) (45.48) (32.02) (5.42) (4.60 (3.44) (45.48) (2.63) (4.11) (2.29) (9.03) (100.00) Small 13.40 1.00 3.60 18.00 10.60 2.70 2.50 1.20 17.00 0.80 1.20 0.80 2.80 37.80 (35.45) (2.65) (9.52) (47.62) (28.04) (7.14) (6.61 (3.18) (44.97) (2.12) (3.17) (2.12) (7.41) (100.00) Medium 9.40 2.60 4.10 16.10 9.80 1.35 1.25 1.10 13.50 2.00 0.90 - 2.90 32.50 (28.92) (8.00) (12.62) (49.54) (30.15) (4.15) (3.85) (.3.38) (41.53) (6.15) (2.77) (8.92) (100.00) Large 4.75 2.10 3.75 10.60 5.40 1.10 1.00 1.00 8.50 2.75 0.80 - 3.55 22.65 (20.97) (9.27) (16.56) (46.80) (23.84) (4.86) (4.42 (4.41) (37.53) (12.14) (3.53) (15.67) (100.00) Total 38.70 5.70 14.15 38.55 35.55 6.80 6.15 4.35 52.85 6.35 4.15 1.50 12.00 123.40 (31.36) (4.62) (11.47) (47.45) (28.81) (5.51) (4.98 (3.53) (42.83) (5.14) (3.36) (1.22) (9.72) (100.00) N.B. Figures in brackets are percentages to gross cropped area.

- 82 - The gross cropped area has increased to 123.40 hectares from 113.10 hectares before the improvement of seasonal waterlogged fields. Nearly 47.45 % of the total cropped area was under Kharif crops while Rabi crops were allotted 42.83 % and Zaid crops covered 9.02 % of the gross cropped area.

During Kharif season, Paddy was important crop and it covered nearly 31.36 % of the total cropped area, sugarcane 4.62 % and other kharif coarse grains and fiber crops covered nearly 11.47 % of the gross cropped area. While during Rabi season, wheat was grown in 28.81 %, oilseeds in 5.51 %, pulses crops in 4.98 % and others in 3.53 % of the gross cropped area. During Zaid season, urd and moong were sown in 5.14 %, fodder in 3.36 % and vegetable etc. in 1.22 % of the total cropped area.

Size-group wise variation shows that during Kharif, crops ranged from the minimum of 45.48 % in the marginal sized farm to the maximum of 49.54 % in the category of medium size farms. During Rabi season it varied from the minimum of 37.53 % in large size group to the maximum of 45.48 in the size group of marginal farmers while in Zaid season, it varied from the maximum of 15.67 % in large sized group to the minimum of 7.41 % of gross cropped area in small type of farms size.

3.18 Impact on Cropping Intensity

The information regarding cropping intensity of the sample farmers before and after the development of waterlogged seasonal agricultural operational holdings is furnished in Table-III-31.

At an aggregate level, the cropping intensity before the improvement of waterlogged fields was 197.6 % has increased to 211.88 %. In different size group of operational holdings, it varied from the minimum of 203.51 % in medium size group to the maximum of 225.48 % in marginal size-group.

However, the difference before and after improvement of waterlogged fields varied from 10.79 % in large size group to 15.03 % in the size group of marginal farmers.

- 83 - In Etah district the cropping intensity increased to 213.38 % from 202.09 %. It shows a difference of nearly 11.29 % with the variation of 7.54 % to 12.90 % in different size-groups. While in district Lakhimpur Kheri the average different in cropping intensity before and after the development of waterlogged fields was 15.82 % in district Basti. This difference was for 17.59 % with variation of 13.35 % minimum in medium size groups to the maximum of nearly 20.58 % in marginal type of farms.

Table-III-31 Impact on Cropping Intensity on Sample Farms

Size Etah Lakhimpur Kheri Basti Selected Districts group Before After Diffe- Before After Diffe- Before After Diffe- Before After Diffe- rence rence rence rence Marginal 228.87 236.60 7.73 208.00 229.00 21.00 199.28 219.86 20.58 210.43 225.48 15.03 Small 214.16 221.68 7.54 200.53 216.14 16.11 189.72 210.00 20.28 201.29 215.13 13.84 Medium 193.12 206.02 12.90 186.76 205.22 18.46 158.51 201.86 13.35 189.74 203.51 13.77 Large 190.00 200.47 10.47 199.55 205.45 5.90 198.11 213.68 15.57 194.43 205.22 10.79 Total 202.09 213.38 11.29 196.50 212.32 15.82 193.17 210.76 17.59 197.62 211.88 14.56

3.19 Impact on per hectare and per farm Net Income from Agriculture

Size group wise distribution of net agricultural income of the sample farmers before and after the development of waterlogged fields in all the three selected districts is given in Table-III-32.

The per hectare net agricultural income of all the sample farmers, at an aggregate level, has risen from Rs. 8581 to Rs 9664 after improvement of waterlogged fields. After the development of seasonal waterlogged agricultural fields of the sample farmers, the per hectare net agriculture income varied from the minimum of Rs. 7858 in the size group of small farmers to Rs. 9174 in the category of large farmers, While after the development of seasonal waterlogged operational holdings of the sample farmers. The net income per hectare varied from the minimum of 8643 in small size-group to Rs. 10373 the maximum in the category of large farmers. Thus a net difference of Rs. 1083 per hectare is observed. In different selected district this difference varied from Rs. 511 per hectare in Basti district to Rs. 1563 per hectare in Lakhimpur Kheri and Rs. 985 in Etah district.

- 84 - - 85 - Size group wise analysis of difference of per hectare net agricultural income among selected districts indicates that in Etah district the marginal farmers gained most (Rs.2084 per ha.) While in Lakhimpur Kheri and Basti district the farmers in medium size group were gainer with net increase of Rs. 1983 and Rs. 1087 per hectare, respectively.

The study of per farm net agricultural income before and after the development of waterlogged seasonal agricultural field of the sample farmers, shows that at an aggregate level, there was an increase of Rs. 5572 per farm. As the net agricultural income per farm before the improvement of waterlogged agricultural fields was Rs. 27303 but it increased to Rs. 32875 after the development of seasonal waterlogged operational holdings in all the selected districts. Among different size-groups of operational holdings, this difference of net per farm agricultural income varied from the minimum of Rs. 2562 in marginal size- group to the maximum of Rs 18594 in the category of large farmers. It indicates that the marginal farmers who could not make any improvement in their operational agricultural holdings due to their limited financial resources may contribute a lot in the food basket of the nation by employing their labour intensively. Selected district wise analysis of net per farm agricultural income before and after the development of seasonal waterlogged agricultural holdings shows that in Etah district it increased by Rs. 5403, in Lakhimpur Kheri by Rs. 7285, and by Rs. 4838 in district Basti. Basti district situated in the eastern region of the state adjacent to Nepal is prone to frequent floods due to natural land slope. Moreover huge siltage from Nepal checks the flow of rain water in local rivers and consequently, during rainy season the flood spreads in large areas causing heavy losses to farmers by damaging their crops.

3.20 Impact on Annual Net Income

Details of the annual net income from various sources of the sample farmers in all the selected districts before the improvement of the waterlogged operational holdings is given in Table III-33 and after the development of waterlogged fields in Table III-34.

- 86 - Table III-33 Percentage Distribution of Net Income by Different Sources of Sample Farmers in Selected Districts (Before Programme)

Size Before Programme group Agricul- Agri- Non-agri. Dairy Trade Service Others Total ture Labour Labour Marginal 58.92 7.41 6.47 9.76 8.36 5.20 3.88 100.00 (11602) (1459) (1274) (1922) (1647) (1023) (765) (19692) Small 73.40 2.20 2.85 7.41 6.39 1.82 5.93 100.00 (26099) (781) (1014) (2635) (2270) (649) (2108) (35556) Medium 82.64 - - 6.17 5.34 1.87 3.98 100.00 (44107) (3292) (2850) (1000) (2125) (52457) Large 97.65 - - 2.35 - - - 100.00 (96094) (23.13) (98406) Total 77.13 2.35 (861) 2.34 6.68 5.39 2.28 3.83 100.00 (28206) (854) (2442) (1970) (835) (1400) (36567) N.B. Figures in brackets are per farm.

Table-III-34 Percentage Distribution of Net Income by Different Sources of Sample Farmers in Selected Districts (After Programme)

Size After Programme group Agricul- Agri- Non- Dairy Trade Service Others Total ture Labour agri. Labour Marginal 62.08 6.90 6.19 8.86 7.83 4.70 3.44 100.00 (14151) (1572) (1412) (2020) (1784) (10706) (784) (22794) Small 7564 2.05 2.70 6.61 5.76 1.83 5.42 100.00 (30166) (816) (1075) (2635) (2297) (730) (21.62) (39883) Medium 84.84 - - 5.23 4.57 1.96 3.39 100.00 (54097) (3333) (2917) (1250) (2166) (63754) Large 97.81 - - 2.19 - - - 100.00 (114684) (2563) (117247) Total 79.38 2.16 2.19 5.89 4.82 4.82 3.37 100.00 (33780) (920) (932) (2508) (2050) (2050) (1433) (42554) N.B. Figures in brackets are per farm.

The analysis of both these Tables shows that the per farm net annual income at an aggregate level was Rs. 3657 before the implementation of waterlogged area development programme which has risen to Rs. 42554 after the improvement of waterlogged operational fields of the sample farmers. The variation of per farm net annual income from various sources in different size-groups ranged from the minimum Rs.19692 in marginal size to the

- 87 - maximum of Rs. 98406 in the category of large size group before the improvement of waterlogged fields. While after the implementation of the project, the per farm net annual income varies from the minimum of Rs. 22794 in the size group of marginal farmers to the maximum of Rs. 117247 in the size group of large farmers.

The proportion of total annual income from various sources indicates that maximum portion comes from agriculture. The share of agricultural income was nearly 77% before and 79.38 % of the total annual income after the development of waterlogged fields.

In district Etah the distribution of total net annual income from various sources before and after the development of waterlogged operational agricultural holdings of the sample farmers is given in Table-III -35 and 36. Table-III-35 Percentage Distribution of Net Income by Different Sources of Sample Farmers in Etah District (Before Programme)

Size Before Programme group Agricul- Agri- Non- Dairy Trade Service Others Total ture Labour agri. Labour Marginal 58.36 5.90 4.21 11.94 10.53 4.63 4.21 100.00 (10391) (1050) (7.88) (2125) (1875) (825) (750) (17803) Small 72.71 2.06 2.51 9.16 7.53 - 6.03 100.00 (24135) (683) (833) (3042) (2500) (2000) (33193) Medium 83.37 - - 4.66 6.65 - 5.32 100.00 (47101) (2625) (3750) (3000) (56382) Large 98.11 - - 1.89 - - - 100.00 (84201) (1625) (85826) Total 79.10 1.69 1.53 6.63 6.09 0.89 4.06 100.00 (29218) (625) (565) (2450) (2250) (330) (1500) (36938) N.B. Figures in brackets are per farm.

The per farm net income was Rs. 36938 before the implementation of the project and it has risen to Rs. 42426 after the development of waterlogged fields. Among different size groups of operational holdings it ranged from minimum of Rs. 20831 in marginal farms to maximum of Rs. 104219 in the category of large size farms after the development of waterlogged agricultural fields. While before the improvement of operational holdings

- 88 - of the sample farmers, it ranged from the minimum of Rs. 17803 per households, in the size-group of marginal farmers to Rs 85826 per farm in the category of large farmers.

Table-III-36 Percentage Distribution of Net Income by Different Sources of Sample Farmers in Etah District (After Programme)

Size After Programme group Agricul- Agri- Non-agri. Dairy Trade Service Others Total ture Labour Labour Marginal 63.52 5.16 3.60 10.80 9.00 4.32 3.60 100.00 (13231) (1075) (750) (2250) (1875) (900) (750) (20831) Small 75.17 1.88 2.42 8.41 6.73 - 5.38 100.00 (27923) (700) (900) (3125) (2500) (2000) (37148) Medium 85.63 - - 3.59 5.99 - 4.79 100.00 (53635) (2250) (3750) (3000) (62635) Large 98.09 - - 1.91 - - - 100.00 (102219) (2000) (104219) Total 81.60 1.51 1.34 5.86 5.30 0.85 3.54 100.00 (346118) (640) (570) (2488) (2250) (360) (1500) (42426) N.B. Figures in brackets are per farm.

The analysis of share of annual net income from different sources, shows that major portion of the income of the sample farmers was contributed by agriculture. It claimed 79.10 % of the total annual net income before the implementation of the project while it raised to nearly 81.60% after the development on waterlogged agricultural fields.

In Lakhimpur Kheri district, the distribution of annual net income of the sample farms from different sources before and after the implementation of waterlogged area development project is given in Table III-37 and 38.

- 89 - Table-III-37 Percentage Distribution of Net Income by Different Sources of Sample Farmers in Lakhimpur Kheri District (Before Programme)

Size Before Project group Agricul Agri- Non-agri. Dairy Trade Service Others Total -ture Labour Labour Marginal 55.01 9.11 8.21 7.14 8.93 8.03 3.57 100.00 (12323) (2040) (1840) (1600) (2000) (1800) (800) (22403) Small 71.76 3.00 3.71 6.38 6.18 4.94 4.94 100.00 (26812) (785) (1384) (2384) (2308) (1846) (1846) (37365) Medium 82.69 - - 6.46 3.10 5.17 2.58 100.00 (38420) (3000) (1440) (2400) (1200) (46460) Large 98.20 - - 1.80 - - - 100.00 (109075) (2000) (111075) Total 75.29 2.70 3.02 5.90 4.93 4.97 3.18 100.00 (28394) (1020) (1140) (2225) (1860) (1875) (1200) (37714) N.B. Figures in brackets are per farm.

At an aggregate the per farm net annual income from all sources of the sample farmers was Rs. 37714 before the project which has risen to Rs 45761 after the improvement of waterlogged agricultural holdings. Similarly among different size-groups the per household income shows steady in creasing trend. In marginal size group, the net per farm income rose to Rs 25917 from Rs. 22403, in small farm size-groups it rose to Rs. 43352 from Rs. 37365. In the category of medium farms the per farm net annual income was Rs. 46460 before the implementation of the project while it rose to Rs. 60660 after the development of waterlogged agricultural fields. In the size group of large farms, it rose to Rs. 135750 from Rs. 111075.

In both the periods (i.e. before & after) agriculture contributed major portion of the annual net income of the sample farmers.

- 90 - Table-III-38 Percentage Distribution of Net Income by Different Sources of Sample Farmers in Lakhimpur Kheri District (After Programme)

Size After Programme group Agricul- Agri- Non-agri. Dairy Trade Service Others Total ture Labour Labour Marginal 57.81 8.49 7.72 6.43 9.26 6.95 3.34 100.00 (14983) (2200) (2000) (1667) (2400) (18000) (867) (25917) Small 74.45 1.95 3.55 5.32 5.32 4.79 4.61 100.00 (32275) (846) (1538) (2308) (2308) (2077) (2000) (43352) Medium 85.16 - - 5.28 2.47 4.95 2.14 100.00 (51660) (3200) (1500) (3000) (1300) (60660) Large 98.34 - - 1.66 - - - 100.00 (133500) (2250) (135750) Total 78.01 2.40 2.73 5.00 4.43 4.59 2.84 100.00 (35698) (1100) (1250) (2288) (2025) (2100) (1300) (45761) N.B. Figures in brackets are per farm.

In Basti District the distribution of total net income of the sample farmers from different sources before implementation of waterlogged area development programme is presented in Table-III-39 and Table -III-40 contains the position of total net annual income from different sources after the development of seasonal waterlogged agricultural operational holdings of sample farmers. Table-III-39 Percentage Distribution of Net Income by Different Sources of Sample Farmers in Basti District (Before Programme)

Size Before Programme group Agricul- Agri- Non-agri. Dairy Trade Service Others Total ture Labour Labour Marginal 62.76 7.04 6.47 10.43 6.26 3.13 3.91 100.00 (12030) (1350) (1240) (2000) (1200) (600) (750) (19170) Small 75.90 2.44 2.20 6.95 5.56 - 6.95 100.00 (27291) (875) (792) (2500) (2000) (2500) (35958) Medium 81.66 - - 7.66 6.57 - 4.11 100.00 (49717) (4666) (4000) (2500) (60883) Large 96.39 - - 3.61 - - - 100.00 (106900) (4000) (110900) Total 7705 2.67 2.45 7.56 5.13 0.86 4.28 100.00 (27005) (938) (957) (2650) (1800) (300) (1500) (35050) N.B. Figures in brackets are per farm.

- 91 - Before implementation of the project, the aggregate per farm annual net income of a sample household was Rs. 35050 with variation of minimum of Rs. 19170 in the marginal size-group to the maximum of Rs. 110900 in large size-group while after improvement of waterlogged agricultural fields, the average per household net annual income has risen to Rs. 39475, which ranged from the minimum of Rs. 22023 in marginal size-group to the maximum of Rs. 124800 in the large size-group. Table-III-40 Percentage Distribution of Net Income by Different Sources of Sample Farmers in Basti District (After Programme)

Size After Programme group Agricul- Agri- Non-agri. Dairy Trade Service Others Total ture Labour Labour Marginal 64.76 6.81 6.81 9.54 5.68 3.00 3.40 (750) 100.00 (14263) (1500) (1500) (2100) (1250) (660) (22023) Small 77.53 2.32 1.93 6.43 5.36 - 6.43 100.00 (27808) (8.31) (6.92) (2308) (1923) (2308) (35869) Medium 83.44 - - 7.10 5.91 - 3.55 100.00 (35265) (3000) (2500) (1500) (42265) Large 96.79 - - 3.21 - - - 100.00 (120800) (4000) (124800) Total 78.59 2.58 2.47 6.97 4.75 0.84 3.80 100.00 (31025) (1020) (975) (2750) (1875) (330) (1500) (39475) N.B. Figures in brackets are per farm.

Income from agriculture shared the major portion of the total net annual income of the farmers, as it accounted for nearly 77 % of the total annual income before and 78.59 % after the implementation of waterlogged operational holdings of the sample farmers.

3.21 Percentage Change in Net Agricultural Income

Size-group wise percentage change in net agricultural income of sample farmers after implementation of water logged and development programme in the all the three selected districts are given in Table III-41.

The growth in net agricultural income of sample farmers of selected districts was 20.41 %. It showed minimum of 17.56% in the case of small size group of farmers and

- 92 - maximum of 22.56% in the case of medium size group farmers. It is a very high change in the field of agriculture.

In Etah district small size group farmers also shows minimum of 15.54 % change and maximum of 27.54 % change in case of marginal size group of farmers.

In Lakhimpur Kheri district, it was minimum of 21.59 % in the case of marginal size group of farmers and maximum 34.25 % in the case of medium size group of farmers.

In Basti district, minimum percentage change was 10.54 in the case of small size group of farmers and maximum of 18.83 % in the case of marginal size group of farmers.

Thus, Lakhimpur Kheri district of central region is more progressive districts than another two districts i.e. Etah district of western region and Basti district of eastern region. Table-III-41 Percentage Change in Net Income from Agriculture on Sample Farms

Size-group Etah District Lakhimpur Basti District Selected Kheri District Districts Marginal 27.34 21.59 18.83 22.08 Small 15.54 29.58 10.40 17.56 Medium 19.17 34.25 18.20 22.56 Large 21.41 22.39 13.00 19.35 Total 18.49 28.36 14.95 20.41

3.22 Additional Employment on Seasonal Waterlogged Field after Project of Sample Farmers:

Size group wise distribution of per farm additional employment generated after improvement of seasonal waterlogged area of sample farmers is given in Table-III-42. At the aggregate level per farm additional employment of selected districts was nearly 20 days. It was maximum of 63 days in large size group and minimum of nearly 7 days in the case of marginal size group.

In Etah district at the aggregate level it was 19 days per farm. In this district additional employment was maximum of 73 days in case of large size group and minimum of 4 days for marginal size group.

- 93 - In Lakhimpur Kheri district at the aggregate level it was 21 days per farm. In this district it was maximum of 41days in case of medium farmers and minimum of 8 days for marginal farmers.

In Basti district at the aggregate level it was 20 days per farm. In this district additional employment was maximum of 75 days in case of large size group and minimum of 8 days for marginal size group. It is due to quantity of improvement in waterlogged area. Table-III-42 Additional Employment on Seasonal Water Field after Project of Sample Farmers

Size Groups Etah District Lakhimpur Basti District Selected Kheri District Districts Marginal 58 128 160 346 (4.00) (8.00) (8.00) (7.00) Small 108 245 290 643 (9.00) (19.00) (24.00) (17.00) Medium 288 412 204 904 (36.00) (41.00) (34.00) (38.00) Large 290 60 150 500 (73.00) (30.00) (75.00) (63.00) Total 744 845 804 2393 (19.00) (21.00) (20.00) (20.00) N.B.: Figures in brackets are per farm.

3.23 Opinion of the Sample Farmers

At the aggregate level 100% of the sample farmers were aware of the programme of waterlogged area development and they were also of the opinion that this programme is very much useful to them from farming point of view. All the sample farmers are aware that it has been implemented by the Soil Conservation Division of Agriculture Department (Govt. agency). Regarding the selection of site, 85% of sample farmers were satisfied with the drain site. About 95% of sample farmers have opinion that their total seasonal waterlogged area benefited with the programme of waterlogged area. Pertaining to the need of any financial assistance for agricultural purpose, all sample farmers demanded the provision of financial assistance. They feel that amount of financial assistance should corresponding their need and quantity of seasonal and permanent waterlogged area. All the sample farmers had perception that Soil Conservation Division of Agriculture Department

- 94 - of U.P. Government is very much effective and suitable agency for implementing the programme of waterlogged area development because this department has sufficient staff and work experience. All the sample farmers opine that there is no nay contribution from our side to implement the programme of waterlogged area. In response to question about after effect of implementation of the programme of waterlogged area, any increase in income, standard of living and purchase of assets and knowledge, they have opinion that there is increase to some extend in all above fields.

- 95 - CHAPTER-IV

Problems faced in Improvement of Soil and Water Resources Programme

Frequent and intense rain fall during season causes huge devastation and misery as most of the nallahas, rivulets, khads and nadis (river) carry a discharge of 5 to 8 times of their capacity. The flood water burst’s from their banks and floods the low laying areas all around causing huge loss to life, cattle property and crops.

In the absence of proper drainage system in the state, the run off after the rains and flood is very poor and large amount of water seeps into the sub-soil causing waterlogging. Similarly, on an average 33% of water in canals goes to the sub-soil and rises the water- table. Sowing of rice, sugarcane etc. which needs more irrigation has further aggravated the situation.

With the development of modern civilization resulting in a net work of railway, roads, embankments and canals running across the country and expansion of inhabition has encroached very seriously on the national run-ff. At most of the places, the original courses of the streams under the rail, roads and canals have closed and new courses have developed. This however, does not work satisfactorily, because it takes quite long time for the streams to adjust to the new courses and considerable holding up of water causes further waterlogging. Similarly, accumulation of siltage in huge quantity blocks the artificial run-off. As a result the treated area is again waterlogged.

From the response of the persons who were interviewed it was revealed that the funds are made available late in most of the cases to combat waterlogged forms. It reduces the quality of work. Inadequate provision of funds also comes in the way of effective work. It is general opinion of the sample farmers that misuse and diversion of funds allotted for development of land and water resources also many times hinder the smooth implementation of the programmes. The physical verification of soil conservation schemes becomes difficult and arbitrary after rainy season due to flood etc.

- 96 - There are so many problems in implementation of soil and water conservation programme on seasonal and permanent waterlogged field. Few main problems are as follows:

4.1. Selection of Site

Although the selection of drainage sites is decided by the District Soil and Water Conservation Committee under the chairmanship of the District Magistrate (DM) and the Soil Conservation Officer as Ex-officio Secretary of the said committee, but many a times due to political and other reasons, the selection of sites is not proper. So the priority should be given to those sites which are very much important in view of waterlogging fields.

4.2. Encroachment on Drainage Land

Drainage is the needed for the accumulated water during the rainy season. The land put to construction of drainage by the state revenue department is generally encroached by adjoining cultivators and many influential villagers. Soil conservation department is not capable to get rid off such encroached areas. The department requests the revenue department for this purpose. All these activities delay the process and create hindrances in timely completion of the work.

4.3. Lack of Co-operation and Co-ordination

Due to lack of cooperation and proper coordination at official level among various government departments, the work is often delayed and the quality of work is affected. At the district level there is the Flood Control Work Division/ District Drainage Division of Irrigation Department headed by the Executive Engineer which is responsible for granting NOC (no objection certificate) to other sister departments for drainage etc. The officials of the soil conservation department blame them for delay.

Flood control work division which is technically well equipped complained that the Soil Conservation Department always under pressure and they are forced to pass the NOC without conducting technical survey of the project site. Such procedures create problems and waterlogged area spreads at the other end.

- 97 -

4.4. Level of Platform of Bridges

Construction of plat farms of railways, highways, canals etc are made generally without consulting the District Drainage Division and also without considering the proper outflow of water. It results in waterlogging along with the siltage etc. It may be pointed out that kharanja roads are made by Soil Conservation Department.

4.5. Doubling of Project Work

After receiving no objection certificate from the District for granting the funds to complete the work on site is a time consuming process. When the soil conservation department receive the funds and goes to the site, the District Drainage Division after getting the no objection certificate itself starts the work of drainage preparation. Under these circumstances the soil conservation department is compelled to take up another site in unsystematic way. Thus the efficient implementation for proper quality work is defeat.

4.6. Problem of Usar Land

On account of waterlogging barren lands are rapidly increasing. The long time accumulation of water changes the pH value of the land and the land can convert into the usar land. It becomes acute problem and adversely affects agriculture production.

4.7. Financial Problems

There is provision of rupees five thousand per hectare for the construction of the drainage. Due to shortage of funds the drainage is not in pucca shape. The drainage is destroyed almost every year, the drainage should be made pucca as a permanent solution of waterlogging. Without pucca drainage the problem of shiltage is quite high and the natural path of drainage gets clogged in wrong way which damages the crops.

4.8. Harassment of Fieldworkers

The workers of Soil Conservation Department who are responsible for the implementation of drainage work are harassed by local mafia and leaders for illegal

- 98 - demand of money for completing the work peacefully. Officials of department are also helpless in this regards.

4.9. Problems at Farmers Level

Most of the sample farmers complain that Government Officials are not taken into confidence at the time of planning and construction of the surface and sub-surface drains. Therefore, drains do not work properly.

4.10. Legal Problems

The area marked by the State Revenue Department for construction of drainage has almost encroached by influential villagers and they start litigation for the ownership for the land. The soil and water conservation work suffers due to these circumstances. Soil Conservation Department has no authority to acquire the villagers’ land for construction of drainage.

4.11. Mid term Transfer of Field Staff

It has been reported by most of the sample farmers that staff engaged in the implementation of the soil and water conservation department programme are generally transferred in the mid of the project period. This problem creates negligence in the interest for dedicated work. The staff acquiring knowledge about the activities of waterlogged area management are transferred in the mid period of the project, then all this knowledge goes waste, while now staff joining this department will require much time to acquire knowledge about these activities. This creates hurdle to complete the activities and works of proper construction of drainage at scheduled time.

4.12. Frustration among the Field Staff

Field staff engaged in implementation of waterlogged area development programme are feel big frustration due to their service condition i.e delay in salary payment, delay in increment uncertainty about promotional avenues etc. These reasons area effect the working capacity of field staff.

- 99 - CHAPTER-V

Summary of Findings and Suggestions

V-1. The Situation:

In the present context of ever growing population in the state and additional demand of food grains, there is urgent need to increase agricultural production. Agricultural production in the state has been remained stagnant in past few years inspite of regular efforts to improve the situation by the state Government. Due to pressure of population, every year nearly 25 to 30 thousand hectares of agricultural land is diverted for non-agricultural uses in this state. Under such situation, there is urgent need to develop the problematic land and bring it under profitable cultivation in order to supply the increasing demand of foodgrains.

Despite regular efforts of the state Government, still 55.73 lac hectares of land is problematic and uncultivable due to regular soil erosion, expansion of ravines, usar, salinity / alkalinity of soil, waterlogging and decreasing underground water table. The soil conservation division of state agriculture department is assigned the responsibility of developing the problematic land and bringing it under cultivation.

V-2. The Study: The Agro-Economic Research Centre, Allahabad initiated and conducted a study entitled “Management of Waterlogged Area in Uttar Pradesh”

V-3. Extent of Waterlogging:

The National Commission on Agriculture assessed in 1976 that an area of about 6.0 million hectare was waterlogged in the country. Out of this, an area of 3.4 million hectare was estimated to be suffering from surface water stagnation and 2.6 million hectare through rise in water table. The Ministry of Agriculture estimated in 1984-85 that an area of 8.53 million hectare was suffering from the problem of waterlogging. Ministry of Water

- 100 - Resources estimated in 1991 that an area of 2.46 million hectare was suffering from the problem of waterlogging under irrigation commands. Table-V-1 shows the state wise break-up of waterlogging.

Table V-1 State-wise Area Affected by Waterlogging in India

State Area affected by Waterlogged areas Area Estimated by the waterlogging (both irrigated and Working Group of (both irrigated and unirrigated areas) MowR-1991 unirrigated) (National (Ministry of (under irrigated Commission Agriculture 1984-85) commands) Agriculture 1976) Andhra Pradesh 3.39 3.39 2.66 Assam N.R. 4.50 N.R. Bihar 1.17 7.07 6.20 Gujarat 4.84 4.84 1.72 Haryana 6.20 6.20 2.49 Jammu & Kashmir 0.10 0.10 0.01 Karnataka 0.10 0.10 0.24 Kerala 0.61 0.61 0.12 Madhya Pradesh 0.57 0.57 0.73 Maharashtra 1.11 1.11 0.15 Orissa 0.60 0.60 1.96 Punjab 10.90 10.90 2.00 Rajasthan 3.48 3.48 1.80 Tamil Nadu 0.18 0.18 0.16 Uttar Pradesh 8.10 19.80 4.30 West Bengal 18.50 21.80 N.R. Delhi 0.01 0.01 N.R. Total (Lakh Ha) 59.86 85.26 24.56 Total (Million Ha) 6.0 8.53 2.46 N.R. Not Reported.

Due to diversity of climate, temperature and rainfall in this state, there has been considerable degradation of land resources by soil erosion, barren, khadds, usar khadens and waterlogging. Out of the total geographical area of 242.01 lac hectares, nearly 120.44 lac hectares is problematic area. The Table V-2 presents the details of this area in Utter Pradesh.

- 101 - Table V-2 Total Problematic Area, Treated Area and Remaining Area for Treatment (Area in Ha.) Sl.No. Type of Problem Total Area Treated Area Remaining Area for (upto March 2006) Treatment (1.4.2006) 1 Soil Erosion 73.53 48.29 25.24 2 Barren & Khads 12.30 4.35 7.95 3 Usar 11.51 5.88 5.63 4 Khaddar 15.00 1.52 13.48 5 Waterlogging 8.10 0.95 7.15 Total 120.44 60.99 59.45 Source: Eleventh Five Year Plan

V-4. Factor Causing Waterlogging:

Main factors responsible for waterlogging are:

(a) Rainfall (b) Flooding by rivers

V-5. Objectives of the Study:

The study is proposed with the following objectives:

1. To examine the extent of water logged area. 2. To analyze the impact of development of waterlogged areas. 3. To suggest a feasible strategy for the development of waterlogged areas.

V-6. Methodology:

Three districts namely Etah from Western Economic Zone, Lakhimpur Kheri from Central Economic Zone and Basti from Eastern Economic Zone of the state were selected for this study on the basis of highest waterlogged area in the respective zones. From each district two tehsils having maximum waterlogged area were chosen. Further, from each tehsil, two villages having maximum waterlogged area were selected in consultation with local officials. From each of the selected village, 10 farmers were randomly chosen from

- 102 - size-group, i.e. marginal, small, medium and large with probability proportion of farmers in each size-group. Thus, in all, 120 sample farmers form the basis of this study.

V-7. Profile of Selected of Districts:

With a population (2001) of 166198 thousand, U.P. is the most populated state in the country. The geographical area of this state is 240928 km 2 (2001). Thus, population density is very high at 690 person per km 2 . The proportion of females per 1000 males is 898. The sex ratio is in favour of males. During the period 1991-2001 the percentage growth of population accounts 25.85%. Birth rate during 2005 in the state was 30 per thousand while the death rate during the same period was 9. More than 8.5% of the population in rural land distribution is very uneven. Nearly 77% and agricultural holding are less than one hectare with 37% of the total cultivated area of the state, about 14% of the operational holdings are in the size class of 1-2 hectares having 24.3% of the cultivated area. 6.59% of the operational holdings are in the size group of 2-4 hectares with 21.7% of the operational area. The remaining 2.3% holdings are above 4 hectare with an area of nearly 17%, the average size of holding accounts for nearly 1.80 hectares. Further, about 55% of state’s income comes from agricultural sector. Per capita income in 2006-07 was Rs 14685 at current prices and Rs. 11189 at 1993-94 prices. About 30% of state’s population consists of working force indicating a very high dependency ratio.

Basti district is densely populated followed by Etah and Lakhimpur Kheri. There were 776 persons per km 2, while it is only 690 persons per km 2 for the State. Majority of the holding are marginal ,i.e., below one hectare in size. The details of per capita income, number of Tahsils community Development Block, Villages and towns is provided. The per capita income in district Lakhimpur kheri was Rs. 6248 which is more than state per capita income of Rs. 6138.

Lakhimpur Kheri district has highest per capita net income (2004-05) of Rs. 6248 followed by Etah district (Rs.6025) and Basti district has lowest per capita net income of Rs. 3876, while state average is Rs 6138. Etah district has 5 Tehsils, 15 CD blocks, 1517 villages and 19 towns while in Basti district there are 4 tehsild, 14 CD blocks, 3156

- 103 - villages and 2 towns. Lakhimpur Kheri district has 6 tehsils, 15 CD blocks, 1709 villages and 10 towns.

Out of 120 sample farmers 70% are in the category of other backward castes while 17.50% sample households are from the category of schedule caste and schedules tribes. The remaining 12.50% belong to general category. One third of sample farmers in the general category are marginal farmers while in SC/ST more than half sample farmers belong to this size group.

Population of the selected households are dominated by male population (4146%) at the aggregate level. In all size groups marginal farmers 42% small farmers 42.73% medium 37.72% and large 44.12% .

Nearly one third (34.17%) of the sample farmers were illiterate, 21.66% farmers possessed up to primary level. 20% up to matrict 16.67% up to secondary level and remaining 7.50% were graduate. None of the families of selected households were illiterate. At the aggregate level, a maximum of 32.50% of the selected households have primary level of education as the highest level of education in the families.

The workers are divided into two categories i.e. full time workers and part time workers. Out of total population of 755 more than half (54.31%) were non-workers. The population of full time worker accounts for 27.48% and part time workers were 8.21%.

Sample farmers are following a combination of occupations like agriculture with dairy or agricultural labour, non-agricultural with business or service, dairy with service, agriculture and non-agricultural labour.

The live-stock includes the milch animals, draught animals, young stocks and animals like goat and sheep. At the aggregate level, the per farm value of live stocks possessed by sample farmers accounts for Rs. 33472.

- 104 - V.8. Main Findings:

The entire operated land of sample farmers of three districts is fully irrigated and under cultivation.

The average size of holdings of all the sample farmers is 1.69 hectare. The average size of holdings of marginal farmers is 0.66 hectare and average size of land for small, medium and large farmer are 1.46, 3.02 and 5.39 respectively.

Leased in systems is prevalent in Lakhimpur Kheri and Basti district. There is no system of leased out on sample farms of all the three districts.

Total waterlogged area of all the sample farmers is 57.75 hectares which is 27.52% of total owned area. Seasonal waterlogged area is 80.87% of waterlogged area.

Paddy and wheat crops are dominant crops in all the selected districts.

Owned tubewells, hired tubewells and canal are main source of irrigation. Among the sources of irrigation owned tubewell cover 69.12% of total irrigated land.

Before implementation of the programme, the level of water during May-June in permanent waterlogged field of the sample farmers varied from 4-14 cm, while after development of waterlogged area is raised to 8-18 cm.

After implementation of the programme for improving waterlogged area, the area under paddy has increased from 104.85 hectares to 133.35 hectares while area under wheat has increased from 114.20 hectare to 117.75 hectares.

At aggregate level 20.65 hectares of agricultural operational holdings of the sample farmers is waterlogged and the estimated loss accounts for Rs. 25020 or nearly Rs. 1211.62 per hectare (seed, cultivation labour etc.)

Before implementation of the programme, the sample farmers devoted 43.78%of the total gross cropped area under kharif 46.29% are under Rabi crops and the remaining 9.93% under zaid crops. After the programme 47.33% of the gross cropped area has been devoted for kharif crops while 43.30% to Rabi crops and the remaining 9.23% to zaid crops. The gross cropped area has increased from 38181 hectares to 408.20 hectares.

- 105 -
At the aggregate level the cropping intensity before the improvement of waterlogged area was 197.6% which has increased to 211.51%. In different size group of operational holdings it varied from the minimum of 203.51% in medium size group to the maximum of 225.48% in marginal size group.

The per hectare net agricultural income of all the sample farmers at an aggregate level has varied from Rs. 7858 to Rs 9174 before improvement of seasonal waterlogged field. After improvement of seasonal waterlogged fields of the sample farmers the per hectare net agricultural income varied from Rs. 8643 to Rs.10573. The per farm net agricultural income of all the sample farmers at an aggregate level has varied from Rs. 11602 to Rs. 96094 before improvement of seasonal waterlogged fields. After improvement of seasonal waterlogged fields of the sample farmers the per farm net agriculture income has varied from Rs. 14164 to Rs. 114688. Table –V-3.

The per farm net annual income from various sources at an aggregate level was Rs. 36567 before implement of seasonal waterlogged field, while after improvement of seasonal waterlogged field, the per farm net annual income has because Rs. 42554.

The percentage change in net agricultural income of all the sample farmers after improvement of seasonal waterlogged field at an aggregate level was 2041%.

The per farm additional employment of all sample farmers has been generated 63 days after improvement of seasonal waterlogged field.

V.9 Problem in Implementation of Waterlogged Area

There are different types of problems in the implementation of development programme of waterlogged area. The main problems are as follows:

(i) Selection of drain site (ii) Encroachment on Drainage land (iii) Lack of Co-operation and Co-ordination Between different Government Departments. (iv) Level of Platform of Bridge

- 106 - - 107 - (v) Doubling of Project Work (vi) Problems of Usarland (vii) Financial Problems (viii) Harassment of field workers (ix) Problems of farmers Level (x) Legal Problems (xi) Mid - Term transfer of Field Staff (xii) Lack of motivation among the field Staff

V.10 Recommendation for Policy Implication

(i) The District Drainage Division/ Flood Control Works Division should publish the plan and map of all the drainage of the district according to their importance on internet. It will help in preparation and implementation of drainage plan.

(ii) There should be provision in U.P. Soil and Water Conservation Act, 1963 that design of any construction of platform of bridges of railway, highway canals rivers drainage etc should be made in Consultation with District Drainage Division / Flood Control Division.

(iii) The officials and workers of Soil Conservation Department should be provided training for technical knowledge for implementation of drainage works at district level as well as state level. It was the practice in the beginning that the newly appointed officials and workers were provided training but this practice has now been abandoned.

(iv) The construction of drainage should be in such a way that there may not be hindrance in the efficient flow of water.

(v) The storage capacity of tanks and ponds should be increased by deepening their level.

(vi) Generally it is found that the rain water gets wasted. Proper rain water harvesting technique should be developed.

- 108 - (vii) The old drainages generally get blocked. These should be cleaned and new efficient drains should be constructed.

(viii) Small irrigation channels should be made along with seepage of canal water.

(ix) From the low land areas water should be pumped out in the channels.

(x) There should be frequent installation of shallow tube-wells and construction of sub surface drains for water re-charging.

(xi) For efficient and economical construction of drainage combined effort should be made for involving people participation for longer success.

(xii) For the efficient implementation of drainage projects, farmers should be involved in planning, designing and construction of sub surface drainage.

(xiii) Local knowledge, skill and local level technical knowledge has been the effective way for proper utilization of the drainage project.

(xiv) Need based technology for promoting fish farming and fish culture and Makhana, Singhara cultivation should also be adopted specially in waterlogged area.

(xv) While implementing the drainage projects, a single village criteria is not appropriate. Cluster village approach should be adopted in the light of actual condition of the waterlogged area.

(xvi) The fragmented waterlogged field of farmers is to polled as a unit on co- operative basis or on punchayat basis so that water could be pumped from low level in the banks and tanks of the villages.

(xvii) Appropriate compensation should be paid to the farmers for the land acquired for drainage, tanks and ponds.

(xviii) There should be regular dredging, desalting and cleaning of water tanks, ponds and waterlogged fields.

(xix) There should be a work plan to clean siltage of the rivers and streams of the districts. Because of siltage is main responsible for diversion of flow of water.

- 109 - (xx) For better development of all soil and water resource development programme it can be covered under National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGA).

V-11 Self-Generating Activities for Livelihood Sustenance

The permanent waterlogged areas can be utilized profitably with the introduction of following enterprises.

(1) Rice-Fish Farming There is good prospect of fish-culture and agriculture in areas where vast land remains perennially waterlogged. Training to farmers could be imparted for fish-culture and agricultural activities. The rice-fish farming system could generally generate year round employment in the farm and ensure high productivity and profitability besides assuring conservation of the ecosystem.

(2) Makhana-Fish Cultivation Makhana (Euryale Ferox Salisbury) is known as “Fox nut” of the oldest aquatic cash crop of North Bihar. It is said that this crop has a greater potential to survive the waterlogging conditions and also has a high nutritional value. It is easily and cheaply cultured in sailable standing pools. Fish like Clarius batrachus (major) Chana punctuates (Murrels) and Anabas testrrodinus (Koi) may be combine for Makhana Fish cultivation for better monetary prospects.

(3) Tree Cultivation Remedial measures usually employed to remove waterlogging consist of canal lining, provision of sub-soil and surface drains etc. However, there are expensive measures. A more dynamic way of reclaiming such areas could be to utilize the surplus water through forestation by planning suitable tree sapling (Eucalyptus). If the area is planted by the trees then it is quite feasible and possible that the planted saplings would absorb the water, utilize part of it for their growth and transpire the rest in atmosphere. The trees adapted to the soil condition if planted in sufficient numbers are capable of minimizing seepage in the long run.

- 110 - 4. Singhara Farming

Singhara is the most popular and demanded food item in non-grain in India. There are so many feasible in which the people have fast and take singhara as their mill. We can use singhara in making the Halawa, Namkin and others items. It comes in the category of fruits and has high nutrient content.

The State Government, NGOs, Local Village Panchayat and self-help groups can come forward to take-up the problem of waterlogging, which will increased productivity and reduce poverty. Agriculture being the primary source of livelihood, the worst victims of waterlogging is landowner belonging to different categories and share-croppers. Therefore, innovative technologies to nullify the effect of salinity and other concomitant factors would be of paramount significance in contributing to reduce the ill effects that lead to perpetuate poverty.

- 111 - References

1 Dubey Manish Agriculture and Water Management Cybertech Publication 4264/3, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110002

2 Kendall R.G Land Drainage, Faver and Faver Limited, 24 Russell Square Landon

3 Levin Richard I Statistics for Management, Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi-110002

4 Mahajan Gautam Ground Water Survey and Investigation, APH Publishing Corporation 5,Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110002

5 Sharma Indradev Water Management in Draught Prone Area, Deep and Deep Publication D-124 Rajauri Garden, New Delhi

6 Singh Promod Problems of Wasteland and Forest Ecology in India, Ashis Publishing House 8/81/ Panjabibag, New Delhi

7 White R.O. A Manual of Conservation of Soil and Water

Government Publications

Agricultural Statistics 2008, At a glance Directorate of Eco. & Statistics, Deptt. of Agriculture, Govt. of India, New Delhi.

Bhoomi Sena Yojna Takniki Nirdesika 2006-07. Bhoomi Shanrakshan Anubhag, Krishi Vibhag, Uttar Pradesh.

Pradesh Me Bhoomi Vikas Avam Jal Shanrakshan ki Kisan Samridhi / Hit Yojna (Karya Yojna) 2007-08 Krishi Vibhag, Uttar Pradesh.

Prakriti Sansadhan Vikas Bhomi Avam Jal Shanrakshan Karyakram, Krishi Vibhag Bhoomi Shanrakshan Anubhag, Krishi Bhavan, Lucknow.

- 112 -
Statistical Diary, Uttar Pradesh 2007 Economic & Statistics Division, State Planning Institute, Lucknow. (U.P)

Work Plan 2004-05, for Project on Ground Water Recharging & Reclamation of Waterlogged Area in U.P.

Report of AER Centre University of Allahabad, Allahabad

1. Building up an Efficient Marketing System to Obviate the Need for a Large Scale State Intervention (2003) Publication No. 169. 2. Evaluation of Usar (Sodic Lands) Reclamation Programme in Uttar Pradesh (2003) Publication No. 197. 3. Management of Social Forestry in U.P. (1985) Publication No 58. 4. Quick Evaluation of the Impact of NWDPRA Programme in U.P. (2000) Publication No.157.

- 113 - Appendix-1

Distribution of Waterlogged Area in U.P.

Eastern U.P. Name of the District Permanent Seasonal Total 1 Allahabad 23.19 15.65 38.84 2 Pratapgarh 19.90 32.20 32.10 3 Kausambi 4.22 2.01 6.23 4 St. Ravi Das Nagar 4.42 2.12 6.54 5 Mirzapur 0.00 0.00 0.00 6 Son Bhadra 0.00 0.00 0.00 7 Varansi 4.16 2.79 6.95 8 Jaunpur 7.97 21.96 29.93 9 Gazipur 21.00 10.44 31.44 10 Chandauli 7.59 0.20 7.79 11 Azamgarh 95.74 14.72 110.46 12 Mau 37.05 0.59 37.64 13 Balia 18.21 17.21 35.42 14 Gorakhpur 12.41 40.94 53.35 15 Maharajganj 00.00 6.08 6.08 16 Devria 4.52 1.04 5.56 17 Kushi Nagar 6.08 22.05 28.13 18 Basti 27.30 212.37 239.67 19 Sidharth Nagar 0.00 10.54 10.54 20 Bahraich 75.13 0.00 75.13 21 Srawasti 22 Faizabad 22.63 50.48 73.11 23 Ambedkarnagar 0.00 18.56 18.56 24 Gonda 21.00 0.00 21.80 25 St. Kabir Nagar 0.00 6.54 6.54 26 Sultanpur 62.91 4.06 66.97 27 Belrampur Bundelkhand Region 1 Banda 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 Chitrakoot 0.00 0.00 0.00 3 Hamirpur 0.00 0.00 0.00 4 Jaulaun 0.00 0.00 0.00 5 Jhansi 0.00 0.00 0.00 6 Lalitpur 0.00 0.00 0.00 7 Mahoba 0.00 0.00 0.00

- 114 - Central U.P. Name of the District Permanent Seasonal Total 1 Lucknow 0.00 36.21 36.21 2 Raibarelly 0.00 59.45 59.45 3 Unnaw 0.00 51.66 51.66 4 Sitapur 35.53 0.00 35.53 5 Hardoi 50.60 45.43 96.03 6 Shahjahanpur 17.74 0.45 19.19 7 Lukhimpur Kheri 123.22 10.32 133.54 8 Kanpur City 0.00 6.25 6.25 9 Kanpur Dehat 0.00 21.14 21.14 10 Auraia 0.00 9.95 9.95 11 Farrukhabad 0.00 102.94 102.94 12 Etawah 0.00 9.11 9.11 13 Mainpuri 0.00 6.68 6.68 14 Barabanki 42.01 0.00 42.01 15 Fetehpur 22.07 26.81 48.88 16 Kannauj 0.00 5.97 5.97

Western U.P. Name of the District Permanent Seasonal Total 1 Meerut 0.00 25.58 25.58 2 Gaziabad 16.93 4.02 20.95 3 Gautampuddha Nagar 2.04 0.92 2.96 4 Bagpat 0.00 0.00 0.00 5 Buland Shahar 1.92 2.13 4.05 6 Muzzaffar Nagar 0.00 0.00 0.00 7 Saharanpur 0.00 0.00 0.00 8 Agra 0.68 0.47 1.15 9 Alligarh 20.68 7.73 28.41 10 Firozabad 0.10 0.59 0.69 11 Etah 39.83 17.85 57.68 12 Mathura 12.05 3.11 15.16 13 Barelly 4.19 0.27 4.46 14 Badaun 5.81 3.70 9.51 15 Rampur 5.32 0.57 5.89 16 Mueadabad 0.00 0.00 0.00 17 Joitiba Phule Nagar 0.00 9.49 9.49 18 Biz Nore 0.00 1.82 1.82 19 Mahamaya Nagar 2.64 1.25 3.89 20 Pilibhit 4.24 0.17 4.41 Source: Water land Atlas of India (National Remote Sensing Agency Hedrabad) (2005)

- 115 - Appendex-2

State: Uttar Pradesh Annual rainfall (MM) 947.5 Net sown area (Lakh Ha.) 168.121 Net irrigation area (Lakh Ha.) 128.282 Gross irrigation area (Lakh Ha.) 182.198 Gross cropped area (Lakh Ha.) 254.468

District-Wise Information (Area in Lakh ha.) Sl.No District Normal Annual Net Sown Net Gross Gross Rainfall (MM) Area Irrigated Irrigated Cropped Area Area Area 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Saharanpur 949.030 2.737 2.485 3.744 4.267 2 Muzaffar Bagar 758.600 3.258 3.238 4.834 4.885 3 Meerut 720.200 2.009 1.918 3.119 3.120 4 Baghpat 720.200 1.106 1.102 1.746 1.747 5 Buland Sahar 673.500 2.865 2.502 4.785 4.792 6 Ghaziabad 720.200 1.459 1.395 2.266 2.276 7 Gautambudh nagar 719.700 1.388 1.209 1.610 1.611 8 Aligarh 662.800 3.013 2.940 4.151 5.049 9 Hathras 662.800 1.462 1.448 1.894 2.349 10 Mathura 591.400 2.696 2.664 3.242 4.239 11 Agra 655.500 2.873 2.364 2.513 4.182 12 Firozabad 655.500 1.811 1.766 2.083 2.878 13 Mainpuri 720.200 1.934 1.898 2.818 3.128 14 Etah 694.900 3.222 3.119 4.384 5.370 15 Bareli 1107.300 3.294 2.667 4.814 5.282 16 Badaun 821.200 4.151 3.865 5.030 6.799 17 Shajanpur 1019.500 3.638 3.567 5.516 6.045 18 Piliphit 1242.000 2.233 2.145 3.446 3.622 19 Bijnore 1108.300 3.419 2.848 3.788 4.473 20 Moradabad 944.300 3.179 2.506 4.723 5.427 21 J.P. nagar 944.300 1.707 1.650 2.235 2.668 22 Rampur 944.300 1.937 1.877 3.390 3.608 23 Farukhabad 795.400 1.534 1.314 1.680 2.278 24 Kannauj 795.400 1.464 1.293 1.669 2.373 25 Etawah 752.400 1.489 1.183 1.723 2.378 26 Auriya 752.400 1.393 1.093 1.731 2.260 27 Kanpur nagar 801.500 1.931 1.308 1.887 2.841

- 116 - 28 Kanpur Dehat 801.500 2.251 1.667 2.156 3.193 29 Fetehpur 903.600 2.953 1.875 2.769 4.179 30 Allahabad 975.900 3.474 2.435 3.922 5.262 31 Kausambi 975.900 1.268 0.849 1.133 1.822 32 Pratapgarh 977.900 2.346 1.948 2.840 3.449 33 Jhansi 879.100 3.432 1.969 1.992 4.139 34 Lalitpur 880.100 2.552 1.878 1.897 3.416 35 Jalaun 786.600 3.483 1.594 1.625 3.901 36 Hamirpur 850.400 2.991 1.014 1.052 3.329 37 Mahoba 850.700 2.362 1.013 1.031 2.641 38 Banda 945.500 3.483 1.125 1.680 4.232 39 Chittrakut 940.000 1.738 0.459 0.496 1.947 40 Varanasi 1056.400 1.139 0.992 1.300 1.551 41 Chandauli 1056.400 1.373 1.297 2.016 2.382 42 Ghazipur 1051.800 2.571 2.142 3.447 4.149 43 Jaunpur 997.900 2.979 2.579 3.500 4.506 44 Mirzapur 1134.100 2.194 1.339 1.999 3.199 45 Sonabhadra 1134.100 1.933 0.542 0.790 2.699 46 Sant ravidas nagar 1052.300 0.699 1.573 0.750 1.007 47 Azamgarh 1021.300 2.982 2.668 3.847 5.040 48 Mau 1021.300 1.272 1.142 1.521 2.070 49 Ballia 1013.100 2.155 1.773 2.356 3.461 50 Gorakhpur 1364.100 2.546 2.047 2.288 3.912 51 Maharaj ganj 1364.100 2.025 1.525 1.718 3.580 52 Deoria 1145.100 1.985 1.563 1.820 3.181 53 Kushi nagar 1145.100 2.201 1.712 2.420 3.349 54 Basti 1265.000 2.075 1.300 1.704 3.056 55 Sidharth nagar 1264.000 2.479 1.444 1.468 3.208 56 Sant Kabir nagar 1264.000 1.171 1.025 1.049 2.060 57 Lucknow 959.200 1.398 1.233 1.827 2.151 58 Unnao 840.800 2.966 2.614 3.555 4.554 59 Rai bareli 927.600 2.741 2.342 3.563 4.218 60 Sitapur 974.000 4.329 2.463 4.474 6.283 61 Hardoi 874.800 4.225 3.634 5.204 6.689 62 Kheri Lakhimpur 1068.700 4.792 3.233 5.157 7.185 63 Faizabad 1008.400 1.710 1.476 2.368 2.748 64 Ambedkar nagar 1088.900 1.650 1.548 2.709 2.844 65 Sultanpur 1000.700 2.862 2.126 3.086 4.395 66 Barabanki 1002.700 2.510 2.119 3.659 4.505 67 Gonda 1147.600 2.931 1.840 2.068 4.617 68 Balrampur 1149.900 2.102 0.824 0.986 3.205 69 Baharaich 1145.500 3.312 1.419 1.548 5.180 70 Shrabasti 1146.800 1.278 0.538 0.587 2.020 Total 66325.730 168.121 128.282 182.198 254.468 Source: Statistical Dairy, Economics and Statistic Division S. P.I., Uttar Pradesh

- 117 - Appendix –III

Comments on the Project Report

“Management of Waterlogged Areas in Uttar Pradesh” By Usha Tuteja

Subject of the report is relevant and extremely important for improving agricultural production in Uttar Pradesh. The following suggestions are offered to improve the report.

1. Research Methodology should include details of method and variables used for the calculation of loss incurred by the farmers before implementation of programme, net income, annual income and addition employment.

2. Please add the following in Tables:

Table I.2, (% of area reclaimed) Table I.4, (% of permanent and seasonal) Table I.7, (% of each component) Table I.8, (% of target achieved) Table II.2, (% of geographical area under each head) Table I.2 (% of marginal / small / agricultural labourers to total)

3. Please check the numbers used in the text from tables. 4. Sometimes you have used 1991 data, if possible update the data 5. Sources of data should be mentioned under each table. 6. References should be presented in the standard format and should include all the books / research papers / reports used for the analysis. 7. It would be useful to edit the report.

The report may be accepted after incorporating the above mentioned suggestions.

- 118 - Appendix –IV- Action Taken

Many thanks for your letter dated 03.08.2009 with regards to comments on “Management of Waterlogged Area in U.P.”

1. Date of Dispatch of the Draft Report- 29.06.2009 2. Date of received of Comments- 22.08.2009 3. Date of dispatch of Final Report- 31.10.2009

Point-wise action taken on the comments:

1. As per comments of designated Centre, AERC Delhi, the details of method and variables used for the calculation of loss incurred by the farmers before implementation of programme, net income, annual income and addition employment has been described under Research Methodology.

2. In Table –I-2, I-4, 1-7, I-8, Table-II-2 and II-5, the percentage have been calculated.

3. Numbers used in the text from tables has been checked and corrected accordingly.

4. As per comments, data have been updated.

5. Sources whenever possible of data have been mentioned under each table.

6. The References has been given in standard format.

7. As per your guidance the report has been edited.

- 119 - - 120 - Table-1.8

Physical and Financial Progress under Different Scheme of Soil and Water Conservation in Uttar Pradesh

(March 2007) Sl. No Soil Usar Ravine Waste & Barren Renovation of Waterlogged area Train- Total Conservation Development Development land Development Tanks/ Ponds Development ing etc. Division Physical Financial Physical Financial Physical Financial Physical Financial Physical Financial Physical Financial (Ha.) (Lac) (Ha.) (Lac) (Ha.) (Lac) (Ha.) (Lac) (Ha.) (Lac) (Ha.) (Lac) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 Meerut 0 0.00 5478 475.08 177 12.25 52 24.00 4343 126.00 23.37 10050 660.70 2 Agra 700 108.30 4695 454.50 30 1.70 34 16.90 2900 87.00 15.83 8359 684.23 3 Etawa 500 92.52 5015 525.85 135 12.37 72 36.00 2400 72.00 13.60 8122 752.34 4 Kanpur 1000 134.63 4259 410.79 695 60.55 49 24.00 2331 63.00 17.65 8334 710.62 5 Barreily 700 129.75 3139 300.25 550 37.00 104 52.00 3936 117.21 10.94 8429 647.15 6 Lucknow 1000 223.51 4298 382.47 305 30.05 56 27.97 2100 62.99 4.89 7759 731.88 7 Lucknow 400 71.11 8350 750.00 394 27.11 78 37.70 3280 95.93 13.03 12502 994.88 8 Jhansi 0 0.00 7253 504.82 84 10.32 10 5.00 0 0.00 3.65 7347 523.79 9 Jhansi 0 0.00 5951 457.18 96 8.64 26 13.00 0 0.00 8.32 6073 487.14 10 Banda 0 0.00 4977 476.53 60 3.40 0 0.00 0 0.00 9.95 5037 489.88 11 Mahoba 0 0.00 5374 444.64 65 8.02 0 0.00 0 0.00 9.98 5439 462.64 12 Faizabad 750 134.02 2543 167.55 210 18.40 73 36.00 7780 224.22 10.37 11356 590.56 13 Allahabad 150 28.98 4711 463.05 190 16.80 28 14.00 1800 54.00 9.77 6879 586.60 14 Varanasi 500 131.74 9873 1006.54 165 11.35 52 26.00 7200 216.00 9.81 17790 1401.44 15 Gorakhpur 300 62.63 2110 182.00 505 39.55 74 35.00 18179 543.30 11.76 21168 874.24 16 Ajamgarh 700 171.31 2330 243.25 240 21.20 52 26.00 7200 211.10 2.71 10522 675.57 17 Main Branch 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 83.24 0 83.24 Total 6700 1288.50 80356 7257.80 3901 303.34 760 373.57 63449 1872.75 260.73 155166 11356.69 Source: Soil Conservation Division Deptt. of Agriculture, Krishi Bavan, Lucknow

121 Table-1.8-A Percentage of Physical and Financial Progress under Different Scheme of Soil and Water Conservation in Uttar Pradesh (March 2007) Sl. No Soil Usar Ravine Waste & Barren Renovation of Waterlogged area Train- Total Conservation Development Development land Development Tanks/ Ponds Development ing etc. Division Physical Financial Physical Financial Physical Financial Physical Financial Physical Financial Physical Financial (Ha.) (Lac) (Ha.) (Lac) (Ha.) (Lac) (Ha.) (Lac) (Ha.) (Lac) (Ha.) (Lac) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 Meerut - - 54.50 71.91 1.76 1.85 0.52 3.63 43.22 19.07 3.54 100.00 100.00 2 Agra 8.37 15.83 56.17 66.43 0.36 0.25 0.41 2.47 34.69 12.71 2.31 100.00 100.00 3 Etawa 6.16 12.30 61.75 69.90 1.65 1.64 0.88 4.79 29.55 9.57 1.80 100.00 100.00 4 Kanpur 12.00 18.95 51.10 57.81 8.34 8.52 0.59 3.38 27.97 8.86 2.48 100.00 100.00 5 Barreily 8.30 20.05 37.24 46.40 6.53 5.72 1.23 8.03 46.70 18.11 1.69 100.00 100.00 6 Lucknow 12.89 30.54 55.39 52.26 3.93 4.10 0.72 3.82 27.07 8.61 0.67 100.00 100.00 7 Lucknow 3.20 7.15 66.79 75.39 3.15 2.72 0.62 3.79 26.24 9.64 1.31 100.00 100.00 8 Jhansi - - 98.72 96.38 1.14 1.97 0.14 0.95 - - 0.70 100.00 100.00 9 Jhansi - - 97.99 93.85 1.58 1.77 0.43 2.67 - - 1.71 100.00 100.00 10 Banda - - 98.81 97.27 1.19 0.70 - - - - 2.03 100.00 100.00 11 Mahoba - - 98.80 96.11 1.20 1.73 - - - - 2.16 100.00 100.00 12 Faizabad 6.60 22.69 22.40 28.37 1.85 3.12 0.64 6.10 68.51 37.97 1.75 100.00 100.00 13 Allahabad 2.18 4.94 68.48 78.94 2.76 2.86 0.41 2.39 26.17 9.21 1.66 100.00 100.00 14 Varanasi 2.81 9.40 55.50 71.82 0.93 0.81 0.29 1.86 40.47 15.41 0.70 100.00 100.00 15 Gorakhpur 1.42 7.16 9.97 20.82 2.38 4.52 0.35 4.00 66.98 62.15 1.35 100.00 100.00 16 Ajamgarh 6.65 25.36 22.14 36.00 2.28 3.14 0.50 3.85 68.43 31.25 0.40 100.00 100.00 17 Main Branch ------100.00 100.00 100.00 Total 4.32 11.35 54.79 63.91 2.51 2.67 0.49 3.29 40.89 16.49 2.30 100.00 100.00

122 Table III-32 Per Hectare Net Income from Agriculture on Sample Farms (in Rs) Size Etah District Lakhimpur Kheri District Basti District Selected Districts group Before After Diffe- Before After Diffe- Before After Diffe- Before After Diffe- rence rence rence rence Marginal 7489 9224 1735 8885 9814 929 8717 9389 672 8381 9549 1168

(10390) (13231) (2841) (12323) (14983) (2660) (120.30) (14295) (2265) (11602) (14164) (2562)

Small 7816 8738 922 6338 7619 1221 9591 9563 -28 7858 8643 785

(24133) (27925) (3792) (18477) (23942) (5465) (27292) (30129) (2837) (23170) (27238) (4068)

Medium 8375 8958 583 8945 10928 1983 9764 10851 1087 8949 10175 1226

(47006) (53638) (1012) (38420) (51580) (13160) (49717) (58775) (9058) (44106) (54056) (9950)

Large 8245 9314 1069 9938 11814 1876 10181 10667 486 9174 10373 1199

(84200) (102235) (18025) (54538) (66750) (12212) (106900) (120800) (13900) (96094) (114688) (18594)

Total 8060 9045 985 8312 9875 1563 9551 10062 511 8581 9664 1083

(29218) (34620) (5403) (25685) (32970) (7285) (27005) (31043) (4038) (27303) (32875) (5572)

N.B. Figures in brackets are per farm income.

123 Table V-3 Per Hectare Net Income from Agriculture on Sample Farms (in Rs) Size Etah District Lakhimpur Kheri District Basti District Selected Districts group Before After Diffe- Before After Diffe- Before After Diffe- Before After Diffe- rence rence rence rence Marginal 7489 9224 1735 8885 9814 929 8717 9389 672 8381 9549 1168

(10390) (13231) (2841) (12323) (14983) (2660) (120.30) (14295) (2265) (11602) (14164) (2562)

Small 7816 8738 922 6338 7619 1221 9591 9563 -28 7858 8643 785

(24133) (27925) (3792) (18477) (23942) (5465) (27292) (30129) (2837) (23170) (27238) (4068)

Medium 8375 8958 583 8945 10928 1983 9764 10851 1087 8949 10175 1226

(47006) (53638) (1012) (38420) (51580) (13160) (49717) (58775) (9058) (44106) (54056) (9950)

Large 8245 9314 1069 9938 11814 1876 10181 10667 486 9174 10373 1199

(84200) (102235) (18025) (54538) (66750) (12212) (106900) (120800) (13900) (96094) (114688) (18594)

Total 8060 9045 985 8312 9875 1563 9551 10062 511 8581 9664 1083

(29218) (34620) (5403) (25685) (32970) (7285) (27005) (31043) (4038) (27303) (32875) (5572)

N.B. Figures in brackets are per farm income.

124 125

Study no. 128 Publication No. 175

Management of Waterlogged Areas in Uttar Pradesh

Prof. P.N. Mehrotra Shri Ramji Pandey

2009

AgroAgro----EconomicEconomic Research Centre University of Allahabad AllahabadAllahabad----211002211002 Executive Summary

The Situation:

In the present context of ever growing population in the state and additional demand of food grains, there is urgent need to increase agricultural production. Agricultural production in the state has remained stagnant in past few years inspite of regular efforts by the state Government. Due to the pressure of population, every year nearly 25 to 30 thousand hectares of agricultural land is diverted for non-agricultural uses in this state. Under such situation, there is urgent need to develop the problematic land and bring it under profitable cultivation in order to supply the increasing demand of foodgrains.

Despite regular efforts of the State Government, still 55.73 lac hectares of land is problematic and uncultivable due to regular soil erosion, expansion of ravines, usar, salinity / alkalinity of soil, waterlogging and decreasing underground water table. The soil conservation division of state agriculture department is assigned the responsibility of developing the problematic land and bringing it under cultivation.

The Study: The Agro-Economic Research Centre, Allahabad initiated and conducted a study entitled “Management of Waterlogged Area in Uttar Pradesh”

Extent of Waterlogging:

The National Commission on Agriculture assessed in 1976 that an area of about 6.0 million hectare was waterlogged in the country. Out of this, an area of 3.4 million hectare was estimated to be suffering from surface water stagnation and 2.6 million hectare through rise in water table. The Ministry of Agriculture estimated in 1984-85 that an area of 8.53 million hectare was suffering from the problem of waterlogging. Ministry of Water Resources estimated in 1991 that an area of 2.46 million hectare was suffering

- 1 - from the problem of waterlogging under irrigation commands. Table-1 shows the state wise break-up of waterlogging.

Table -1 State-wise Area Affected by Waterlogging in India

State Area affected by Waterlogged areas Area Estimated by the waterlogging (both irrigated and Working Group of (both irrigated and unirrigated areas) MowR-1991 unirrigated) (National (Ministry of (under irrigated Commission Agriculture 1984-85) commands) Agriculture 1976) Andhra Pradesh 3.39 3.39 2.66 Assam N.R. 4.50 N.R. Bihar 1.17 7.07 6.20 Gujarat 4.84 4.84 1.72 Haryana 6.20 6.20 2.49 Jammu & Kashmir 0.10 0.10 0.01 Karnataka 0.10 0.10 0.24 Kerala 0.61 0.61 0.12 Madhya Pradesh 0.57 0.57 0.73 Maharashtra 1.11 1.11 0.15 Orissa 0.60 0.60 1.96 Punjab 10.90 10.90 2.00 Rajasthan 3.48 3.48 1.80 Tamil Nadu 0.18 0.18 0.16 Uttar Pradesh 8.10 19.80 4.30 West Bengal 18.50 21.80 N.R. Delhi 0.01 0.01 N.R. Total (Lakh Ha) 59.86 85.26 24.56 Total (Million Ha) 6.0 8.53 2.46 N.R. Not Reported.

Due to diversity of climate, temperature and rainfall in this state, there has been considerable degradation of land resources by soil erosion, barren, khadds, usar khadens and waterlogging. Out of the total geographical area of 242.01 lac hectares, nearly 120.44 lac hectares is problematic area. The Table-2 presents the details of this area in Utter Pradesh.

- 2 - Table -2 Total Problematic Area, Treated Area and Remaining Area for Treatment (Area in Ha.) Sl.No. Type of Problem Total Area Treated Area Remaining Area for (upto March 2006) Treatment (1.4.2006) 1 Soil Erosion 73.53 48.29 25.24 2 Barren & Khads 12.30 4.35 7.95 3 Usar 11.51 5.88 5.63 4 Khaddar 15.00 1.52 13.48 5 Waterlogging 8.10 0.95 7.15 Total 120.44 60.99 59.45 Source: Eleventh Five Year Plan

Factor Causing of Waterlogging:

Main factors responsible for waterlogging are:

(a) Rainfall (b) Flooding by rivers

Objectives of the Study:

The study is proposed with the following objectives:

1. To examine the extent of water logged area. 2. To analyze the impact of development of waterlogged areas. 3. To suggest a feasible strategy for the development of waterlogged areas.

Methodology:

Three districts namely Etah from Western Economic Zone, Lakhimpur Kheri from Central Economic Zone and Basti from Eastern Economic Zone of the state were selected for this study on the basis of highest waterlogged area in the respective zones. From each district two tehsils having maximum waterlogged area were chosen. Further, from each tehsil, two villages having maximum waterlogged were selected in consultation with local officials. From each of the selected village, 10 farmers were randomly chosen from size-group, i.e. marginal, small, medium and large with

- 3 - probability proportion of farmers in each size-group. Thus, in all, 120 sample farmers form the basis of this study.

Profile of Selected of Districts:

With a population (2001) of 166198 thousand, U.P. is the most populated state in the country. The geographical area of this state is 240928 km 2 (2001). Thus, population density is very high at 690 person per km 2 . The proportion of females per 1000 males is 898. The sex ratio is in favour of males. During the period 1991-2001 the percentage growth of population accounts 25.85%. Birth rate during 2005 in the state was 30 per thousand while the death rate during the same period was 9. More than 8.5% of the population in rural land distribution is very uneven. Nearly 77% and agricultural holding are less than one hectare with 37% of the total cultivated area of the state, about 14% of the operational holdings are in the size class of 1-2 hectares having 24.3% of the cultivated area. 6.59% of the operational holdings are in the size group of 2-4 hectares with 21.7% of the operational area. The remaining 2.3% holdings are above 4 hectare with an area of nearly 17%, the average size of holding accounts for nearly 1.80 hectares. Further, about 55% of state’s income comes from agricultural sector. Per capita income in 2006-07 was Rs 14685 at current prices and Rs. 11189 at 1993-94 prices. About 30% of state’s population consists of working force indicating a very high dependency ratio.

Basti district is densely populated followed by Etah and Lakhimpur Kheri. There were 776 persons per km 2, while it is only 690 persons per km 2 for the State. Majority of the holding are marginal ,i.e., below one hectare in size. The details of per capita income, number of Tahsils community Development Block, Villages and towns is provided. The per capita income in district Lakhimpur kheri was Rs. 6248 which is more than state per capita income of Rs. 6138.

Lakhimpur Kheri district has highest per capita net income (2004-05) of Rs. 6248 followed by Etah district (Rs.6025) and Basti district has lowest per capita net income of Rs. 3876, while state average is Rs 6138. Etah district has 5 Tehsils, 15 CD blocks, 1517 villages and 19 towns while in Basti district there are 4 tehsild, 14 CD blocks, 3156

- 4 - villages and 2 towns. Lakhimpur Kheri district has 6 tehsils, 15 CD blocks, 1709 villages and 10 towns.

Out of 120 sample farmers 70% are in the category of other backward castes while 17.50% sample households are from the category of schedule caste and schedules tribes. The remaining 12.50% belong to general category. One third of sample farmers in the general category are marginal farmers while in SC/ST more than half sample farmers belong to this size group.

Population of the selected households are dominated by male population (4146%) at the aggregate level. In all size groups marginal farmers 42% small farmers 42.73% medium 37.72% and large 44.12% .

Nearly one third (34.17%) of the sample farmers were illiterate, 21.66% farmers possessed up to primary level. 20% up to matrict 16.67% up to secondary level and remaining 7.50% were graduate. None of the families of selected households were illiterate. At the aggregate level, a maximum of 32.50% of the selected households have primary level of education as the highest level of education in the families.

The workers are divided into two categories i.e. full time workers and part time workers. Out of total population of 755 more than half (54.31%) were non-workers. The population of full time worker accounts for 27.48% and part time workers were 8.21%.

Sample farmers are following a combination of occupations like agriculture with dairy or agricultural labour, non-agricultural with business or service, dairy with service, agriculture and non-agricultural labour.

The live-stock includes the milch animals, draught animals, young stocks and animals like goat and sheep. At the aggregate level, the per farm value of live stocks possessed by sample farmers accounts for Rs. 33472.

- 5 - Main Findings:

The entire operated land of sample farmers of three districts is fully irrigated and under cultivation.

The average size of holdings of all the sample farmers is 1.69 hectare. The average size of holdings of marginal farmers is 0.66 hectare and average size of land for small, medium and large farmer are 1.46, 3.02 and 5.39 respectively.

Leased in systems is prevalent in Lakhimpur Kheri and Basti district. There is no system of leased out on sample farms of all the three districts.

Total waterlogged area of all the sample farmers is 57.75 hectares which is 27.52% of total owned area. Seasonal waterlogged area is 80.87% of waterlogged area.

Paddy and wheat crops are dominant crops in all the selected districts.

Owned tubewells, hired tubewells and canal are main source of irrigation. Among the sources of irrigation owned tubewell cover 69.12% of total irrigated land.

Before implementation of the programme, the level of water during May-June in permanent waterlogged field of the sample farmers varied from 4-14 cm, while after development of waterlogged area is raised to 8-18 cm.

After implementation of the programme for improving waterlogged area, the area under paddy has increased from 104.85 hectares to 133.35 hectares while area under wheat has increased from 114.20 hectare to 117.75 hectares.

At aggregate level 20.65 hectares of agricultural operational holdings of the sample farmers is waterlogged and the estimated loss accounts for Rs. 25020 or nearly Rs. 1211.62 per hectare (seed, cultivation labour etc.)

Before implementation of the programme, the sample farmers devoted 43.78%of the total gross cropped area under kharif 46.29% are under Rabi crops and the remaining 9.93% under zaid crops. After the programme 47.33% of the gross cropped area has been devoted to kharif crops while 43.30% to Rabi crops and the remaining 9.23% to zaid crops. The gross cropped area has increased 38181 hectare to 408.20 hectares.

- 6 -
At the aggregate level the cropping intensity before the improvement of waterlogged area was 197.6% has increased to 211.51%. In different size group of operational holdings it varied from the minimum of 203.51% in medium size group to the maximum of 225.48% in marginal size group.

The per hectare net agricultural income of all the sample farmers at an aggregate level has varied from Rs. 7858 to Rs 9174 before improvement of seasonal waterlogged field. After improvement of seasonal waterlogged fields of the sample farmers the per hectare net agricultural income varied from Rs. 8643 to Rs.10573. The per farm net agricultural income of all the sample farmers at an aggregate level has varied from Rs. 11602 to Rs. 96094 before improvement of seasonal waterlogged fields. After improvement of seasonal waterlogged fields of the sample farmers the per farm net agriculture income has varied from Rs. 14164 to Rs. 114688. Table –V-3.

The per farm net annual income from various sources at an aggregate level was Rs. 36567 before implement of seasonal waterlogged field, while after improvement of seasonal waterlogged field, the per farm net annual income has because Rs. 42554.

The percentage change in net agricultural income of all the sample farmers after improvement of seasonal waterlogged field at an aggregate level was 2041%.

The per farm additional employment of all sample farmers has been generated 63 days after improvement of seasonal waterlogged field.

Problem in Implementation of Waterlogged Area

There are different types of problems in the implementation of development programme of waterlogged area. The main problems are as follows:

(j) Selection of drain site (v) Encroachment on Drainage land (vi) Lack of Co-operation and Co-ordination between different Government Departments. (vii) Level of Platform of Bridge

- 7 - - 8 -

(viii) Doubling of Project Work (ix) Problems of Usarland (x) Financial Problems (xi) Harassment of field workers (xii) Problems of farmers Level (x) Legal Problems (xi) Mid - Term transfer of Field Staff (xii) Lack of motivation among the field Staff

Recommendation for Policy Implication

(i) The District Drainage Division/ Flood Control Works Division should publish the plan and map of all the drainage of the district according to their importance on internet. It will help in preparation and implementation of drainage plan.

(xxi) There should be provision in U.P. Soil and Water Conservation Act, 1963 that design of any construction of platform of bridges of railway, highway canals rivers drainage etc should made in Consultation Unites, District Drainage Division / Flood Control Division.

(xxii) The officials and workers of Soil Conservation Department should be provided training for technical knowledge for implementation of drainage works at district level as well as state level. It was practice in the beginning that the newly appointed officials and workers were provided training but this practice has now been abandoned.

(xxiii) The construction of drainage should be in such a way that there may not be hindrance in the efficient flow of water.

(xxiv) The storage capacity of tanks and ponds should be increased by deepening their level.

- 9 - (xxv) Generally it is found that the rain water gets wasted. Proper rain water harvesting technique should be developed.

(xxvi) The old drainages generally get blocked. These should be cleaned and new efficient drains should be constructed.

(xxvii) Small irrigation channels should be made along with seepage of canal water.

(xxviii)From the low land areas water should be pumped out in the channels.

(xxix) There should be frequent installation of shallow tube-wells and construction of sub surface drains for water re-charging.

(xxx) For efficient and economical construction of drainage combined effort should be made for involving people participation for longer success.

(xxxi) For the efficient implementation of drainage projects, farmers should be involved in planning, designing and construction of sub surface drainage.

(xxxii) Local knowledge, skill and local level technical knowledge has been the effective way for proper utilization of the drainage project.

(xxxiii)Need based technology for promoting fish farming and fish culture and Makhana, Singhara cultivation should also be adopted specially in waterlogged area.

(xxxiv) While implementing the drainage projects, a single village criteria is not appropriate. Cluster village approach should be adopted in the light of actual condition of the waterlogged area.

(xxxv) The fragmented waterlogged field of farmers is to polled as a unit on co- operative basis or on punchayat basis so that water could be pumped from low level in the banks and tanks of the villages.

(xxxvi) Appropriate compensation should be paid to the farmers for the land acquired for drainage, tanks and ponds.

(xxxvii) There should be regular drudging, desalting and cleaning of water tanks, ponds and waterlogged fields.

- 10 - (xxxviii) There should be a work plan to clean siltage of the rivers and streams of the districts. Because of siltage is main responsible for diversion of flow of water.

(xxxix) For better development of all soil and water resource development programme it can be covered under National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS).

Self-Generating Activities for Livelihood Sustenance

The permanent waterlogged areas can be utilized profitably with the introduction of following enterprises.

(1) Rice-Fish Farming There is good prospect of fish-culture and agriculture in areas where vast land remains perennially waterlogged. Training to farmers could be imparted for fish-culture and agricultural activities. The rice-fish farming system could generally generate year round employment in the farm and ensure high productivity and profitability besides assuring conservation of the ecosystem.

(2) Makhana-Fish Cultivation Makhana (Euryale Ferox Salisbury) is known as “Fox nut” of the oldest aquatic cash crop of North Bihar. It is said that this crop has a greater potential to survive the waterlogging conditions and also has a high nutritional value. It is easily and cheaply cultured in sailable standing pools. Fish like Clarius batrachus (major) Chana punctuates (Murrels) and Anabas testrrodinus (Koi) may be combine for Makhana Fish cultivation for better monetary prospects.

(3) Tree Cultivation Remedial measures usually employed to remove waterlogging consist of canal lining, provision of sub-soil and surface drains etc. However, there are expensive measures. A more dynamic way of reclaiming such areas could be to utilize the surplus water through forestation by planning suitable tree sapling (Eucalyptus). If the area is planted by the trees then it is quite feasible and possible that the planted saplings would

- 11 - absorb the water, utilize part of it for their growth and transpire the rest in atmosphere. The trees adapted to the soil condition if planted in sufficient numbers are capable of minimizing seepage in the long run.

(4). Singhara Farming Singhara is the most popular and demanded food item in non-grain in India. There are so many feasible in which the people have fast and take singhara as their mill. We can use singhara in making the Halawa, Namkin and others items. It comes in the categories of fruits. Singhara is very much nutrition for the health.

The State Government, NGOs, Local Village Panchayat and self-help Groups can come forward to take the problem of waterlogging, increase productivity and remove poverty. Agriculture being the primary source of livelihood, the worst victims of waterlogging is landowner belonging to different categories and share-croppers. Therefore, the innovative technologies to nullify the effect of salinity and other concomitant factors would be of paramount significance in contributing to decrease the effect that leads to poverty.

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