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Monley- Final Sent with Corrections 3 THE SOUND OF THE OCCUPATION: STATE PACIFICATION AND SANITIZATION OF FAVELA CULTURE IN RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL Seana Monley A thesis submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master’s of Arts in the Department of Anthropology. Chapel Hill 2014 Approved by: Charles Price Dorothy Holland Della Pollock i © 2014 Seana Monley ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT SEANA MONLEY: THE SOUND OF THE OCCUPATION: STATE PACIFICATION AND SANITIZATION OF FAVELA CULTURE IN RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL (Under the direction of Charles Price) In preparation for the World Cup in 2014 and the Olympics in 2016, Police Pacification Units (UPP) are being installed in the favelas, or shantytowns, of Rio de Janeiro in order to end drug trafficker rule and to clean up the look and reputation of the city. After witnessing residents’ dissatisfaction with the pacification project in the favela Rocinha, this paper addresses why favela community members are concerned about the loss of community trafficking groups. Traffickers provide services to communities, including security and funk dances--an essential part of favela community life and cultural memory. Funk's performance highlights the unique culture of the favela, rejecting the hierarchy of mainstream Brazilian society and promoting a local culture and system. State occupations have led to the shutdown of many trafficker provided social services and repression of funk culture. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee for their support and guidance during this process. I am so fortunate to work with people who make me feel confident and inspired to write each time we meet. To Yair, for always encouraging and supporting me in everything I do. Most importantly, this research would not have been possible without my friends in Rocinha who have always taken care of me and contributed to my research in so many ways. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................................vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.......................................................................................................vii INTRODUCTION: FAVELA PACIFICATION AND COMMUNITY RESPONSE.....................1 Socio-Historical Context: Life in the Crossfire of Drug Traffickers and the Police...........3 The Evolution and Criminalization of Funk Culture...........................................................5 METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH DESIGN...........................................................................9 Controlling the Internal Colony.........................................................................................11 Productive Cultural Memory.............................................................................................14 The Threat of Music: Outlaw culture in U.S. Hip Hop and the Criminalization of Funk...................................................................................................................................16 RESEARCH FINDINGS...............................................................................................................19 Funk Cultural Memory and Attempted Erasure.................................................................28 The Day Funk Died: The "Post-Crisis Sound"..................................................................33 Pen to Paper: Recording the Past and Writing the New Wave Funk Movement .........................................................................................................................37 Post-Occupation Rocinha .................................................................................................43 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................50 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................53 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 - Where would you prefer to pass?...........................................11 Figure 4.1 - Club Emoções Flyer for Baile da Paz....................................30 Figure 4.2 - Club Emoções Flyer for Baile do Brasileirão........................31 Figure 4.3 - The History of Funk...............................................................38 Figure 4.4 - This is Funk............................................................................40 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS UPP Police Pacification Units or Unidade de Polícia Pacificadora vii Introduction: Favela Pacification and Community Response On November 10, 2011, Antônio Francisco Bonfim Lopes, the most wanted drug trafficker of Brazil and boss of the favela Rocinha, was captured after fleeing the police occupation of his community. In preparation for the world cup in 2014 and Olympics in 2016, the Brazilian government has begun a full assault against the drug trafficker controlled favelas, or shantytowns, scattered throughout Rio de Janeiro. After a combined effort of Elite Squad, army, and civil and military police takeovers, Police Pacification Units (UPP), or Unidade de Polícia Pacificadora, are being installed in communities to end drug trafficker rule and to clean up the look and reputation of the city. Rocinha is the 19th favela that the state has been able to "successfully" occupy in Rio de Janeiro since the beginning of the operation in 2008. Police set up stations outside of the favela Rocinha on November 9, 2011, and occupied the community on November 13. The state claimed that favela funk dances and music were intrinsically linked to drug trafficking culture. This is, in part, due to the funding that gangs provide to pay for some community funk dances as well as the one style of funk, proibidão, that platforms gang power and success. The pacification plan included immediately enacting new regulations that restricted all community funk culture, arguably the most essential community gathering and largest sub- culture within Brazil. Why aren't favela residents satisfied with the government pacification? Favela residents want security, peace, social services, respect, and to have the opportunity to contribute local knowledge to the reconstruction of their community order, services, and culture. The government and many non-favela residents believe that pacification will free favela residents from the fear of living under a violent and heavily armed narco-dictatorship. However, 1 rather than improve conditions for residents in favela’s like Rocinha, the pacification and repression of traffickers has lead to increased crime and violence between residents, a rise in police violence, and a gang war. Many favela residents are protesting and questioning the intentions of the pacification programs as their community seems to be unraveling into violent chaos. Before Rocinha's pacification, many community members supported drug traffickers because they enforced strict laws to control crime in the community, provided social services, and allowed for community members to co-construct favela rules and activities specific to residents' needs and desires. Without an understanding of the intricate relationships between community members and favela residents turned gang members as well as the legacy of violence between police forces and favela residents, we will not be able to understand the needs and desires of community members and the work that will be needed to provide communities with a better option for security and welfare than trafficking gangs. I argue that most of Rocinha residents are unsatisfied with the pacification process and UPP presence in their community, and prefer the previous system of drug trafficker control for two reasons. First, community members believe that drug traffickers were able to provide better social services, community security, solved and mediated community issues, and respected residents more that the UPP officers. Second, many residents believe that they are suffering from a state imposed social cleansing under the pacification. The government enacted strict rules limiting and prohibiting funk music and dances in the favela, making it difficult to partake in cultural activities that are central to favela culture and identity. In witnessing residents dissatisfaction with the pacification project in the favela Rocinha, with the loss of drug trafficker control and popular funk events, I examine the current state pacification process and ask: Where is the disconnect between what the state wants for favelas and what favela residents want for themselves? In order to answer this question, this research utilizes theories of colonization, cultural memory, and "disreputable" music and provides a historical context of police violence in the favelas, security and services provided by drug traffickers, and the restriction and of funk, and the significance of this music 2 to favela community members as a countercultural creation within the complex social structures of Brazilian society. Socio-Historical Context: Life in the Crossfire of Drug Traffickers and the Police The violence and repression of Rio’s favelados did not begin with the rise of the drug trade in the 1980s; instead, it developed from a number of historical situations, including a history of repression in Brazilian society beginning with slavery and stretching through the military dictatorship of 1964-1985. Since the creation of the favelas near the late 18th early 19th centuries, police
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