www.foodsafety.iit.edu Fax (708)563-1873 (708)563-8271 IL 60501-1933 Summit-Argo, 6502 South Archer Road and Technology Illinois Center for Food Safety Fax (618)546-0182 (618)546-1558 or (312)388-0656 Robinson, IL 62545 109-125 South Court Street Confection History Library c/o Research & College www.agintheclassr Fax (309)557-2641 (309)557-3334 Bloomington, IL 61701 1701 N. Towanda Ave. Bureau Illinois Farm Ag in the Classroom ® Library oom.or ® g Agriculture:

Where Candy Comes From

RESOURCE

GUIDE Lesson Plan 5: Make Your Own Gumdrops: Lesson 7: Chocolate History and Activities The Story of Activities: Activities: Yummy, Edible Dirt! Make Your Own Gumdrop Materials Needed: Materials Needed: -8 inch plastic or clay flowerpot -Jello® powder (one teaspoon per child) -foil -Water -1 large package of ® -Paper Plates -3/4 pound package of gummy worms -Sugar -1 package miniature chocolate chips -Eyedropper -green colored coconut Sugar Consumption -4 T. butter or margarine Materials Needed: -1 8 oz. package of cream cheese -Internet Access -1 cup powdered sugar Holiday Candy -3 1/2 cups milk -2-3 oz. packages of vanilla pudding Lesson 6: Peanut Candy -1-12 oz. container of whipped topping Activities: -Refrigerator Making Candy with Peanuts Chocolate-Scented Play Dough Materials Needed: Materials Needed: -1 pound almond bark -1 1/4 cup flour (chocolate candy coating) -1/2 cup cocoa powder -1 12-oz package of semi-sweet -1/2 cup salt chocolate chips -1/2 T. cream of tarter -1 box of 10 Ziploc® EZ-FIll™ -1 1/2 T. cooking oil bags (1 gallon) -1 cup boiling water -Microwave -bowls -1 20-oz can of peanuts -mixing Spoons -Waxed paper -airtight container Growing Peanuts -plastic spoons Materials Needed: Trading Cocoa Beans -Peanut seed -Sand -Potting soil -Pot George Washington Carver Materials Needed: -Books about George Washington Carver -Pencils & paper Materials Needed to Make a “Candy, Agriculture: Culture, and Creativity Kit”

• ”Agriculture: Where Candy Comes From” Reference Booklet

• ”Candy, Culture, and Creativity” Lesson Plan Booklet

• Selected books, videos, and brochures

Where Candy Comes Fr •Materials for the lesson plans Information about the growth and processing of candy ingredients. A list of books, videos, Lesson Plan 1: Candy Ingredients Lesson Plan 2: Candy and Culture Activities: Activities: and brochures about candy is also included. Candy Smell Test/Taste Party Candy Legends Materials Needed: Materials Needed: -Smell/Taste Testing Materials: almonds, -Internet access carob chips, carob powder, coconut, corn -Paper syrup, corn oil, corn starch, cottonseed -Pencils, crayons, markers oil, eggs, honey, maple syrup, milk, , Candy Traditions molasses, peanuts, pecans, salt, soybean Materials Needed: oil, sugar, vanilla, walnuts -Internet access -Small plates or dishes -Paper -“Candy Ingredients From Around the -Pencils, crayons, markers World” World Map (included in lesson Candy Lovers from Around the World It accompanies the “Candy, Culture, and plan) Materials Needed: Where Does My Candy Come From? -“Candy Lovers from Around the World” Creativity” lesson plans created by the Illinois worksheet Ag in the Classroom Program of the Illinois Lesson Plan 3: What’s in a Tootsie Roll ® Farm Bureau® ® Label? , the Candy College Library, om Materials Needed: -“What’s in My Tootsie Roll® worksheet” and the Illinois Center for Food Safety and (included in lesson plan) Technology. We suggest that you make your -Tootsie Roll ® for each student -Copies of Tootsie Roll® Nutrition Facts own “Candy, Culture, and Creativity” kit -Encyclopedias and other resource books using the lesson plan booklet, materials for Lesson Plan 4: Candy and Food Safety Materials Needed: the lessons, this reference booklet, and -“Fight Bac” Colorado Reader (order from Colorado Foundation for selected books, videos, and brochures. Agriculture at 970-881-2902) Page -“Food for Thought” worksheet 16 (included in lesson plan) -cooking spray or vegetable oil -cinnamon -water -soap Candy Books, Videos, and Brochures Where to Find Information About Candy Books A Pocketful of Goobers: A Story about George Washington Ingredients in this Guide Berries, Nuts and Seeds: A Take-Along Guide by Diane L. Carver, ISBN 0-876-14292-7 Burns, ISBN 1-55971-573-1 Sugarbush Spring by Marsha Wilson Chall, ISBN At the Candy Company by Jenna Anderson, ISBN 0-688-14907-3 1-881-50891-9 Videos Candy!: A Sweet Selection of Fun and Easy Recipes by Laura Magic School Bus: In the Rainforest, 30 minutes, grades Dover Doran, ISBN 1-57990-111-5 Pre-K through 5, order from libraryvideo.com, $9.95 Page 3 ...... Corn Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl, ISBN Making Candy, ages 3-8, order from libraryvideo.com, $9.95 0-14-130115-5 Page 4 ...... Soybeans Page 15 ...... Candy Books, Milton Hershey: The Chocolate King, A&E Home Video, Chocolate by Hershey: A Story about Milton S. Hershey by 50 minutes, 7 Videos, and th Betty M. Burford, ISBN 0-87614-641-8 grade to adults, order from libraryvideo.com, Page 5 ...... Spices Brochures $14.95 Chocolate: Riches from the Rainforest by Robert Burleigh, Page 5-6 ...... Grains Page 16-17 ...... Materials Needed ISBN 0-8109-5734-5 Mr. Jelly Belly’s NEW Factory Tour, 8 minutes, K-5, Free List to make a Permanent Loan, order from www.videoplacementworldwide.com “Candy, Culture, Chocolate: Savor the Flavor by Elaine Landau, ISBN Page 6-7 ...... Nuts 1-57103-336-X and Creativity Kit” Life’s Sweet Adventure, 20 minutes, includes a teacher’s guide for grades 4-6, Free from the Chocolate Page 8-9 ...... Sweeteners Chocolate (What’s For Lunch? Series) by Claire Llewellyn, ISBN 0-51626-218-1 Manufacturers Association/National Confectioners Association, 703-790-5750 Page 9 ...... Fruits Chocolate Thematic Unit, Teacher Created Materials, #239 Brochures Chocolate Thematic Unit, Teacher Created Materials, #2118 From the Chocolate Manufacturers Association/National Page 10-11 ...... Extracts Confectioners Association at 703-790-5011: Cocoa Commotion by Melissa Peterson, ISBN 0-064-06660 “The Sweet Truth About Candy” “A Chocolate A Day . . .Keeps the Diet Blues Away!” Page 11-13 ...... Others Curious George Goes to a Chocolate Factory by Margret & “How Sweet It Is” H.A. Rey, ISBN 0-395-91214-8 “Chocolate: Melting the Myths” “The Story of Chocolate” Food by Fiona MacDonald, ISBN 0-7787-0248-0 “Fun Facts About Chocolate” “Chocolate & Health” I Like Chocolate by Robin Pickering, ISBN 0-516-23008-5

The Legend of the Candy Cane by Lori Walburg, ISBN Page 0-310-21247-2 2 The Magic School Bus in the Rain Forest by Joanna Cole, ISBN 0-439-23960-5 Sources CORN

CORN SYRUP, CORN OIL, AND CORN STARCH: • “Almonds,” www.springtree.com/almonds.htm http://ipcm.wise.edu/piap/ • “Almonds Are In,”www.almondsar ein.com mint.htm • “Mint in Wisconsin,” • Candy! A Sweet Selection of Fun and Easy Recipes by • “A New World of Food: Peanuts,” Gourmet, Laura Dover Doran March 1992 and corn starch are made from corn. Corn is a native grain to the American continents. Aztecs, Incas, and • “Carob,” www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Crops/ • “Pecans,”www.agr.state.nc.us/markets/commodit/ Mayans were the first to grow corn. Christopher Columbus carob.html horticul/pecans/tips.htm found native Americans growing corn in Cuba in 1492. Corn • “Carob,” www.springtree.com/carob.html • “The South’s Family Tree,” Southern Living, is one of nature’s most amazing energy-storing devices. • “Carob—The Cocoa Substitute,”www.botgar d.usla.edu/ November 1996 html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Ceratonia/ • “Nutrition Information,”www.ilovepecans.or g/ A corn kernel weighs about one hundredth of an ounce. Yet • “Cocoa Butter,”http://www.thenutfactory.com/kitchen/ nutrition.htm this tiny seed can produce a corn plant that will grow 7 to 10 facts/facts-chocolate-glossary.html • “Texas Pecans,”www.texaspecan.com feet tall and that will produce between 600 and 1,000 seeds • “Making Learning Sweet,” Creative Classroom, • “Sorghum Molasses,”http://souther nfood.about.com/ like the one from which the plant started. The seeds of a September/October 2001 library/weekly/aa101798.htm corn plant are the kernels that you find on an ear of corn. •“Teaching with Chocolate,” Terese A. D’Amico • 2001 Soyfoods Guide, Soy Protein Partners The kernels are arranged in rows along the ear. An ear of • “Coconut,” www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Crops/ corn may have as few as 8 or as many as 36 rows, but the • “Soybean,” www.nmsu.edu/~molbio/plant/ Corn starch is made by soaking corn kernels in a stainless Coconut.html soybean.html number of rows is always even. • “The Many Uses of the Coconut,”www.coconut.com/ steel vat, called steeping. As the corn swells and softens • “How Beet Sugar is Made,”www.sucr ose.com/ in the water, the mild acidity of the steepwater begins to museum/uses.html lbeet.html Each fall, U.S. farmers produce almost nine billion bushels of corn. The area of the U. S. known as the “Corn Belt” loosen the bonds that the starch has with the corn kernel. • “Shades of Sweet Gold,” Fancy Food & Culinary • “How Cane Sugar is Made,”www.sucr ose.com/ produces 86% of the corn harvested in the nation. States Next it is ground in a mill. Then the starch, gluten, and Products lcane.html • “Honey: More Than Sweet,” Science News, Volume included in the “Corn Belt” are Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, fiber are suspended over screens which catch the fiber but • “Sugar,” All Around Wrigley, Winter 1985 154 Minnesota, Indiana, Wisconsin, Ohio, Michigan, South allow starch and gluten to pass through. The starch-gluten • “Vanilla Farming? Not as Bland as You Might Think,” Dakota, and Missouri. suspension, called mill starch, is piped to starch separators. • “An Introduction to the History of Maple Syrup New York Times International, January19, 1998 Production & the Maple Production Tour,” The starch and gluten are put in a centrifuge. Since the • “Vanilla Enhances Fruit Flavors,” When corn is harvested in the fall, it is taken to an elevator to www.dnr.cornell.edu/ext/maple/Maple%20Tour/ gluten has a lower density than the starch, the gluten is Prepared Foods, June 2001 be sold or stored in a grain bin until it is ready to be sold. HISTORY/history1.htm spun out. The starch is diluted and washed. Corn starch • “All About Vanilla,” Bon Appetit, March 1986 Next, the grain is transported to a processing plant or exported ® •“Maple Syrup Production in Iowa,” can be found in such as M&M’s , Licorice, Brachs • “Ask Bon Appetit,” Bon Appetit, December 1991 to another county. Some processing plants use the corn for ® ® http://www.ag.iastate.edu/departments/forestry/ext/ Maple Nut Goodies , Butterfinger , Jelly Beans, and • ‘Vanilla: The World’s “flavourite” Orchid,’ livestock feed, some use it for human food, and some use it Gumdrops®. maplesyr.html www.infoweb.com.au/orchids/vanilla.htm for other products. •“Mint Fresh,” Wrigley • “Vanilla, the Spice that is not a Spice,” Corn syrup is made from corn starch. The starch is • “Growing Montana Mint,”www.montanamint.addr .com/ Corn oil is made by separating the germ part of the corn http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/ suspended in water with acids/enzymes which convert the w2grmint.htm from the other parts with coarse grinding. (The germ part of economicbotany/Vanilla/index.html starch to a sugar syrup (dextrose). Some syrups are the corn kernel is about 25 percent oil.) Mechanical and • “Walnut Marketing Board, California Walnut processed further to become high fructose corn sweeteners. Commission,” http://www.webcom.com/walnut/ Corn syrup is used for flavoring in candies and salad californ.html solvent processes extract the oil from the germ. The oil is dressing. In 1998, the U.S. industry used • “Geography of Walnut and Nuts,”www.inter nut-fr.com/ refined and filtered into finished corn oil. Corn oil can be 1,738,215 pounds of corn syrup. phtml-uk/page-contenu-geographie-uk.html in peanut brittle. • “Walnuts,” www.springtree.com/walnuts.html Corn syrup can be found in candies such as Snickers®, • “Agriculture’s Hot Spots,” World Watch, Mars®, Junior® Mints, Dots®, York® Peppermint Patties, May/June 2000 Almond Joy®, Spree®, Starburst®, M&M’s®, 100 Grand®, Page • Consumption of Selected Ingredients by the U.S. Pinwheel Mints®, Licorice, Candy Corn, Brachs® Maple Confectionary Industry,” LEXIS-NEXISÆ Statistical 14 Nut Goodies, Gummy Bears, Whoppers®, Butterfinger®, Chocolate Covered Cherries, Peanut Brittle, Jelly Beans, Gumdrops, and Peeps®. products as margarine, salad, and cooking oils. products as margarine, cereals, and snacks. Soybean oil finds its way into such baking industry. Soy hulls are processed into fiber-bran breads, products. Soy flours and grits are used in the commercial The dry, solid portion of the bean provides many edible feeds. protein products meal for animal or used to produce protein the remaining flakes can be processed into various edible soy extraction of the soy oil. After removal of the soybean oil, and rolled into flakes. This ruptures the oil cells for efficient In processing, the soybeans are cleaned, cracked, dehulled, called genistein which suppresses the growth of cancer cells. products may also fight cancer through a unique chemical fractures in later years of life by increasing bone density. Soy Studies suggest soy may also cut the risk of osteoporosis and regular part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol. may cut heart disease risk by 25 to 30 percent if eaten as a acids (protein) needed for human health. Soy protein foods Soybeans are high in dietary fiber and supply all of the amino contain protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and oil. Soybeans are the most widely eaten plant in world! They acres of Illinois land are used for soybean growth. production among other states. Approximately 10,600,000 bushels of soybeans. Illinois ranks second in soybean grew 443,100,000 else in the world. In 1999, Illinois farmers More soybeans are grown in the United States than anywhere SOYBEANS

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4 Snickers Orange such as Snickers Partially hydrogenated soybean oil can be found in candies and physical structure of the soybean oil. hydrogen solidifies the soybean oil by changing chemical hydrogen infused into it at a controlled temperature. The oils. Partially hydrogenated soybean oil is that has 100 percent soybean oil or a blend of and other you see a bottle in the store labeled “vegetable oil,” it is usually oil, 75% of our total vegetable fats and oils intake in fact. If Soybean oil is used more than any other type of vegetable Soybean oil is the natural extracted from whole soybeans. Soy lecithin can be found in candies such as Hershey that are high in fats and oils. emulsifier (mixes oils in with other ingredients) in food products Soy lecithin is extracted from soybean oil. It is used as an main parts of the soybean seed are: seed contains a seedling (young plant) and food for it. The Each year’s soybean crop develops from soybean seed. The used in the next few weeks. are used, you should freeze the extra flour that will not be in a blender until the particles are fine. Since no preservatives that call for flour. Blend a half-cup of cleaned dry soybeans goods. You can make your own soy flour and use it in recipes It is an inexpensive, cholesterol-free egg substitute for baked Soy flour is the fine powder produced by grinding soybeans. W M&M’s Peppermint Patties, Whoppers Peppermint Covered Cherries, Peanut Brittle, Tolberone erthers and nutrients from the soil to nourish seedling. Radicle Hypocotyl These are the first true leaves to develop on plant. leaves that are unifoliated (containing only one leaflet). Epicotyl a protective shield around the seedling. forming seedling is stored. Each bean has a pair of cotyledons Cotyledon Seed Coat yellow on some varieties. to the pod. The hilum is often black or brown but is Hilum ® ® . ® ® , 100 Grand , Reese’s

Originals, and Brachs -the part of the seed where it was once attached -the main root of the seedling. It takes up water -the uppermost part of the seedling. It has two -the uppermost -the lower portion of the seedling’s stem. -a thin covering that protects the seed. -the part of the seed in which food for ® , Almond Joy ®

Peanut Butter Cups, Almond Joy ® , Mars ® ® ® , Butterfinger

, Junior ® Maple Nut Goodies. , Starburst ® ®

, and Chocolate Mints, York ® ® , Licorice , Chocolate ®

bars, ® ® ® , , Snickers (mixing) cream. Butter is found in candies such as churning by pasteurizing (killing bacteria and preventing spoilage) and Grand Reese’s Originals and Chocolate Oranges Cream from milk can be found in candies such as Werthers SALT: Salt can be found in candies such as Mars feed, medicines, water softening, and much more. used as a deicer, seasoning for food, ceramic glazes, livestock salt-producing areas. Salt can be and Mexico are all large Canada, India, mining or drilling. The U.S., China, Germany, the evaporation of oceans long ago. Rock salt is obtained by is called rock salt. These deposits were left in the ground by salt does, so is left at the last pond. Salt from the ground evaporating ponds. Most other minerals evaporate before is obtained by moving the seawater through a series of Nut Goodies, Whoppers ®

, Licorice, Werthers ® Salt comes from brine (salty water). Salt from seawater ®

Peanut Butter Cups, Almond Joy , 100 Grand ® , Mars ® , Butterfinger ® , Candy Corn, Brachs , Candy Corn, ® , and Werthers ® . Butter is made from milk ® , and Peanut Brittle. ® , M&M’s ® ®

Originals. , Snickers ®

® Maple , 100 ® ® , Coffee and mocha are also used as candy flavorings. Balls, and Peanut Candy. Popcorn Pie, Molasses can be used to make Sorghum Sorghum as a sweetener.was a decline in the use of sorghum sugar products became cheaper and more available, there states in the 1800s and early 1900s. As refined the Southern molasses was a favorite sweetener,it. Sorghum especially in by pressing the juice out of stems with rollers and boiling syrup are used for sorghum Sweet sorghums and broomcorn. grassy sorghums, sweet sorghums, There are grain sorghums, food grain. is the third largest each year.ten million acres of sorghum Worldwide, sorghum grain, broom fiber, and animal feed. The U.S. plants about grain at the top. It originated in Africa and is used for syrup, clusters of cane, a grass with thick, solid stalk and large SORGHUM:

Sorghum is made from the juice of sorghum Sorghum OTHERS (cont.) SPICES To make chocolate, chocolate liquor is mixed with condensed EGGS: Eggs comes from poultry, mainly chickens. A female milk, sugar, and extra cocoa butter till it is a coarse, brown chicken that is raised for eggs is called a laying hen. They sit powder. Next it is refined with steel rollers by breaking the on eggs for 21 days until they hatch. In large commercial Allspice can be used to make a variety of candy like Nutmeg can be used to make a variety of candy such as crumb mixture into tiny, cocoa, milk, and sugar particles. Then chick production, large incubators are used to hatch chicks sugarplums. It comes from the berries of the pimento tree. sugarplums and truffles. It comes from the the mixture is churned into a smooth blend. Then it is instead of laying hens. Only fertilized eggs will hatch. Male These berries are dried in the sun or in a kiln and then ground inner part of the seeds of nutmeg trees. Nutmeg trees are tempered-cooled and warmed for a glossy sheen and to ensure chickens are called roosters. They have larger combs and up or sold whole. raised in the Spice Islands, Indonesia, the West Indies, Brazil, proper melting. wattles than hens and their feathers are more colorful. India, and Sri Lanka. Chickens eat chicken feed. The main ingredient is corn, Cinnamon can be used to make a variety of candy such as Chocolate manufactures use 40 percent of the world’s wheat, sorghum, or another grain. cinnamon hard candies and sugarplums. It comes from the almonds, 20 percent of the world’s peanuts and 8 percent of bark of the cinnamon tree. Large producers of cinnamon the world’s sugar. Milk is also a key ingredient in chocolate. Eggs can be found in candies such as Spree are Sri Lanka, Brazil, India, Jamaica, Java, Madagascar, and ®, Snickers®, 3.5 million pounds of whole milk is used every day to make Martinique. When the bark is peeled off the shoots, it turns Almond Joy ®, Mars®, York® Peppermint Patties, and chocolate. brown and curls up. Tolberone ®. The U.S. grinds the most cocoa for processing at 438,000 tons. The Netherlands and Germany are also leaders. MILK: Illinois dairy cattle produce two-and-a-half million Switzerland consumes the most chocolate per person: 23 pounds of milk in one year. The dairy cow, which must give pounds per person each year. The U.S. consumes 12 pounds birth to a calf before beginning to give milk, performs a very per person each year. In 1998, Americans ate 3.3 billion important job in our food production industry. Cows change pounds of chocolate. grass and grains, which people can’t eat, into milk—a nearly perfect food. The dairy cow is a ruminant, which means it GRAINS In 1998, the U.S. confectionery industry used 13,485,000 has four compartments to its stomach. A good milk producing pounds of imported chocolate liquor, 47,295,000 pounds of cow will give 20,000-30,000 pounds of milk each year, domestic chocolate liquor, 135,686,000 pounds of cocoa cake although most cows give an average of 15,000 pounds per RICE Rice needs long, wet growing seasons that are free of cold or powder, 342,898,000 pounds of cocoa butter, and year. All milking today is done by electric machines which Archeological evidence finds that rice has been growing for and snow for proper growth. It also needs flat areas of wet 25,120,000 pounds of cocoa powder composition coatings. guide the flow of milk from the cow to a very clean refrigerated more than 5000 years. Rice seems to have originated in land with heavy soil and plenty of water to flood the field, holding tank. China and slowly worked its way to ancient Greece. Next which are called paddies. Rice production requires a lot of Cocoa butter can be found in candies such as Hershey rice was grown in Persia, and then the Nile Delta. Rice then manual labor. One hundred acres of rice may need 100-300 After the cows are milked and the milk is in the refrigerated moved across continents until it reached the Western laborers to prepare the soil, plant the rice, and harvest the ® ’s tank, an insulated truck comes to the farm and hauls the milk Hemisphere. Today, rice has grown into a crop that sustains crop. ® ® ® ® bars, Snickers , Reese’s Peanut Butter Cups, Mars, Junior to a dairy plant. After the milk is tested for safety, it is two-thirds of the world’s population. ® ® ® Mints, York Peppermint Patties, Almond Joy, M&M’s , 100 homogenized, pasteurized, and packaged. Milk can also be After rice is harvested, it is taken to a mill for processing. Grand ®, Chocolate Covered Cherries, Tolberone®, and processed into cheese, yogurt, ice cream or other products The United States began cultivating rice over 300 years ago. The purpose of milling is to remove the hull and bran layers Chocolate Orange ®. Chocolate can be found in the same at the dairy. Milk products are stored in a refrigerated room Rice began growing in the U.S. when a storm-battered ship while preserving as many of the whole kernels as possible. candies. and then taken to a grocery story for you! In 1998, the U.S. accidentally arrived at the Charleston Harbor in North The kernels go through a series of sorting machines, sheller confectionery industry used 497,258 pounds of milk and milk Carolina. The captain of the ship gave a small amount of machines, steaming, and drying depending on the form of products. rice as a gift to a planter. This rice, known as “Golde Seede rice that is desired. About 55 percent of the yields from rice Rice” was grown on Carolina and Georgia plantations. The milling are whole kernels, 20 percent are hulls, 15 percent Lactose, also called milk sugar is found in the milk of all “Golde Seede Rice” soon became known as “Carolina Golde,” are broken kernels, and 10 percent are rice bran and polish. mammals. It is obtained commercially from skimmed milk and by 1726 Carolina Golde was the world standard for high- and whey, a liquid by-product of the cheese-making process. quality rice. Rice is a very nutritious food of the bread and cereals food Lactose can be found in candies such as 100 Grand group in the USDA Food Guide Pyramid. It contains complex ®, The Civil War, along with hurricanes and competition from carbohydrates that provide energy to the body. Rice also Snickers ®, Mars®, York® Peppermint Patties, Reese’s® Peanut other crops, moved the rice westward along the Gulf Coast. contains thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, phosphorus, iron, and Butter Cups, Almond Joy ®, M&M’s®, and Tolberone®. After this occurred, an Iowa wheat farmer realized that the potassium. Rice does not contain sodium, fat, or cholesterol, soils for growing rice could support the equipment used to which is an added benefit for those on special diets. Brown Page produce wheat. The mechanization of growing rice allowed rice will give you a little more fiber, calcium, phosphorus, and Milk can be found in candies such as Mars ®, Hershey®’s bars, more states to be able to produce it. Now, Arkansas, Vitamin E than white rice. Although most white rice in the 12 Snickers ®, Almond Joy®, M&M’s®, 100 Grand®, Whoppers®, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Texas, and California are United States is enriched, white rice provides more iron and Butterfinger ® ® , Chocolate Covered Cherries, Tolberone, major rice-producing states. And even more recently, Florida thiamin than brown rice. ® ® ® Reese’s Peanut Butter Cups, Werthers Originals, and York is trying its hand at producing rice. Peppermint Patties. Rice can be found in candies such as 100 Grand

® and Nestle Crunch ®. GRAINS (cont.)

WHEAT Pure vanilla extract is made by hydroalcoholic extraction from Vanilla can be found in candies such as Almond®, Joy Wheat is the third largest crop in Illinois. Illinois wheat is used The place where wheat is shipped to make flour is called the the cured whole beans. Alcohol, water, and possibly sugar Hershey ®’s bars, 100 Grand®, Junior® Mints, York® as livestock feed or made into flour for foods like cakes, cookies, mill. The people who process the wheat are called millers. are added to this. Vanilla is the second most expensive spice Peppermint Patties, Werthers® Originals, Chocolate Covered crackers, and pretzels. Our wheat is also used for non-food The wheat is put through a cleaning process to remove foreign in the world, second only to saffron. Natural vanilla flavor is Cherries, Tolberone ®, and Chocolate Orange®. items such as glue and pharmaceuticals. The farmer plants matter (weed seeds, corn seeds, beans, stems). Rollers then a mix of pure vanilla extract and other natural substances. the tiny wheat kernels (another name for seeds) in the ground press over the wheat kernels to break them into pieces, and Imitation vanilla is made from synthetic substances, and Other extracts used in candy include orange, lemon, almond, using a grain drill. The seed germinates (sprouts) and begins they are shaken on screens to sift out the bran (the broken artificial vanilla is a by-product of the paper industry chemically and others. to grow into a plant, which consists of roots, a stem, long, coat of the kernel) and germ (the part of wheat used to grow treated to taste like vanilla. In the United States, we consume slender leaves, and a head, which has kernels. a new plant) not used in wheat flour. This is repeated three about 60 percent of the world’s natural vanilla, but artificial times to make a soft powdery substance we know as flour. vanillin flavoring still takes up about 90 percent of the market. In June or July, the farmer combines the wheat and unloads the combine hopper into trucks or wagons. The farmer will Wheat can be found in candy such as licorice and Whoppers ®. haul the wheat to the country elevator. A country elevator has ® giant silos to store grain. The farmer receives payment for his Another grain, barley, can be found in Whoppers . wheat, and then the country elevator ships the wheat by truck, OTHERS rail, or barge to a grain terminal. Next, the wheat is sold to various industries which make food or feed, or for shipment overseas. CAROB: Carob trees are native to the Eastern Mediterranean area, probably the Middle East. Most carob used in the U.S. comes from the Mediterranean Region, especially Sicily, Cyprus, chocolate recipes. The popularity of candy bars grew after Malta, Spain, southern Sardinia, and Italy. Carob trees are World War I. By 1930, there were 40,000 different kinds of medium sized and they have evergreen leaves. The fruit of a candy bars. NUTS carob tree is the fleshy pod. The pods are up to a foot long and an inch wide with three to five seeds. Carob trees bloom Chocolate is a natural product that comes from the cacao and about six to eight months later, they are harvested. The beans cacao trees. Cacao trees can only grow in tropical ALMONDS: average annual yield per tree is 200-250 pounds of fruit. climates- 20 degrees north or south of the equator. This is Almonds are the seeds of a tree in the peach family. The There are sweet almonds and bitter almonds. Sweet almonds Carob prefers dry climates that receive more than 30 referred to as the Cocoa Belt. The most cacao trees are earliest varieties of almonds were found in China and carried are toasted, salted, eaten whole, or added to candies and centimeters of rainfall. Carobs are used mostly for livestock grown at the Ivory Coast: 1.4 million tons per year. Indonesia to Greece, Turkey, and the Middle East. Today they are pastries. Bitter almonds are not edible. Oil can be extracted feed, but finely ground pods and seeds make a sweet, nutritious is second with 410,000 tons per year. Other leading cacao grown in the bordering countries to the Mediterranean Sea. from both sweet and bitter almonds. Almonds provide more human food. tree growing countries are Ghana, Nigeria, Brazil, Cameroon, They also grow well in California. calcium than any other nut and more dietary fiber than any Ecuador, Fernando Po (and Rio Muni), Dominican Republic, other nut or seed. In 1998, the U.S. Confectionery Industry Carob looks similar to cocoa and is sometimes used as a cocoa New Guinea, and Mexico. Almonds are harvested in late August through October using used 41,588,000 pounds of almond kernels. substitute. The carob pods are roasted and ground into carob mechanical tree shakers and sweepers. Almonds must also powder. Carob contains vitamin B1, niacin, vitamin A, vitamin Cacao flowers on the cacao trees are pollinated by midges, be hulled, shelled, fumigated, sized, graded, processed, Almonds are found in candy such as Hershey B2, calcium, magnesium, and iron. which are tiny flies. They live and breed in the decaying ®’s bars, Almond packaged, and shipped. Almond trees may grow up to 40 leaves and pods around cacao trees. The midges are only 2- Joy ®, Mars®, Tolberone®, Zero®, Heath®, Skor®, and feet tall. Carob can be found in Whoppers 4 millimeters long, but they beat their wings 1000 times a Symphony ® ® and some other types of second. The cacao trees rely on the midges for pollination candies. and the midges rely on the cacao trees for food and shelter. PEANUTS: Peanuts probably originated in Brazil or Peru. Explorers to South America and Mexico took peanuts back COCOA: Cacao beans were used in a spicy drink (called Cacao trees have pods, each with 20 to 40 almond-sized to Spain. From Spain, traders and explorers took peanuts to chocolatl) by the Ancient Aztecs. Aztec traders got cacao beans. It takes almost 400 cacao beans to make a pound of Africa and Asia. In Africa, the plant became common in the beans from the Mayan lands and hauled it to their capital. chocolate liquor. The pods are harvested with a machete and western tropical region. When Africans were brought to North Since the beans were used for money, warriors had to the broken apart to retrieve the cacao bean. The beans then America, peanuts came with then. Today, about 75% of accompany the traders to protect them from thieves. When must fermented, dried, and shipped at chocolate factories Page peanuts grown are used domestically. The remaining are Cortés and his Spanish explorers came to the Aztec capital, in burlap bags. At the chocolate factory, cacao seeds are 6 usually shipped raw to major buyers like Western Europe, they saw Montezuma drinking chocolatl in gold cups. The roasted, cracked, fanned, winnowed, and then ground into Canada and Japan. In 1998, the U.S. confectionery industry Spanish explorers took the spicy drink back to Spain and chocolate liquor. Chocolate liquor is used to make chocolate. used 320,304,000 pounds of peanuts people there loved it. Soon travelers from other European Some chocolate liquor is pressed to remove cocoa butter countries took the chocolate drink back home, people added and further processing turns it into cocoa powder. Cocoa The peanut plant actually flowers above the ground and fruits sugar to the drink, and chocolate became a favorite drink of butter is the fatty part of the cacao bean and it makes below the soil surface. The peanut plant averages about 18 the upper class. In the late 19 the chocolate smoother. It is extracted from chocolate liquor inches tall. It produces a yellowish-orange flower that after th century, Rodolphe Lindt under high pressure. blooming will create a “peg” that will grow down into the invented a conching machine. It squeezed cacao beans and soil. After about 60-70 days the peg will mature into a peanut. made a smooth chocolate blend. In 1875, Daniel Peter The peanut plant is a legume, which means that they can teamed up with Henri Nestle’ and they added milk to their EXTRACTS

COTTONSEED OIL: Cottonseed oil comes from the seeds and vapor lines are hooked to the tubs. Steam moves through of cotton plants. The leaders in cotton production are China, the mint hay, taking oil off as a vapor. About two hours are the United States, India, Pakistan, and Uzbekistan. Cottonseed required to cook the hay in the tub. oil can be used for shortening, margarine, cooking oil, confections, and salad oil. Cottonseeds are 15-24% oil. To Mint oils are identified by their growing areas. Companies extract the oil from a cottonseed, the hull is removed and like Wrigley buy an assortment of mint oils, which are then the oil can be extracted by soaking the seed in a solvent. combined in specified proportions to create each flavor formula. Mint is used for flavoring for chewing gum, candy, Cottonseed oil can be found in candies such as Brachs ® Maple tooth paste, and medicines. There are about 3,500 species PECANS: Pecans are native to the U.S., particularly the Nut Goodies and Almond Joy ®. of mint. Some popular cooking mints include marjoram, Southern states. Today, 13 different states grow pecans. rosemary, and sage. Mints such as white horehound and Georgia produces the most with Texas producing the second MINT: Peppermint and spearmint were grown in Europe peppermint add a cool, sharp flavor to candies. Peppermint most. 250 million pounds of pecans are produced in the and brought to America by English colonists. The U.S. is accounts for 80 percent of the U.S. mint production. U.S. each year. Pecan day is March 25-the anniversary of now the largest producer of mint oil. The Pacific Northwest planting by George Washington at Mt. Vernon (1775). accounts for 90 percent of mint grown in the U.S. Mint Peppermint oil can be found in candies such as Junior® Mints, grows well in Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Oregon, York ® Peppermint Patties, and Pinwheel Mints. produce a very essential nutrient called nitrogen, which is Pecan trees don’t bear nuts until they are 5 or 6 years old Washington, Idaho, South Dakota, and Montana. Mint in very beneficial for the soil. Runner, Virginia, Spanish, and and they may take up to 20 years to produce a full crop of the Pacific Northwest needs irrigation. Mint is also abundant VANILLA: The word vanilla comes from the word sarkara Valencia peanuts are used primarily for peanut butter. nuts. Pecan trees may grow 180 feet tall. Pecans can be in the countries that border the Mediterranean Sea. which means sand or grain. Vanilla beans are in the pods of Virginias are the largest kernels and account for most of the harvested using mechanical shakers. They are then taken to an orchid called Vanilla plantifolia. Vanilla trees grow in roasted in-shell peanuts. Spanish are found mainly in candies processing centers where they are cleaned, graded, and Mint is a perennial plant that produces no seed. New fields countries such as Madagascar, Indonesia, Tahiti, and Mexico since they have a very distinct reddish-brown skin. packaged. are planted with root stock or underground runners (stolons) as they like hot, humid, tropical climates. Vanilla vines could from existing plants. Mint is planted as a row crop, but grow up to 350 feet tall, but they pruned or looped to keep George Washington Carver was an agricultural researcher of Pecans have over 19 vitamins and minerals including vitamin by the second year is spreads out and creates a solid meadow. the beans in easy reach of the workers who pollinate them. the early 1900’s. He is especially noted for his research with A, vitamin E, folic acid, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, Every three to five years, the mint fields are rotated Only the Melipone, a tiny bee found in the vanilla districts of peanuts. George Washington Carver received many awards potassium, several B vitamins and zinc. They are in the protein such as the Spingarn Medal from the National Association with another field crop and then the mint planting cycle Mexico, is uniquely equipped to pollinate the flowers, but will group of the USDA Food Guide Pyramid, with meat, poultry, begins again. for the Advancement of Colored People and the Theodore fish, eggs, and dried beans. not survive outside of Mexico, so hand-pollination must be ® Pecan Roosevelt Medal for his valuable contributions to science. used elsewhere. Each vanilla orchid blossoms for only a few Delights and Turtles ® There is a George Washington Carver National Monument . The oil is stored in the glands on the underside of the hours and must be pollinated by hand during that time. A Pecans are found in candies such as Russell Stover peppermint and spearmint leaves. The plant reacts to sun by on the Missouri farm where Carver was born and January 5 good vanilla vine can produce 100 pods per year. Each pod th WALNUTS: Walnuts originated in Persia. They were brought producing oil, so a very sunny season makes for a higher is five to ten inches long. The bean is odorless when harvested, to California by Franciscan (Spanish) Fathers from Spain or yield. An acre of land will grow about 76 pounds of oil. Mint has been named George Washington Carver Day. becoming fragrant only after it has been fermented and dried. Mexico. Today, California grows over 98% of the total U.S. is harvested with windrowers. They mow the fields and leave Expert workers can pollinate up to 1,500 blossoms a day. commercial crop and 2/3 of the world production. Other a mounded row of “hay” or cut mint. The hay is left to dry in Carver’s interest in plants began when he was a child. After fertilization, the pods mature in four to nine months. top producers include China, Greece, and Turkey. Ideal the field for 24 to 36 hours. Then the hay is picked up by a Although he was too sick to work in the fields, he kept a They are picked when their color begins to change from green personal garden. Carver attended a school for black children walnut growing conditions are a mild climate and fertile soils. mechanical mint chopper and blown into a mint tub that holds to yellow. The beans are thick and about five to ten inches one acre of mint. Oil is extracted from the mint leaves by in Neosho, Missouri as a child and gained further education long. Sometimes the pods are marked with pinpricks to After a walnut orchard is planted, it takes 6-8 years to yield distillation. Trucks pull the mint tubs to a still where steam at Simpson College in Indianola, Iowa and Iowa State College prevent theft. About five pounds of fresh vanilla pods are in Ames. In 1896, George Washington Carver joined the nuts. It will bear nuts for almost 100 years. Walnut trees used to make one pound of dried beans. faculty of Tuskegee Institute, an industrial and agricultural can grow up to 100 feet tall. Walnut trees must be pruned, school for blacks. Carver was the head of the agricultural sprayed, fertilized, and irrigated. Harvesting begins in August Vanilla is native to the Americas-Central Americas and possibly department, the director of a state agricultural station, and when the green husks split. Harvesting machines are used to northern South America. It was taken to Spain and then later the head of Tuskegee’s Department of Research. He shake the trees and the walnuts are swept to have the everywhere else. It was first introduced to Europeans in 1520 worked hard to teach more productive agricultural practices mechanical harvesters pick them up for cleaning and hulling. when Diaz, an officer of Cortes, noted its use by the Aztecs to Southern farmers, black farmers in particular. After finding Next the walnuts are dried and sized. Walnuts are stored in Page in southern Mexico to flavor their chocolatl. (a chocolate over 300 uses for peanuts, Carver lectured about the uses their shells, the shells are only removed when there is demand drink) The Spaniards established factories to manufacture before a committee of Congress. Some uses he found were from the consumer and industrial users. When the shells are 10 chocolate with vanilla flavoring and for many years the shaving cream, leather dye, coffee, ink, and shoe polish. removed, the walnuts are separated by size. They are Spaniards has control of vanilla production. At first, vanilla packaged after being hand sorted for quality. Walnuts are was used only in combination with the cocoa bean. By 1602, *Adapted with permission from the Georgia Farm Bureau used for snacks, bakery items, dairy products, confections, vanilla began to be used as a flavoring on its own. In the ® sauces, and dressings. Walnut shells can be used for glues, 1800’s, vanilla plants were grown in England, France, Federation Ag in the Classroom Program. plastics, and cleaning solutions. Belgium, Indonesia, Mauritius (southwest Indian Ocean), and Madagascar. This started the vanilla industry centered around Peanuts can be found in candies such as Snickers®, Reese’s® Walnuts can be found in candies such as , , grape the Indian Ocean. Peanut Butter Cup, Brachs® Maple Nut Goodies, walnut candy, yogurt walnut pieces, and chocolate walnut Butterfinger ®, Peanut Brittle, Mr. Goodbar®, and Pay Day®. pieces. Maple Nut Goodies ® also contain peanut oil. SWEETENERS

HONEY: Honey is made by bees. They drink the sweet sugar crystals can grow. This is spun in a centrifuge to drying plant where it is turned into pellets which are used for Sap season is about 6 weeks long in New York. In Iowa, sap nectar of flowers and then take it back to their hives and separate the crystals and mother liquor. The crystals are dried some animal feeds. The juice is cleaned before it’s used for collection begins in late February or early March and lasts for share it with other bees. The bees keep the nectar in their with hot air before storage. The final raw sugar looks like a sugar production. This is done by growing small clumps of 3 weeks. Maple producers used to use buckets hung on trees bodies where the sugar in the nectar breaks down into fructose sticky brown mountain, so it is usually refined when it gets to chalk in the juice. The chalk collects the non- so when to collect sap. This was very impractical. In the 50’s and and glucose. Next they deposit the nectar in a honeycomb. the country where it will be used. the chalk is filtered out, so are the non-sugars. The juice is 60’s, maple producers and scientists experimented with Here the water in the nectar evaporates and the nectar then put in a multi-stage evaporator. As the water is boiled, connecting a plastic tube to each tree which led to a central becomes honey. China, the U.S., Argentina, Belarus, India, SUGAR BEETS: Sugar beets grow in temperate climates. sugar crystals grow. This mixture is spun in a centrifuge to collection tank. Trees have been tapped for over 25 years Mexico, Russia, Turkey, and the Ukraine are all large honey Top sugar beet growing countries are France, the Ukraine, separate the crystals and mother liquor. The crystals are dried using vacuum tubing with no apparent damage to the tree. producing areas. Germany, Russia, and the U.S. Sucrose is stored in the plant’s with hot air before being packed or stored. The final sugar is fleshy root. The tops of sugar beets are fed to livestock or white. Because you can’t get all the sugar out of the juice, a The sugar house is the point where sap becomes syrup. Maple Honey can be found in candies such as Candy Corn, Bit-O- used as fertilizer. Beets are harvested in autumn and early by-product is made, beet molasses. sap is 2% sugar content, maple syrup is 66% sugar, so it Honey winter by digging them out of the ground. They are taken to ®, and Tolberone®. takes many gallons of sap to make one gallon of syrup. Sap the factory and washed and separated from any beet leaves, Sugar can be found in candies such as Hershey is boiled in an evaporator (can be an open pan over heat or ® stones, or trash materials that was collected with them during ’s bars, more complex systems) to make syrup. Sap is boiled to0 219 ® ® ® ® MAPLE SYRUP: Using sugar maple trees to produce syrup F harvest. To extract the sucrose, the beets are sliced into thin Snickers , Reese’s Peanut Butter Cup, Almond Joy, Spree , ® ® ® ® ® is most common in New England and the Great Lakes states to make syrup. It can be boiled beyond the syrup stage for chips. This increases the surface area so the sugar is easier Starburst , M&M’s , 100 Grand , Mars , Junior Mints, as well as Ohio, , and New York. Vermont leads maple butter, taffy, or sugar. to extract. The extraction takes place in a diffuser for about Dots ®, York® Peppermint Patties, Pinwheel Mints, Licorice, the U.S. states in maple syrup production. Soils for growing an hour with hot water. (Similar to the color and flavor of tea Werthers ® Originals, Candy Corn, Brachs® Maple Nut sugar maples should be deep, moist, and well drained with Goodies, Whoppers ® ® Maple syrup can be found in candies such as Brachs ® Maple coming out of tea leaves in a teapot.) Next the sugar beet , Butterfinger , Chocolate Covered medium or fine textures. Sugar maple trees average about slices are pressed to squeeze as much juice from them as Cherries, Peanut Brittle, Gumdrops, Tolberone®, Chocolate 1 foot of height growth and 0.2 inch of diameter growth Nut Goodies and maple candy. possible. The pulp leftover from the pressing is sent to a Orange ®, and Peeps®. annually for 30-40 years. Sugar maple trees can grow up to 100 feet tall. MOLASSES: Molasses is made from the juice of sugarcane or sugar beets. It is a by-product in the manufacturing of Sap comes out of trees in the spring. During warm periods sugar. (It is the liquid that remains after the sugar crystals are when temperatures rise above freezing, pressure (positive removed.) Molasses can be used for brewing, cooking, pressure) develops in the tree. This causes the sap to flow candymaking, and distilling alcohol, and as livestock feed. FRUITS out of the tree through a tap hole. During cooler periods when temperatures fall below freezing, suction (negative Molasses can be found in candy such as Butterfinger® . COCONUT: Coconuts are native to Southeast Asia and Coconut can be found in candies such as Almond Joy® and pressure) develops, drawing water into the tree through the Melanesia. The world production of coconuts is about coconut oil can be found in Spree ®, 100 Grand®, Brachs® roots. This replenishes the sap in the tree, allowing it to flow 2,400,000 tons per year. Leaders in coconut production SUGAR: Sugar is made from sugar cane or sugar beets. Maple Nut Goodies, and Gummy Bears. again during the next warm period. Sap flows through a Americans today consume about 11.8 pounds of are the Philippines, Indonesia, India, Vietnam, and Mexico. portion of the outer tree trunk called sapwood. Power augers Coconut palms can grow up to 100 feet tall and their leaves each year. In 1998, the U.S. confectionery industry used Fruits such as bananas, raisins, grapes, cranberries, cherries, are used to tap maple trees. Holes are drilled at an upward can be 18 feet long. 2,789,837,000 pounds of sugar (cane and beet). Sugar strawberries, blueberries, and peaches may also be used in slant, 2.5-3 inches beyond the bark. can also be used by nonfood industries: mixing cement, candy and candied fruits for breads. tanning leather, making plastics, and medicines (to disguise The coconut has a thick, fibrous husk. The husk can be used or enhance taste). to make ropes, aquarium filters, car seat covers, flower pots, mulch, bristles, mattresses, carpets, and much more. The The word sugar comes from the word sarkara, meaning sand edible, oily flesh or kernel is called copra. It is produced or grain. It is thought that between 325 BC and 325 AD the in great quantities mainly for its oil. The copra adheres to Indians or the Persians started turning sugarcane juice into a the shell of the coconut. Coconuts have a hollow center semicrystalline form. This had a lot of impurities and molasses. which contains a liquid during growth. A well tended tree Until the 19 produces about 100 coconuts a year. Each fruit takes about th century, most sugar consumed had a brownish a year to ripen. color because of this. Sugar was brought to America by Columbus on his second voyage. About 300,000 tons of copra and over 200,000 tons of Page coconut oil are imported into the U.S. annually. (Only 8 SUGAR CANE: Sugar cane is a tall grass plant that grows 133,000 pounds of coconut are produced in the U.S.) In in tropical and semi-tropical climates. The top producers are 1998, the U.S. confectionery industry used 20,926,000 Brazil, India, China, Cuba, and Mexico. Sugar cane is pounds of copra. harvested by chopping down the stems and leaving the roots so that it re-grows for the next harvest. Cane juice must be extracted from the cane. The cane is crushed in a series of large rollers and the juice comes out. Since the juice still has soil, small fibers, and green extracts in it, it must be cleaned with slaked lime. The juice is thickened into syrup by boiling off the water using steam and evaporation. The syrup is put into large pans for boiling. Most water is boiled off until the