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Unit 3 Types of Fuels and Their Characteristics
Types of Fuels and UNIT 3 TYPES OF FUELS AND THEIR their Characteristics CHARACTERISTICS Structure 3.1 Introduction Objectives 3.2 Principles of Classification of Fuels 3.3 Solid Fuels and their Characteristics 3.3.1 Woods and their Characteristics 3.3.2 Coals and their Characteristics 3.3.3 Manufactured Solid Fuels and their Characteristics 3.4 Liquid Fuels and their Characteristics 3.4.1 Petroleum and its Characteristics 3.4.2 Manufactured Liquid Fuels and their Characteristics 3.5 Gaseous Fuels and their Characteristics 3.5.1 Natural Gas and its Characteristics 3.5.2 Manufactured Gases and their Characteristics 3.6 Summary 3.7 Key Words 3.8 Answers to SAQs 3.1 INTRODUCTION Fuel is a substance which, when burnt, i.e. on coming in contact and reacting with oxygen or air, produces heat. Thus, the substances classified as fuel must necessarily contain one or several of the combustible elements : carbon, hydrogen, sulphur, etc. In the process of combustion, the chemical energy of fuel is converted into heat energy. To utilize the energy of fuel in most usable form, it is required to transform the fuel from its one state to another, i.e. from solid to liquid or gaseous state, liquid to gaseous state, or from its chemical energy to some other form of energy via single or many stages. In this way, the energy of fuels can be utilized more effectively and efficiently for various purposes. Objectives After studying this unit, you should be able to • describe the classification of fuels, • explain the various types of fuels and their characteristics, and • know their applications in various fields. -
Boston Tritan Bottle a Stylish Two Toned Matt/Gloss Black PP Lid with a Subtle Colour Element
06001A Boston Tritan Bottle A stylish two toned matt/gloss black PP lid with a subtle colour element. Features a screw top cap that is attached to the bottle so it won’t get misplaced and has a circular nozzle for comfortable drinking. What’s more the lid has a useful grip handle moulded to it and is BPA free. Dimensions: 70mm x 230mm x 70mm Print Area: Wrap Around - 222mmW x 130mmH. 50 £4.81 100 £4.65 250 £4.51 #$%&'(')*+,-./*0 !" !"#$%%&%'('$)*&+,-.$%&-".#/)$&0"$&.0#0/,&+,-"'&-"&0"$&+0%-'-0"1&2,-3-"('-0"&(")&(,'40,5&$6',(1 !"#$%%&%'('$)*&+,-.$%&-".#/)$&0"$&.0#0/,&+,-"'&-"&0"$&+0%-'-0"1&2,-3-"('-0"&(")&(,'40,5&$6',(1 6 ENVOY 2020 - Mugs & Drinkware.indd 60 13/07/2020 14:51 !"#$%&% '()*+,-(. 06101A Vegas Tritan Water Bottle With Handle The Vegas offers a superior, TritanTM plastic water bottle with transparent body to easily track your water levels and will support any colour of logo. The distinctive, semi-transparent lid covers the free flowing drinking spout to ensure hygiene is maintained and comes with a removable matching handle. Dimensions: 70mm x 240mm x 70mm Print Area: Wrap Around - 222mmW x 130mmH. 50 £4.81 100 £4.65 250 £4.51 !" !"#$%%&%'('$)*&+,-.$%&-".#/)$&0"$&.0#0/,&+,-"'&-"&0"$&+0%-'-0"1&2,-3-"('-0"&(")&(,'40,5&$6',(1 !"#$%%&%'('$)*&+,-.$%&-".#/)$&0"$&.0#0/,&+,-"'&-"&0"$&+0%-'-0"1&2,-3-"('-0"&(")&(,'40,5&$6',(1 6 ENVOY 2020 - Mugs & Drinkware.indd 61 13/07/2020 14:51 !"#$%&% '()*+,-(. 06201A 06202A Benidorm Fisolo 500ml Glass bottle, with screw cap made of Bottle with silver coloured top. natural bamboo wood. -
Solid Fuels and Firelighting Products
Nordic Ecolabelling of Solid fuels and firelighting products Version 3.2 • 06 March 2017 - 31 March 2024 Nordic Ecolabelling Content What is a Nordic Swan Ecolabelled solid fuel or firelighting product? 4 Why choose The Nordic Swan Ecolabel? 4 What can carry The Nordic Swan Ecolabel? 4 How to apply 5 1 Production and product description 6 2 Resources 6 2.1 Wood 8 2.2 Solid and liquid renewable raw materials other than wood in barbecue charcoal/briquettes and firelighting products and the tree species (salix/poplar/hybrid asp) grown as energy forest on arable land 10 2.3 Requirements for working conditions in the production of barbeque charcoal/briquettes 11 2.4 Chemicals 12 3 Energy consumption 14 4 Use and quality requirements 16 5 Quality and official requirements 20 Regulations for the Nordic Ecolabelling of products 22 Follow-up inspections 22 History of the criteria 22 New criteria 22 Terms and definitions 23 Appendix 1 Description of the solid fuel, material composition and production Appendix 2 Definition, class and type of raw materials Appendix 3 Declaration of tree species not permitted to be used in Nordic Ecolabelled products Appendix 4 Traceability and verification of renewable raw materials in barbecue charcoal/-briquettes and firelighting products and the tree species (salix/poplar/hybrid asp) grown as energy forest on arable land Appendix 5 Declaration for chemical products used in the manufacture of solid fuels or firelighting products Appendix 6 Declaration for constituent substances in chemical products Appendix 7 Reference values for the energy content of fuels Appendix 8 Analysis and test laboratories Appendix 9 Declaration of compliance with quality specifications for firewood O87 Solid fuels and firelighting products, version 3.2, 26 January 2021 This document is a translation of an original in Danish. -
Outline of Solid Fuel Manufacturing
Technical Information Sheet 1. Name of technology Biomass Waste Fuel (BWF) Manufacturing Technology Complete recycling of waste oil (waste ink, waste paint, etc.) which has been considered difficult for recycling and simply incinerated. 2. Type of technology A patented original treatment system (Patent No. 5078628) to manufacture BWF as an alternative fuel to coal 3. Description of technology [Objective and application of technology] Our original treatment method and facilities enable waste oil, for which incineration has been the only treatment method, to be recycled to BWF with higher combustion efficiency than coal and thereby contributing to the reduction in environmental impact by accelerating the recycling of various kinds of waste. In particular, BWF for cement factories enables combustion residue from incineration plants and oil mud from oil-water separation plants to be fully recycled, provided that BWF is used in appropriate plants with facilities for burning general coal. In our BWF manufacturing process, we receive materials after carrying out preliminarily sample inspections for thoroughly confirming material composition (to eliminate substances with hazardous properties such as heavy metal contamination). Also, we treat the materials using a reliable safety management system including special fire prevention equipment such as a nitrogen generating devices and sprinklers with twice the capacity generally required. Outline of solid fuel manufacturing Animal and plant Combustion Waste oil Waste plastic Slag Smoke dust Tonner -
Form SFCT1 SOLID FUEL CARBON TAX (SFCT) RETURN & DECLARATION Supplier’S Name Tax Reference No
This form should only be used for accounting periods from 1 May 2021 to 30 April 2022 Form SFCT1 SOLID FUEL CARBON TAX (SFCT) RETURN & DECLARATION Supplier’s Name Tax Reference No. Address (include Eircode) Accounting Period From DDMMYYYY To DDMMYYYY (see Note 1) Part A Declaration of tax-free and fully relieved supplies of solid fuel (One tonne equals 1,000 kilograms) Coal Peat briquettes Milled peat Other peat Purpose of supply Tonnes (one Tonnes (one Tonnes (one Tonnes (one decimal place) decimal place) decimal place) decimal place Electricity generation (excluding CHP cogeneration) (see Notes 2 & 3) Use by a Greenhouse Gas Not (GHG) emissions permit Applicable holder (see Note 4) Use as a raw material (see Note 5) First supply outside the State Part B Summary of taxable supplies (including self-supplies) of solid fuel and tax payable (see Note 6) (One tonne equals 1,000 kilograms) Tonnes Rate Description of solid fuel Tax Payable (one decimal place) € / tonne Coal for use by a GHG emissions 4.18 € permit holder (see Note 4) 0 to <30% Biomass 88.23 € Coal (see Note 7) 30% to <50% Biomass 61.76 € Biomass 50% or over 44.12 € 0 to <30% Biomass 61.42 € Peat briquettes 30% to <50% Biomass 42.99 € (see Note 7) Biomass 50% or over 30.71 € Milled peat 30.44 € Other peat (see Note 8) 45.65 € Total Tax Payable € 1 RPC014952_EN_WB_L_1 This form should only be used for accounting periods from 1 May 2021 to 30 April 2022 Part C DECLARATION I declare, in accordance with the law* governing SFCT, that: • the details on page 1 of this form represent -
Combustion of Solid Fuels and Indoor Air Quality in Primarily Developing Countries
1791 Tullie Circle, NE. Atlanta, Georgia 30329-2305, USA www.ashrae.org ASHRAE Position Document on COMBUSTION OF SOLID FUELS AND INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN PRIMARILY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Approved by ASHRAE Board of Directors October 3, 2016 Reaffirmed by ASHRAE Technology Council June 26, 2019 Expires June 26, 2022 ASHRAE S H A P I N G T O M O R R O W ’ S B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T T O D A Y COMMITTEE ROSTER The ASHRAE Position Document on “Combustion of Solid Fuels and Indoor Air Quality in Primarily Developing Countries” was developed by the Society’s Combustion of Solid Fuels and Indoor Air Quality in Primarily Developing Countries Position Document Committee formed on September 16, 2013 with Paul Francisco as its chair. Paul W. Francisco, Chair Kirk R. Smith University of Illinois University of California Champaign, IL, USA Berkeley, CA, USA Jill Baumgartner Dean Still McGill University Aprovecho Research Center Montreal, QC, Canada Cottage Grove, OR, USA Chandra Sekhar National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore Cognizant Committees The chairperson of Environmental Health Committee also served as ex-officio members. Zuraimi Sultan, Ex-Officio Cognizant Committee Chair Environmental Health Committee National Research Council Canada Ottawa, ON, Canada ii HISTORY of REVISION / REAFFIRMATION / WITHDRAWAL DATES The following summarizes the revision, reaffirmation or withdrawal dates 10/03/2016 —BOD approves Position Document titled Combustion of Solid Fuels and Indoor Air Quality in Primarily Developing Countries 6/26/2019—Technology Council approves reaffirmation of Position Document titled Combustion of Solid Fuels and Indoor Air Quality in Primarily Developing Countries Note: Technology Council and the cognizant committee recommend revision, reaffirmation or withdrawal every 30 months. -
Health Problems and Burning Indoor Fuels
American Thoracic Society PUBLIC HEALTH | INFORMATION SERIES Health Problems and Burning Indoor Fuels Household air pollution means that the quality of the air inside your home is not healthy. There are a number of things that can pollute the air indoors. A common source of indoor air pollution worldwide is the fuel used for cooking and heating. When these fuels are burned, the process can cause pollution inside the home, particularly if there is not good outdoor air exchange (ventilation). This fact sheet focuses on air pollution caused by burning fuels in the home. How does burning fuel cause pollution in the home? What lung problems can indoor pollution from Burning of fuels inside homes generates a complex mixture burning fuels cause? of indoor air pollutants. The key air pollutants include soot Household air pollution is harmful to people of all ages, and and other small particles (called particulate matter) that can may start having a harmful impact on lung function soon be breathed in and damage the lungs. Liquefied petroleum after birth or even before a baby is born. The most common gas, natural gas, ethanol, and electricity are considered clean lung problem from household air pollution in adults is chronic fuels, but not all clean fuels are equal. Some studies find that bronchitis, a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cooking with gas stoves, particularly if they are unvented, (COPD). Regular exposure to indoor air pollution can increase may increase indoor levels of nitrogen dioxide, causing air the risk for asthma, tuberculosis, interstitial lung diseases, pollution. heart disease, and lung cancer. -
Diving Into the Flexible Packaging Market
PUBLISHED NOVEMBER 2015 BAGS& POUCHES: Diving into the flexible packaging market SPONSORED BY: BAGS&POUCHES: Diving into the flexible packaging market WELCOME TO OUR FIRST eBOOK elcome to Packaging Strategies’ first eBook focusing on the flexible packaging mar- ket. This market is still expanding and growing each year. A report from Trans- W parency Market Research states that the global demand for flexible packaging was valued at USD 73.56 billion in 2012, and is expected to reach USD 99.10 billion in 2019. There is a lot of growth potential here, as the flexible packaging market spreads across several industries—including processing and packaging of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, household items, and food and beverages. Looking back through my years covering the packaging industry, I am amazed at how many more markets have adopted this packaging material, from baby food to laundry soap, motor oil and even body wash. It is an exciting time to be a part of the changes in the packaging industry. Look through this eBook for package inspiration, technical pieces, and articles that show successful product launches. Each article within the eBook focuses on this expanding market. We hope you enjoy reading all about the ever-growing segment of flexible packaging. PS Best, ELISABETH CUNEO Editor-in-Chief [email protected] 2 packagingstrategies.com BAGS&POUCHES: Diving into the flexible packaging market CONTENTS Wilde adopts flow wrapping machinery ..............................5 New and noteworthy .....................................................14 -
THE GUIDE to SOLID FUELS This Leaflet Will Tell You All You Need To
THE GUIDE TO SOLID FUELS This leaflet will tell you all you need to know about: • The different solid fuels available and their suitability for the various types of appliances • Smoke control legislation • Buying solid fuel • Hints on getting the best from your fuel and appliance Choice of Fuel There are a great many different solid fuels for sale. Your choice will be based on a number of criteria, the most important of which will be the type of appliance you will be burning the fuel on and whether or not you live in a smoke control area (see page 4). Fuels for open fires Housecoal The most traditional fuel for open fires is housecoal. It is available in various sizes e.g. Large Cobbles, Cobbles, Trebles and Doubles. The larger sizes are usually a little more expensive than Doubles size. Housecoal comes from mines in Britain and other parts of the world, most notably Columbia and Indonesia. The coal may be sold by the name of the colliery it comes from e.g. Daw Mill, the port of entry e.g. Merseyport or a merchant’s own brand name, e.g. Stirling. Coal merchants also frequently sell the coal by grade – 1, 2 and 3 or A, B and C; 1 and A being the best quality. Wood Wood and logs can be burnt on open fires. They should be well-seasoned and preferably have a low resin content. You should not use any wood that has any kind of coating on the surface e.g. varnish or paint, as harmful gases may be emitted on burning. -
Drinkware Tools Outdoor Items
Tote Bags Pens School Spirit Sticky Notes Apparel Drinkware Tools Outdoor Items s o m o r P All Giveaway Items Magnets s romo s P o All m o r P All Padfolios AllP romos 100% Satisfaction s o s rom o P om All Pr All Guaranteed We have an experienced AllP romos staff of promotional product professionals that are eager to os om Pr All assist you in selecting the best custom imprinted product for your event or promotion. And remember with our "Lowest Price Guarantee" and "Complete 100% Satisfaction" you will always pay the lowest price and 866.734.0005 be completely happy when working with 4AllPromos.com! www.detroitprintshop.com Heavy Duty Recycled A G G Trade Show Non-Woven Grocery Tote Bag Tote Bag Eco-friendly meets reusable functionality! A classic recyclable, reusable tote bag These non-woven grocery totes are made A made of 110 gram, non-woven, coated, of super strong 100 GSM material. water resistant polypropylene. Imprint Area: 5" W x10" H Imprint Area: 10" W x 10" H 150 250 500 1000 2500 100 250 500 1000 Totes 340-BG110 313-3030 15”W x 16”H Set-up charge: $50.00 Set-up charge: $45.00 Reusable Insulated Shopper B B H Lightweight Cotton Tote Bag H Tote Bag Great for grocery stores and markets. Keeps Our most economical natural cotton tote food hot or cold. Made of 90 gram coated 13”W x 10”H x 15”D bag! 100% natural 6 ounce lightweight water-resistant polypropylene. cotton tote bag featuring 30 inch handles. -
Operational Ration Packs of the British Armed Forces Starters Mains Deserts
Operational Ration Packs of the British Armed Forces Starters Mains Deserts Foreword 24 Hour Frequently asked Questions Current expeditionary military operations, Designed to meet the religious and cultural requirements Who establishes the nutritional guidelines Document outline 20 menus. A: menus 1-10, B: menus 11-20 for the range of Operational Rations? Introduction 10 Man Can I buy ORP off the shelf? UK military rations, Hobby chefs, Main types & other variants Feeding 10 men for one day, 5 main menus What is the shelf life of ORP? Selecting Components for ORP 24 Hr Jungle Ration Are the rations gluten and/or nut free? Shelf Life, Nutritional Content, With additional supplements and a Requirements for Macronutrients, Protein Flameless Ration Heater Why does the ORP have so much packaging? Security of Supply Chain Cold Climate Ration Why are Vegetarian/Halal/Sikh/Hindu/ Country of origin, EC approved Food Safety Standards, Lightweight high calorie 24 Hr ration Kosher rations available? Rigorous auditing Why can’t I get a Mars Bar/Snickers/ Food Selection Panel 12 Hr ORP Coke in the ration? Blind tasting. Nine point Hedonic Scale Designed for patrolling Who decides what to put in the rations? The Current Range of Operational Hexamine Cooker Where do the components for the Rations Packs and Fuel rations come from? Retort pouches, Snacks Managed supply Where can I get a list of the menus from? Pallet Configuration Emergency Flying & What if I have an idea for a Outer box dimensions Survival Rations new product for the rations? Managed supply Foreword Current expeditionary military operations and exercises require a flexible range of rations to meet the cognitive, nutritional and energy needs of the serviceman and woman in the field. -
||||||IIII US005611329A United States Patent (19 11 Patent Number: 5,611,329 Lamensdorf (45) Date of Patent: Mar 18, 1997
||||||IIII US005611329A United States Patent (19 11 Patent Number: 5,611,329 Lamensdorf (45) Date of Patent: Mar 18, 1997 (54) FLAMELESS HEATER AND METHOD OF which are thermally bonded together to form a number of MAKING SAME pockets. Each pocket is filled with a powder mixture of Mg-Fe alloy, NaCl, antifoaming agents, and an inert filler. (75) Inventor: Marc Lamensdorf, Mt. Sinai, N.Y. The outer surfaces of the polyester sheets are preferably 73) Assignee: Truetech, Inc., Riverhead, N.Y. treated with a food grade surfactant. The polyester sheets are gas and water permeable over substantially their entire (21) Appl. No.: 511,561 surfaces and the filled pockets define intervening channels where the polyester sheets are bonded. The resulting heater (2222 FiledFiled: Aug.ug. 4,4 1995 can be made approximately 50% thinner and 50% lighter (51) Int. Cl. ..................................... F24J 1/00 than a conventional FRH. In use, both the channels and the (52) U.S. Cl. ..................... ... 126/263.07; 126/263.05 permeability of the sheets allow water to wet the powder 58) Field of Search ......................... 126/263.01, 263.05, rapidly and initiate the chemical reactions quickly. The 126/263.07 byproducts of the chemical reactions cause the pockets to inflate slightly thereby adding sufficient rigidity to the heater 56 References Cited to support a food packet. The byproducts of the chemical U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS reactions exit the pockets through the permeable sheets and 2,533,958 2/1950 Root et al. ......................... as are directed away from the reaction via the channels. This 2,823,665 2/1958 Steinbach ....