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Species and Genotypes of Cryptosporidium RON FAYER USDA AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE WHAT IS a SPECIES?

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Species and Genotypes of Cryptosporidium RON FAYER USDA AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE WHAT IS a SPECIES? Species and Genotypes of Cryptosporidium RON FAYER USDA AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE WHAT IS A SPECIES? It is a basic unit of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. More precise or differing measures can be used, such as similarity of DNA, morphology or ecological niche. Species that are believed to have the same ancestors are grouped together, as a genus. All species have two part name (a "binomial name"). The first part of a binomial name is the genus of the species. The second part is the specific name. For example, Boa constrictor which is commonly called by its binomial name, and is one of four species of the Boa genus. The first part of the name is capitalized, and the second part has a lower case. The two part name is written in italics. What are the sources of Cryptosporidium? FIELD MOUSE WOODCHUCK VOLE SKUNK BEAVER More than 150 species of animals infected with Cryptosporidium spp. Order Artiodactyla Addax nasomaculatus (Addax) Aepyceros melampus (Impala) Cervus elaphus (Red deer/elk/wapiti) Ammotragus lervia (Barbary sheep) Cervus eldi (Eld's deer) Alces alces (moose) Cervus nippon (Sika deer) Antidorcas marsupialis (Springbok) Cervus unicolor (Sambar) Antilocapra americana (Pronghorn) Connochaetes gnou (Wildebeest) Antilope cervicapra (Blackbuck) Connochaetes taurinus (Blue-eared gnu) Axis axis (Axis deer) Dama dama (Fallow deer) Bison bison (American bison) Elaphurus davidianus (Pere David’s deer) Bison bonasus (European bison) Gazella dama (Addra gazelle) Bos indicus (Zebu) Gazella dorcas (Dorca's gazelle) Bos taurus (Ox) Gazella leptoceros (Slender-horned gazelle) Boselaphus tragocamelus (Nilgai) Gazella subgutterosa (Persian gazelle) Bubalus bubalis (Water buffalo) Gazella thomsoni (Thomson's gazelle) Bubalus depressicornis (Lowland anoa) Giraffa camelopardalis (Giraffe) Camelus bactrianus (Bactrian camel) Hexaprotodom liberiensis (Pygmy hippopatomus) Capra falconeri (Turkomen markhor) Hippotragus niger (Sable antelope) Capra hircus (Goat) Kobus ellipsiprymmus (Ellipsen waterbuck) Capreolus capreolus (Roe deer) Lama glama (Llama) Cervus albirostris (Thorold's deer) Lama guanicoe (Guanaco) Cervus duvauceli (Barasingha deer) Muntiacus reevesi (Muntjac deer) Odocoileus hemionus (Mule deer) Lontra canadensis (river otter) Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed deer) Panthera pardus (Leopard) Oryx gazella callotys (Fringe-eared oryx) Procyon lotor (Raccoon) Oryx gazella dammah (Scimitar horned oryx) Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Grey fox) Ovis aries (Sheep) Ursus americanus (Black bear) Ovis musimon (Mouflon) Ursus arctos (Brown bear) Ovis orientalis (Urial) Ursus (Thalarctos) maritimus (Polar bear) Sus scrofa (Pig) Vulpes vulpes (Red fox) Syncerus caffer (African buffalo) Zalophus californianus (California sea lion) Taurotragus oryx (Eland) Tayassu tajacu (Collared peccary) Order Chiroptera Tragelaphus eurycerus (Bongo) Eptesicus fuscus (Big brown bat) Order Carnivora Myotis adversus (Large-footed mouse-eared bat) Acironyx jubatus (Cheetah) Canis familiaris (Dog) Order Insectivora Canis latrans (Coyote) Ateletrix albiventris (African hedgehog) Crocidura russula (Greater white-toothed shrew) Felis catus (Cat) Erinaceus europaeus (European hedgehog) MartesHelarctos foina malayanus (Beech marten) (Malayan bear ) Meles meles (Badger) Sorex araneus (Long-tailed shrew) Mephitis mephitis (Striped skunk) Sorex minutus (Pygmy shrew) Mustela putorius (Ferret) Order Lagomorpha Mustela vison (American mink) Oryctolagus cuniculus (Rabbit) Sylvilagus floridanus (Cottontail) Order Marsupialia Cercocebus torquatus (White-collared monkey) Antechinus stuartii (Brown antechinus) Cercopithecus aethiops (Velvet monkey) Didelphis virginiana (Opossum) Erythrocebus patas (Patas monkey) Isodon obesulus (Southern brown bandicoot) Eulemur macaco (Black lemur) Macropus giganteus (Eastern grey kangaroo) Gorilla gorilla (Gorilla) Macropus rufogriseus (Red neck wallaby) Homo sapiens (Humans) Macropus rufus (Red kangaroo) Hylobates syndactylus syndactylus (Siamang) Phascolarctos cinereus (Koala) Lemur catta (Ring-tailed lemur) Thylogale billardierii (Pademelon) Lemur macacomayottensis (Brown lemur) Trichosurus vulpecula (Brushtail possum) Lemur variegatus (Ruffed lemur) Macaca fascicularis (Long-tailed macaque) Order Perissodactyla Macaca fuscata (Japanese macaque) Ceratotherium simum (Southern white rhinoceros) Macaca mulatta (Rhesus monkey) Equus caballus (Horse) Macaca nemestrina (pigtail macaque) Equus przewalski (Miniature horse) Macaca radiata (Bonnet macaque) Equus zebra (Zebra) Macaca thibetana (Pere David s macaque) Rhinoceros unicornis (Rhinoceros) Mandrillus leucophaeus (Drill) Tapirus terrestris (Brazilian tapir) Nycticebus pygmaeus (Lesser slow loris) Papio anubis (Olive baboon) Order Primates Papio cynocephalus (Baboon) Ateles belzebuth (Marimonda spider monkey) Pithecia pithecia (White-faced saki) Calithrix jacchus (Common marmoset) Pongo pygmaeus (Orangutan Cercopithecus campbelli (Campbell's mona) Saguinus oedipus (Cotton-topped tamarin) Cercopithecus talapoin (Talapoin monkey) Saimiri sciureus (Squirrel monkey) Varecia variegata (Red-ruffed lemur) Cercocebus albigena (Mangabey) Sciurus niger (Fox squirrel) Sigmodon hispidus (Cotton rat) Order Rodentia Spermophilus beecheyi (California ground Apodemus agrarius (Field mouse) squirrel) Apodemus flavicollis (Field mouse) Spermophilus tridecemlineatus Apodemus sylvaticus (Field mouse) (13-lined ground squirrel) Castor canadensis (Beaver) Mus spretus (Western Mediterranean mouse) Castor fiber (European beaver) Tamias sibiricus (Siberian chipmunk) Cavia porcellus (Guinea pig) Tamias striatus (Chipmunk) Chinchilla laniger (Chinchilla) Clethrionomys glareolus (Red-backed vole) Order Monotremata Coendou prehensilis (ring tailed porcupine) Tacyglossus aculeatus (Echidna) Geomys bursarius (Pocket gopher) Glaucomys volans (Flying squirrel) Order Proboscidea Hystrix indica (Indian porcupine) Elephas maximus (Indian elephant) Marmota monax (Woodchuck) Loxodonta africana (African elephant) Mesocricetus auratus (Golden hamster) Microtus agrestis (Field vole) Order Sirenia Microtus arvalis (Orkney vole) Dugong dugon (Dugong) Mus musculus (House mouse) Myocastor coypus (Coypu) Order Pinnipedia Ondatra zibethicus (Muskrat) Mirounga leonina (Southern elephant seal) Rattus norvegicus (Norwegian rat) Phoca hispida (Ringed seal) Rattus rattus (House rat) Zalophus californianus (California sea lion) Sciurus carolinensis (Gray squirrel) MICROSCOPIC BASIS FOR DETECTION OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SELECTED SPECIES OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM Modified from Xiao et al. (2004) Length (μm) Width (μm) L:W Ratio No. of oocysts Parasite measured Mean Mean Mean C. parvum 44 4.85 4.39 1.11 C. hominis 44 4.91 4.28 1.15 C. meleagridis 55 4.93 4.40 1.12 Pig genotype I 56 5.05 4.41 1.15 C. saurophilum 20 4.94 4.49 1.14 Opossum 55 5.26 4.38 1.20 genotype I Greatest Size Differences 0.41μm 0.21μm 0.09 Modified from Xiao et al. (2004) SPECIES OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM (based on oocyst morphology, molecular, and host specificity data) REPTILES/ FISH AMPHIBIANS BIRDS MAMMALS C. scophthalmi C. serpentis C. meleagridis C. hominis C. molnari C. varanii C. baileyi C. parvum C. ducimari C. galli C. ubiquitum C. fragile C. felis C. canis C. muris C. suis C. cuniculus C. andersoni C. fayeri C. macropodum C. xiaoi C. ryanae C. bovis C. wrairi C. tyzzeri SPECIES OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM (based on oocyst morphology, molecular, and host specificity data) REPTILES/ FISH AMPHIBIANS BIRDS MAMMALS C. scophthalmi C. serpentis C. meleagridis C. hominis C. molnari C. varanii C. baileyi C. parvum C. ducimari C. galli C. ubiquitum C. fragile C. felis C. canis C. muris C. suis C. cuniculus C. andersoni C. fayeri C. macropodum C. xiaoi C. ryanae C. bovis C. wrairi C. tyzzeri Genotypes of Cryptosporidium 39 selected genotypes C. sp. Bear C. sp. Pig II C. sp. Deer C. sp. Raccoon C. sp. Deer mice C. sp. Rat I, II, III C. sp. Duck C. sp. Seal 1 and 2 C. sp. Ferret C. sp. Sheep novel genotype C. sp. Goat (Chalmers et al and Ryan et al) C. sp. Fox and Fox II C. sp. Chipmunk I, II,III C. sp. Goose I and II C. sp. Shrew C. sp. Hamster C. sp. Skunk C. sp. Horse C. sp. Snake C. sp. Mongoose C. sp. Caribou (gastric) C. sp. Monkey C. sp. Lizard (gastric) C. sp. Muskrat I and II C. sp. Tortoise (gastric) C. sp. Opossum I and II C. sp. Woodcock (gastric) C. sp. Ostrich C. muris Japanese field mouse Most human infections are caused by C. hominis and C. parvum 12 other species or genotypes also detected in immunocompetent and/or immunocomprised humans: C. meleagridis C. felis C. canis C. suis C. muris C. andersoni C. ubiquitum C. cuniculus C. fayeri and the horse, skunk, and monkey genotypes (Pieniazek et al., 1999; McLauchlin et al., 2000; Ong et al., 2002; Cama et al., 2003; Mallon, et al., 2003; Learmonth et al., 2004; Leoni et al., 2006; Chalmers et al., 2009; Robinson et al., 2010). PROCESS OF NAMING A SPECIES OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM 1- Morphometric studies of oocysts 2- Genetic characterizations 3- Demonstration of natural and, when possible, at least some experimental host specificity 4- Compliance with ICZN PROCESS OF NAMING A SPECIES OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM 1- Morphometric studies of oocysts 2- Genetic characterizations 3- Demonstration of natural and, when possible, at least some experimental host specificity 4- Compliance with ICZN GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS 8 CHROMOSOMES 10.4 Mb SSUrRNA (Small sub unit ribosomal RNA) COWP (Crypto oocyst wall protein) ACTIN HSP (heat shock proteins)
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