I N D E X Sr. CONTENTS Page No. No. 1. Preface iii 2. History of Backward Classes Movement in Haryana 1–3 3. Acknowledgements 4 4. Identification of Backwards 5 5. Determination of Backward Classes 6–7 6. Central Backward Commission 8–19 7. State Commissions and their recommendations 20–26 8 Constitution of Harayana Backward Classes Commission 27 9 Detail of representations submitted to the Commission 28–28A 10 Format and criteria for determining social, educational, economical 29–35 Backwardness. 11 Estimated Sharing & Breakup of the Sample 36–41 12 Visit by the Commission of various District Headquarters in Haryana to 42–68 hear and ascertain public view 13. Survey Report of Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak 69–113 14. Consideration for grant of Reservation 114–148 15. Recommendations of the Commission 149–151 PREFACE A great secular country on the world map is known by different names like ‘India’, ‘Bharat’, ‘Hindustan’, ‘Jambu Deepay Bharat Khandey’. The land of this country is also called as ‘Dev Bhoomi’. Its history is ancient and this land gave birth to great Saints, Scholars, Reformers, and Artisans etc. This country conveyed the message of ‘co-existence’, all over the world. The sword of ‘non-violence’ used by Mahatma Gandhi ‘The Father of the Nation’ to get India free from British Rule is praised all over the world. History is the witness that its rich heritage and hard labour of the people of this country had made this country as ‘Sone ki Chiriya’ which attracted the invaders to rob/ruin and to rule over this country. This country was divided in small states having Rulers of different castes and religions; and due to their personal enmities, they fought among themselves. The invaders took advantage of the situation and succeeded in robbing the country, and caused destruction and devastation a number of times. Besides, it was ruled over by the people of other religions for a number of centuries. This holy country gave birth to world renowned Saints, Politicians, Social Reformers and Scientists who conveyed messages of ‘Co-existence’, ‘Tolerance’ and ‘Brotherhood’ to the world. It is astonishing that evils like casteism and untouchability got roots in this society. The scheme of Varnashram is considered as the main basis of caste system. The rank of caste is measured in terms of the broad divisions of the Varna, such as, Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra. With increasing role of different castes in the society, the four Varna multiplied resulting into hundreds of castes and sub-castes. Each caste/sub-caste evolved its own rules and reGulatiions. Besides, caste endogamy and clan exogamy which governed connubial and commensal relations, yajmani system reGulatied economic activities in terms of patron and clients. Varnas transformed into castes and the later formed rigid hierarchy. When sociologists talk about the caste system they tend to discuss it as a form of social stratification or as a system of social inequality. Louis Dumont, while analyzing caste system, drew a distinction between ‘hierarchy’ and ‘stratification’. For him, “caste is an expression of hierarchy – a consciously organized principle, whereas stratification refers to layers which are constructed on the basis of a set of criteria. Some of the non-caste based religions attracted the caste-based Hindus to adopt their religion and they were successful in converting a large number of people into their religions. Further-more, the invaders who had casteless society, could not remain unaffected by casteism prevalent in India. So casteism is not only prevalent but is also deep rooted in India. Every citizen born in India is born into a particular caste, so while recognizing backward sections of society, because one of the most important basis of its recognition. There are two essential characteristics of Indian Society. The first, status is determined by achievements and second is based on ascriptions. The second has prevailed over the first, hence the demand for reservations by the lower and deprived castes. The hegemony enjoyed by the higher caste based on their birth can be challenged by way of protective discrimination. Caste based reservation amounts to an attack on the rigid and fixed caste based distributions of resources and opportunities. The principles of equality and hierarchy are one of the most constraining facts of our political and social life. Adult franchise, election policies of protective discriminations, participation in body polity, growth and development have brought about a considerable level of equality. On the contrary, there are impediments or un-freedom as Amartya Sen discusses with regard to poverty, employment, ignorance, illiteracy and gender discrimination. How to overcome these impediments? One way is to transform growth into distributive justice for the backward sections of the society. The other mechanism is to put a check on the better off people in regard to access to the societal resources, and make available the same to the deprived ones. Some of the castes/sections suffer from social disabilities of various kinds and are so weak that they are not in a position to take equal advantage of the opportunities as compared to educationally and socially stronger castes. Caste is a clearly recognized social yard-stick which can be used as a device to identify socially and educationally backward classes. Articles 15 (4) and 16 (4) of the Constitution of India specifically provide for reservation in educational institutions and Government services for socially and educationally backward classes and Article 46 also directs the State to promote educational and economic interests of weaker sections and to protect them from social injustice and exploitation. Haryana is no exception. So while recognizing backwardness, this Commission feels that caste, though not the sole factor is one of the most important factors. In addition to this, social status, educational and economic conditions are other factors in recognition of Backward Classes. Therefore all these factors need to be taken notice of. 3 HISTORY OF BACKWARD CLASSES MOVEMENT IN HARYANA Haryana was carved out of Punjab (Virtually East Punjab) on Ist November, 1966. East Punjab itself came into existence as a result of partition of Punjab between India and Pakistan in August, 1947. It has been a part of the kuru region in North India. The name Haryana is mentioned in the 12th century AD by the Apabhramsha writer Vibudh Shridhar (VS 1189-1230). It is bordered by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the North, and by Rajasthan to the West and South. The river Yamuna defines its Eastern border with Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. Haryana also surrounds Delhi on three sides, forming the northern, western and southern borders of Delhi. Consequently, a large area of Haryana is included in the National Capital Region, the capital of which is Delhi and is administered as a union territory. The south west of the Haryana is dry sandy and barren. The natural boundaries are: the Shivalik Hills in the north, River Yamuna in the east and river Ghaggar in the west. The south western boundary is provided by the range of Aravalli hills, which runs through southern Delhi and the Gurgaon district up to Alwar. There are some high ridges running from the north-west to south-east with numerous spurs branching out in all directions. These hills are known as the Morni and Tipra ranges which belong to the outer ranges of the Himalayas. The Treatise written by Manu, the lawgiver in Indian mythology, designated Haryana as Brahmavart from where the Brahmanical religion and social system grew up and spread outwards to the rest of the country. In a sense, therefore, one can say that much of the Hindu religion and society was formed on the flat, dry plains of the present-day Haryana. In the epic of the Mahabharata, it was at Kurukshetra, during a battle between that Kaurava and Pandava, that Lord Krishna delivered one of his most important messages through the celestial sermon-the Gita. With Delhi as the prize awaiting generations of invaders, Haryana served as a sort of a geographical corridor. Over the centuries, waves of invaders poured across the plains of Haryana, sometimes fighting battles there. At the end of the 14th Century, Timur led an army through the State towards Delhi. In 1526, the invading Mughals defeated the armies of the ruling Lodi dynasty at the Battle of Panipat and 30 years later, in 1556, the Mughals won yet another decisive battle there. By the mid-18th century, the Marathas were in control of Aryans, an era that was brought to an end after the Afghans under Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated the Maratha forces in the third battle of Panipat in 1761. Punjab lay in between Khaibar pass and Delhi. In old times almost all invaders used to pass through the State and every time, they caused destruction and devastation. But in the beginning of this century, it was disturbed not due to any foreign invasion but due to internal conditions. Western and middle regions of Punjab were predominantly populated by Muslims under “The Muslim League” were bent on getting Pakistan and in reaction many Sikhs under Akali’s influence, were demanding a separate Sikh Home Land. The Nationalist Sikhs and Hindus were perturbed by these separatist demands. Southern Punjab was populated by Hindus who were stunned to hear the Muslim League’s demand of getting Pakistan upto Delhi. They feared horrible killings, ruthless lootings and thoughtless destructions as an aftermath of partition. In such surcharged conditions, there was no scope of the emergence of any socio-economic movement. Punjab was situated in the basin of Rivers Ganga, Sindhu and their tributaries and as a result was one of the most fertile tracts on the globe.